BANCROFT 
LIBRARY 


[BRARY 


UNIVERSITY 
CALIFORNIA 


f  -JTT  _.  A          ' 

OFTAE  STATE 


AT  PANAMA-  CALIFORNEXPOSITION  SAN  DEGO 


•     . 


You  Have  Not  Seen  America 


Until  You  Have  Visited 

The  Mining  Districts  of  Arizona  and 

Northern  Sonora  and  the  World's  Greatest 

Copper  Mines  and  Smelters 

NEW  MEXICO,  the  Sunshine  State. 
EL  PASO,  the  Gateway  to  the  Great  Southwest. 
DOUGLAS,  the  Smelter  Gity. 
BISBEE,  Home  of  the  Great  Copper  Mines. 
JUAREZ,  Mexico,  the  Quaint  Battle  Scarred  City. 
CLOUDCROFT.New  Mexico,  "Nature's  Roof  Garden ' 
The  Playground  of  the  Southwest. 


You  can  fee  no  greater  world' »  iconder*     You  ran 
find  no  finer  train*  than  the 


Golden  State  Limited 

The  finest  no  excess  fare  train  in  Trans-Continental  Service 

Route:  Southern  Pacific,  El  Paso  and  South- 
western System,  Rock  Island 


For  Furtkrr  Information,  Afk  Ann  Krprrtrntatirr  of  Above  Campanie*  or  irri/r 

GARNETT  KING,  GENERAL  PASSENGER  AGENT 
EL  PASO.  TEXAS 


on  time 


War  will  not  affect  the 
1915  Panama  Expositions 

Plan  now  to  go  and  visit  Grand  CanVon 

/Arizona  on  the  way • 
~~A        " 
fa  3s,   four  frains  a  da$  including  CWornia  Limited 
Y,  'If  Tfie  Sanfafc  deluxe  (extra/an?)  weekly  in  winter 

/V^sl  ''  ~'^^;"^  ' 

!  /  »  r'\>  On  request  -will  send  ^ou  our  Panama  Expositions 

Wf  '•'  and  California  train's  folders. 


Cali/brni! 

W.  J.  BLACK,  Passenger  Traffic  Manager 
Atchison.TbpekaSSantafeRailway.    -      Railway  Exchange  Chicago. 


'Two  foirs  far  one  /Jarc" 


1915 


i&th*^ 


Panama  Exposition/ 


Ir.f 


-A 


-Jfcvniru  Jili 


•Jr"X  .'•  -.•  i  *•-:.' .  '*  *.-*- 1'"  -<^    I  •••• ' 


Copyright.    1915. 
By  A.  E.  KOEHLER.  JR. 


NEW  MEXICO 


THE 


LAND  OF  OPPORTUNITY 


NEW    MEXICO    BUILDING  —  PANAMA-CALIFORNIA  EXPOSITION 

OFFICIAL  DATA 

—ON  THE— 

Resources  and   Industries 

— OF— 

NEW  MEXICO— THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


PRESS  Of  THE 

iLRraVEKOVE   HOKXIKO  ml  RSU 
ALBUOraBOCt.  N.  «. 


N  THE  preparation  and  presentation  of  this  volume  there  has  been  but  one 
object  in  view,  namely,  to  acquaint  the  world  with  the  advantages,  resources 
and  progress  of  the  great  Sunshine  State.  Knowledge  of  the  New  Mexico 
of  today  is  certain  to  result  in  the  influx  of  tourists,  settlers,  capital,  for 

no  other  slate  in  the  Union  presents  so  great  a  variety  of  attractions  for  these  as  does 

New  Mexico. 

Every  effort  has  been  made  to  assure  absolute  accuracy.  Whenever  possible,  the 
description  of  any  particular  section  is  from  the  pen  of  some  representative  citizen  who  has 
seen  and  knows  whereof  he  speaks.  The  statistics  are  official.  The  pictures  tell  their  own 
story  and  the  compiler  of  the  book  has  seen  to  it  that  they  are  numerous  and  from  the  most 
recent  photographs. 

No  section  of  the  State  has  been  neglected  in  this  story.  Necessarily,  not  every 
detail  could  be  included  in  any  book,  no  matter  what  its  size.  Additional  information, 
however,  can  readily  be  obtained  from  commercial  organizations,  from  business  men.  trom 
officials. 

The  Exposition  Book  of  New  Mexico,  issued  ten  years  ago  for  the  St.  Louis  Exposi- 
tion, resulted  directly  and  indirectly,  in  bringing  100.000  new  settlers  to  the  State,  who 
tripled  the  number  of  farms  in  the  State,  turned  the  eastern  livestock  ranges  into  agricul- 
tural country,  founded  villages  and  towns,  created  new  counties,  and  inaugurated  a  nrw 
era  of  growth  and  prosperity.  The  present  volume  has  a  distinct  historic  value  for  it 
measures  the  growth  and  progress  of  the  commonwealth  since  then.  The  modem  idea  of 
history  is  not  a  mere  catalogue  of  battles  and  dates,  but  the  story  of  the  activities  of  a 
people  in  the  fields  of  industry,  science,  culture  and  peace.  Such  a  story  this  work  presents 
and  after  serving  its  purpose  of  opening  the  eyes  of  millions  to  the  opportunities  that  beckon 
them  in  Nrw  Mexico,  it  will  also  have  its  further  use  as  a  volume  of  information  for  the 
geographer  and  the  historian. 

An  acknowledgment  of  the  unselfish  service  of  those  who  have  contributed  to  thr 
\olume,  be  it  financially  or  with  their  pen.  or  otherwise,  is  herewith  made.  They  have  made 
possible  ib  publication  and  the  people  of  New  Mexico  owe  them  a  debt  of  gratitude. 


Editor  anJ  Publisher. 
Commiuioncr  of  Publicity  Nev  Mexico  Board  of  Exposition  Manager* 


WILLIAM   c  MCDONALD 

GOVERNOR 


L  GOVERNORS  MANSIONr-l 


REPRESENTATIVES,  UNITED  STATES  CONGRESS 


TB.  CATRON 
U.S.  5ELNAT03 


•tCMARD  H  MANNA 
ClATf  JUSTICE 


C  J.  ROBERTS  /. 

CHIEF  JUSTICE 


CHIEF  JUSTICES  OF  THE  STATE  SUPREME  COURT 


—  6  — 


STATE   OFFICIALS 


//  JOSE.  D.SENA  I 

((   CLERK  SUPREME  COURT 


E..C.  DE  DACA  \\ 

LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR     I 


ANTONIO  LUCERO 
5ECRETARV  OF  STATE 


)/      F  W.CLANCY  V 

ATTORNEY  GENERAL/4 


O.N.  MARRON 
STATE  TREASURER 


//        HUGH  H. WILLIAMS  \\ 

(CORPORATION  COMMISSIONER     '! 


([CORPORATION  COMMISSIONER   J) 


i 


//         O.L.OWEN  \\  T  :•   :  :>. 

||  CORPORATION  COMMISSIONER  fr  fy.' 


STATE  OFFICIALS 


<MMGS  A  FRENCH 
STWTB    ENGINEER 


~  ROBERT  FERVIEN~ 

COMMSaONCR  Of  PUBLIC  LANPS 


NEW  MEXICO  BOARD  OF  EXPOSITION 
MANAGERS 


BY  A.  B.  KOEHLBR 


i  T  WAS  a  task  of  magnitude  to  b«  executed 
under  peculiar  difficulties  that  wai  entrusted 
to  the  New  Mexico  Board  of  Exposition 
Managers,  appointed  by  Governor  William 
C.  McDonald  under  legislative  direction 
and  consisting  of  the  following:  Ralph 
Emerson  Twilchell  of  Sanla  Ft;  J.  J.  Shuler  of  Raton; 
Sam  T.  Clark  of  Deming:  Guy  A.  Reed  of  Carlsbad, 
and  Manuel  U.  Vigil  of  Albuquerque.  The  board  or- 
ganized in  the  summer  of  1913  by  electing  Colonel 
Twitched  president.  Manuel  U.  Vigil,  secretary  and  treas- 


urer and  appointing  A.  E.  Koehler.  Jr.  of  Albuquer- 
que, commissioner  of  publicity.  E»telle  Bennett  Burton, 
assistant  secretary;  Paul  A.  F.  Walter,  publicity  secretary, 
and  Fayette  A.  Jones,  mining  commissioner. 

The  legislature  had  voted  an  appropriation  of  $30,000, 
which,  however,  was  not  entirely  available  until  the  taxes 
payable  in  1914  and  1915  were  collected.  A  business  or- 
ganization had  to  be  created  and  a  staff  selected  which 
would  carry  out  the  plans  of  the  commission.  The  legisla- 
ture demanded  that  a  suitable  building  be  erected  in  San 
Diego  and  exhibits  provided  for  and  placed  in  lime  for  the 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  8  - 


THE:  LA  IMP 


JVIEXICO 

OF" 


opening  of  the  Exposition  on  New  Year's  Day,  1915, 
eleven  months  before  the  last  of  the  taxes  had  been  col- 
lected out  of  which  the  last  balance  of  the  $30,000  appro- 
priated was  to  be  paid.  This  work  devolved  upon  a  com- 
mission whose  members  gave  their  time  and  energy  with- 
out compensation. 

The  New  Mexico  Board  of  Exposition  Managers,  at 
the  very  outset  of  its  undertaking,  asked  for  the  submission 
of  designs  and  specifications  for  a  building  in  the  typical 
New  Mexico  architecture  as  exemplified  in -the  mission 
churches  and  public  buildings  of  the  Franciscans  and  the 
Spanish  conquerors  of  three  hundred  years  ago.  The 
plans  submitted  by  Architect  I.  H.  Rapp,  who  had  charge 
of  the  construction  of  the  Capitol,  the  Executive  Mansion 
and  other  notable  New  Mexico  public  buildings,  were  ac- 
cepted. There  were  some  misgivings  as  to  the  commission 
being  able  to  meet  the  cost  of  so  noble  an  edifice,  but 
through  able  financing,  it  became  possible  to  erect  it  for  a 
sum  far  below  what  had  been  deemed  possible. 

The  commission  attacked  the  problem  with  vigor.  It 
formulated  plans  that  expressed  lofty  ideals.  The  innum- 
erable details  of  which  an  outsider  can  have  no  adequate 
idea  were  worked  out  conscientiously.  There  were  doubts 
and  misgivings,  it  is  true,  but  the  work  accomplished  has 
justified  the  course  mapped  out  at  the  beginning. 

The  result  has  been  a  building  and  exhibits  of  which 
the  commonwealth  is  justly  proud.  The  publicity  already 
gained,  were  it  charged  up  at  space  rates,  could  not  be 
paid  for  by  three  times  the  amount  spent  altogether.  The 
exhibits  are  such  that  they  may  be  deemed  permanent  and 
can  be  utilized  for  publicity  work  for  many  years,  and 
finally  become  a  permanent  historical  record  increasing  in 
value  with  each  decade. 

The  educational  exhibit  was  prepared  under  the  direc- 
tion of  a  Woman's  Auxiliary  consisting  of  the  following: 
executive  committee;  Chairman,  Mrs.  W.  J.  Fugate  of 
East  Las  Vegas;  Vice-chairman,  Miss  Flora  Conrad  of 
Santa  Fe;  Secretary,  Mrs.  Rupert  F.  Asplund  of  Santa 
Fe ;  Assistant  Secretary,  Miss  Aurora  Lucero  of  Santa  Fe, 
and  Mrs.  A.  B.  McMillen  of  Albuquerque,  and  the  fol- 
lowing members  representative  of  the  twenty-six  counties: 
Bernalillo,  Mrs.  A.  B.  McMillen,  Albuquerque;  Chaves, 
Mrs.  W.  A.  Johnson,  Roswell;  Colfax,  Mrs.  J.  J.  Shuler, 
Raton;  Curry,  Mrs.  A.  W.  Hockenhull,  Clovis;  Dona 
Ana,  Mrs.  G.  W.  Frenger,  Las  Cruces;  Eddy,  Mrs.  E.  B. 
Kemp,  Artesia;  Grant,  Mrs.  G.  K.  Angle,  Silver  City; 
Guadalupe,  Mrs.  C.  H.  Stearns,  Santa  Rosa;  Lincoln, 
Mrs.  W.  L.  Gumm,  Carrizozo;  Luna,  Mrs.  J.  C.  Moir, 


Deming;  McKinley,  Mrs.  Stella  Morris,  Gallup;  Mora, 
Miss  Lena  Fenton,  Wagon  Mound;  Otero,  Mrs.  G.  W. 
Young,  Tularosa;  Quay,  Mrs.  R.  P.  Donohoo,  Tucum- 
cari;  Rio  Arriba,  Mrs.  Samuel  Eldodt,  Chamita;  Roose- 
velt, Mrs.  A.  A.  Rogers,  Portales;  Sandoval,  Sister  Mar- 
garet Mary,  Bernalillo;  San  Juan,  Mrs.  R.  M.  Jackson, 
Aztec;  San  Miguel,  Mrs.  W.  J.  Fugate  and  Mrs.  Elmer 
E.  Veeder,  East  Las  Vegas;  Santa  Fe,  Mrs.  Rupert  F. 
Asplund,  Miss  Flora  Conrad,  Miss  Aurora  Lucero,  Santa 
Fe;  Sierra,  Mrs.  Charles  Anderson,  Kingston;  Socorro, 
Mrs.  J.  G.  Fitch,  Socorro;  Taos,  Mrs.  Alexander  Gus- 
dorf,  Taos;  Torrance,  Mrs.  Harry  Fincke,  Moriarty; 
Union,  Mrs.  John  A.  Pace,  Clayton;  Valencia,  Mrs. 
Eduardo  M.  Otero,  Los  Lunas.  This  board  after  a  pub- 
lic contest  awarded  to  Mrs.  Florence  Bartlett  of  San 
Acacio,  Socorro  County,  the  prize  for  the  best  scenario  of 
a  New  Mexico  motion  picture  play. 

The  motion  picture  camera  was  recognized  as  the  great- 
est aid  in  presenting  vividly  and  convincingly  New  Mex- 
ico's attractions  to  the  Exposition  visitors.  From  it  was 
evolved  the  New  Mexico  idea  of  a  continuous  daily  per- 
formance at  the  State  building.  More  than  30,000  feet 
of  motion  pictures  were  taken  and  more  than  3,000  colored 
slides  for  stereopticon  purposes  were  collected  and  will  tell 
the  world  New  Mexico's  story  graphically  as  it  never  has 
been  told  before. 

Supplementing  this,  a  complete  mineral  exhibit  has  been 
gathered.  Artistic  models  have  been  made  of  notable 
landmarks.  Provision  has  been  made  for  a  striking  exhibit 
of  gems,  of  native  handicraft,  of  art.  The  State  owes 
much  to  the  public  spiritedness  of  a  number  of  private  citi- 
zens and  several  business  enterprises,  who  contributed  in  the 
way  of  material  or  cash  for  the  exhibits.  Several  of  the 
boards  of  county  commissioners  also  took  advantage  of 
the  opportunity  to  gain  desirable  publicity  for  their  coun- 
ties and  appropriated  sums  of  money  so  that  their  counties 
might  be  adequately  represented.  All  this  entailed  much 
time,  considerable  traveling  about  and  consistent  planning 
and  execution. 

However,  the  board  is  well  pleased  with  the  ready  re- 
sponse it  met,  the  efficient  assistance  it  was  given,  the  suc- 
cess attained.  It  would  be  a  pity  if  the  commonwealth 
were  not  to  make  provision  to  preserve  as  a  monument  to 
the  Spanish  conquerors  and  Franciscan  martyrs  the  noble 
edifice  reared  at  San  Diego,  reproducing  it  in  imperishable 
concrete  as  a  place  in  which  to  keep  protected  from  danger 
of  fire  and  vandals  the  pictorial  archives  and  other  exhibits 
gathered  with  such  care  and  thoroughness. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


MEXICO 


B0A*»  0, 


GUY      A      REED 
CARLSBAD.  NEW  MEXICO 


SAMUEL  T.    CLARK. 
DEMING,  NEW  MEXICO 


J.  J.  SMULCR  M.D. 
RATON,  NEW  MEXICO 


ALPM  EMfRSON  TWITCMflL.FRI 
5ANTA  rc.  NEW  MEXICO 


MANUtL  U.VI6IL.SCa.TRCAS. 


ALOUQUtRQUE.  NEW  MtWCO 


EXPOSITION  MANAGERS 

AT  PANAMA-CALIFORNIA-EXPOSITION. SAN  DIEGO  1915 


—  10  — 


FAYETTE  A. JONES   C.E.  CM.  LLD. 
MINING    COMMISSIONER 


PAULA  F  WALTER 
PUBLIClfr    SECRETARY 


WALDO  COLLIN5  TWITCHELL  AS5T 
COMMISSIONED  OF  FUBLICltY 


A.C.hOEHLZR  JR. 

COMMISSIONER  OF  PUBLICITY 


ESTELLE  BENNETT  BURTON 
A5ST    SECRETARY 


CHASE       BELL. 
CINEMATOGRAPHER 


JOHN    PERCY  ADAMS   C.E., 
MODELER 


NEW  MEXICO  BOARD  OF  EXPOSITION  MANAGERS 


—  11  — 


NEW  MEXICO  BUILDING— PANAMA-CALIFORNIA 

EXPOSITION  B^A 


N  INSPIRATION,  it  has  been  called,  the 
New  Mexico  Building  at  the  Panama-Cali- 
fornia Exposition  at  San  Diego.  True  it  is, 
that  among  the  magnificent  structures  at  the 
Exposition  Beautiful,  there  is  not  one  more 
appropriate,  more  impressive,  more  significant. 
The  exterior  of  the  New  Mexico  building  is  in  greater 
part  a  replica  of  the  Franciscan  mission  church  on  the 
Rock  of  Acoma.  a  fort  and  castle-like  structure,  almost 
severe  but  also  magnificent  in  its  simplicity  and  with  many 
massive  buttresses.  In  order  to  lighten  the  heaviness  of  the 
facade,  the  balustrade  as  it  is  found  in  the  mission  church 
of  Cochiti  was  reproduced.  The  church  has  two  charac- 
teristic bell  towers  and  is  connected  with  the  convent  by  an 
enclosed  arcade  which  serves  as  a  publicity  room.  On  the 
roof  between  the  two  campaniles  there  is  a  tea  garden. 
The  Patio  is  surrounded  by  an  arched  cloister  and  a  foun- 
tain plays  in  the  garden,  recalling  days  of  Old  Castile. 


In  the  church  is  located  the  mam  auditorium,  which  ha: 
been  pointed  out  as  the  most  unique  moving  picture  theater 
in  the  world.  It  has  been  furnished  in  mission  style  and 
seats  six  hundred  people.  Here  are  shown  30,000  feet 
of  motion  picture  films  and  3,000  stereopticon  views,  all 
being  explained  by  expert  lecturers.  New  Mexico's  re- 
sources, attractions,  progress,  are  the  theme  of  every  talk 
and  admission  is  free  to  all. 

The  publicity  room  has  been  made  attractive  with  Indian 
rugs,  comfortable  chairs,  tables  and  desks  for  representa- 
tives of  commercial  organizations  and  newspapers. 

In  the  convent  are  the  exhibit  halls,  with  the  mineral 
and  other  exhibits,  the  wonderful  models  of  historic  land- 
marks, Indian  pueblos  and  mission  churches  and  various 
displays,  maps,  charts,  all  complying  with  a  standard  of 
beauty  and  art.  set  from  the  very  start  for  all  exhibits. 
There  are  cozy  rest  rooms  for  women,  with  colored  trans- 
parencies of  New  Mexico's  most  beautiful  scenery  in  the 
windows,  and  various  offices  for  exposition  officials. 


TONS  AUXILIARY 


NEW  MEXICO  BOAKI) 


Mr.Miirit-.  <>i    TIII.  I:\MI  n\i: 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  12  — 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF  NEW  MEXICO 


BY  PAUL  A.  F.  WALTER 


,  T  IS  owing  to  the  fact  that  New  Mexico  was 
the  seat  of  a  distinctive  and  advanced  cul- 
ture of  the  stone  age  that  it  is  the  most  inter- 
esting region  archaeologically  in  the  United 
States.  A  comparatively  numerous  prehis- 
toric population  occupied  the  valleys  of  the 
San  Juan,  the  Rio  Grande,  the  Gila,  and  left  ruins  of 
thousands  of  habitations,  ranging  from  single-chambered  cave 
and  cliff  dwellings  to  communal  dwellings  of  over  a  thou- 
sand rooms  each,  veritable  fore  runners  of  the  modern 
apartment  houses,  some  of  them  being  four  or  five  stories 
high  and  occupied  in  their  day  by  hundreds  of  families.  It 
the  Pajarito  Park,  twenty  miles  west  of  Santa  Fe,  20,000 
such  dwellings  have  been  mapped  and  they  are  found  not 
only  in  the  valleys  mentioned  but  also  in  the  more  remote 
hills  and  ranges  as  well  as  in  the  rugged  country  south  and 
southeast  of  the  Navajo  reservation.  In  these  cave,  cliff 
and  prehistoric  communal  houses,  are  found  decorated  pot- 
tery, stone  utensils  and  weapons,  fabrics,  charred  corn  and 
beans,  and  other  evidences  of  occupation  by  a  people  who 
had  vanished  when  the  first  Europeans  came,  but  who  had 
a  highly  organized  communal  and  religious  life. 

It  is  possible,  in  fact,  it  is  likely,  that  the  descendants  of 
these  prehistoric  villages  and  structures  are  to  be  found 
among  the  Pueblo  Indians,  who  had  built  towns,  were 
cultivating  the  fields,  practiced  elaborate  religious  cere- 
monies, and  had  advanced  in  certain  handicrafts  when  the 
first  Spaniards  set  foot  upon  what  is  now  New  Mexico 
soil.  Alvar  Nunez  Cabeza  de  Vaca  and  three  companions 
were  the  first  men  of  alien  birth  to  penetrate  as  far  as  New 
Mexico.  This  was  in  1536,  only  44  years  after  the  dis- 
covery of  America  by  Columbus.  Spanish  explorers  then 
came  in  rapid  succession,  Fr.  Marcos  de  Niza  in  1539, 
Francisco  Vasquez  de  Coronado  1 540,  Francisco  de 
Ibarra  1563,  Fr.  Augustin  Rodriguez  1581,  Antonio  de 
Espejo  1  582,  Castano  de  Sosa  1  590,  and  Juan  de  Onate 
in  1  598.  The  diaries  and  reports  of  the  explorers  and  the 
stories  of  these  expeditions  are  narratives  of  thrilling  epi- 
sodes and  of  terrible  hardships.  There  is  nothing  in  the 
epics  of  ancient  history,  nor  in  the  narratives  of  the  great 
marches  of  modern  times,  that  transscends  in  interest  the 
accounts  of  the  travels  of  Gafeeza  de  Vaca  or  of  the  heroic 
march  of 'Goronado. 


These  explorers  found  the  Pueblo  Indians  living  in 
towns  in  the  Rio  Grande  Valley  as  far  north  as  Taos,  as 
far  east  as  the  Manzanos,  as  far  west  as  the  Seven  Cities 
of  Cibola  which  are  supposed  to  have  included  Zuni  and 
the  Hopi  villages,  and  as  far  south  as  Sonora. 

There  were  clashes  with  the  Pueblo  Indians  as  early  as 
in  1 540,  when  Coronado's  army  defeated  the  Zunis  at 
Hawaikuh.  Coronado  named  the  country  New  Granada. 
The  first  Indian  insurrection  occurred  in  the  year  follow- 
ing and  was  ruthlessly  subdued.  That  year,  1541,  Coro- 
nado started  on  his  famous  march  in  search  of  Quivira 
which  took  him  as  far  north  as  eastern  Kansas.  In  1  542, 
the  first  Franciscans  were  martyred  by  the  Indians.  But 
from  that  date  on  the  work  of  Christianizing  the  Pueblos 
proceeded  heroically  under  the  preaching  of  the  Fran- 
ciscans. The  first  missions  were  established  in  1  581  by 
two  Franciscan  Fathers  and  a  Franciscan  Brother. 

It  was  in  1  568  that  the  name  of  New  Mexico  was  first 
applied  to  the  region  which  then  covered  part  of  the  pres- 
ent State  of  New  Mexico,  included  what  is  now  Arizona, 
part  of  Colorado  and  extended  as  far  north  as  Yellow- 
stone Park  and  east  to  Louisiana. 

In  I  583  another  Spanish  explorer  named  the  province 
New  Andalusia.  In  1  590,  Castano  de  Sosa  established 
among  the  Pueblo  Indians  the  form  of  government  to  which 
they  adhere  to  a  certain  extent  to  the  present  day. 

It  was  Juan  de  Onate,  however,  who  made  the  first  set- 
tlement in  what  is  now  New  Mexico.  His  expedition  from 
Mexico  numbered  400,  of  whom  1  30  were  colonists  with 
their  families,  and  at  a  point  in  the  lower  valley  of  the  Rio 
Grande,  south  of  San  Marcial,  he  took  possession  of  the 
country  in  the  name  of  the  King  of  Spain.  He  advanced 
up  the  Rio  Grande  as  far  north  as  San  Juan  and  opposite 
that  Indian  pueblo  established  the  first  Spanish  colony,  in 
the  summer  of  1  598,  a  decade  before  the  English  planted 
a  colony  at  Jamestown  and  more  than  two  decades  before 
the  landing  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  at  Plymouth  Rock. 
The  town  established  by  Onate  was  called  San  Gabriel. 

In  January  of  the  following  year  occurred  the  memora- 
ble battle  at  Acoma.  It  lasted  three  days  and  the  surviv- 
ing Acomas  surrendered  to  Vicente  Zaldivar. 

Upon  his  return  from  an  expedition  to  the  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia, Onate  founded  the  city  of  Santa  Fe,  the  date  being 


AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


THE    LANJP 


AAEXICO 
OF'    QF3ROR~rUMTrVP 


1606.  and  since  then  the  history  of  Santa  Fe  has  been  to 
a  large  extent  the  history  of  the  Southwest  and  especially 
of  New  Mexico.  Onate,  between  1560  and  1608.  erected 
a  government  building  known  to  this  day  as  the  Palace  of 
the  Governors  and  which  is  without  doubt  the  most  historic 
structure  in  the  United  States.  It  is  today  the  home  of 
the  Museum  of  New  Mexico,  the  School  of  American 
Archaeology  and  the  Historical  Society  of  the  State,  a 
shrine  for  thousands  of  tourists  and  pilgrims  each  year. 

The  history  of  New  Mexico  for  the  next  fifty  years  is 
one  of  internecine  strife  between  civil  and  ecclesiastical  au- 
thorities, of  Indian  revolts,  of  frequent  changes  in  govern- 
on  until  in  1 680,  a  general  insurrection  of  the  Pueblo  In- 
dians resulted  in  the  expulsion  of  the  Spaniards  from  New 
Mexico. 

The  story  of  the  Pueblo  conspiracy  and  revolt  is  a  most 
remarkable  one.  Juan  Pope,  an  Indian  from  San  Juan 
living  in  Taos,  was  the  leader,  and  he  formed  an  alliance 
of  the  Indian  pueblos.  On  August  1 0,  I  680,  the  Indians 
rose  simultaneously,  killing  the  Spanish  priests,  soldiers  and 
colonists,  except  the  few  who  escaped  to  Santa  Fe. 

Converging  from  all  sides,  the  Pueblos  by  the  thousands 
attacked  the  Capital.  The  little  garrison  of  I  50  repulsed 
them  but  could  not  lift  the  siege.  On  August  16,  after 
a  terrific  battle,  the  thousand  Spaniards,  including  women 
and  children,  retreated  into  the  Palace  of  the  Governors, 
which  was  also  a  castle  and  a  fort,  where  for  a  week  they 
were  huddled  together.  On  August  23,  the  Indians  cut  off 
the  water  supply,  and  Governor  Otermin,  in  his  extremity, 
made  a  sally  which  resulted  in  a  stinging  defeat  of  the 
Indians  who  left  300  dead  on  the  battleground.  The 
Spaniards  with  scant  provisions  set  out  afoot  for  El  Paso, 
arriving  there  on  December  20.  It  wai  a  heart-breaking 
journey  over  almost  trackless  wilds,  with  men,  women  and 
children  scantily  clothed,  in  inclement  weather,  with  insuffi- 
cient provisions  and  continually  harrassed  by  Indians. 
About  I  50  women  and  girls  were  taken  captives  by  the 
Pueblos  and  many  of  them  were  murdered  while  the  sur- 
vivor* were  compelled  to  marry  their  captor*.  History  ha* 
scarcely  a  parallel  to  this  memorable  march  and  some  day 
it  will  serve  for  the  theme  of  a  great  New  Mexico  epic. 

Efforts  to  reconquer  New  Mexico  from  the  Pueblo  In- 
dians failed  for  twelve  years.  Otrrmin.  in  1681.  pene- 
trated a*  far  a*  Cochiti;  Gironza  Petriz  de  Cru/atr  led 
•wventeen  expedition!!  into  New  Mexico,  between  1683 
and  1687.  In  the  last-named  year,  Pedro  Renero*  de 
Posada  sackrd  the  pueblo  of  Santa  Ana.  In  August. 
1 689.  Cnuate  defeated  the  Indian*  at  Zia.  flaying  600. 
but  it  wa»  not  unhl  1692  that  Don  Diego  de  Varga*  Za- 


pata  Lujan  Ponce  de  Leon  achieved  the  permanent  recon- 
quest  of  New  Mexico,  and  took  possession  of  Santa  Fe. 
The  Indians,  though  at  first  making  a  show  of  resistance, 
submitted  without  giving  battle.  De  Vargas  made  a  peace- 
ful march  of  conquest  to  the  various  pueblos  and  was  met 
with  demonstrations  of  joy,  after  which  he  returned  to  El 
Paso.  There  he  gathered  800  persons,  consisting  of  troops, 
priests,  colonists,  women  and  children  and  with  them  set 
out  on  October  I  3.  I  693.  to  take  permanent  possession  of 
the  reconquered  province.  This  march  was  as  memorable 
as  the  retreat  of  Otermin,  thirteen  years  before  and  on  it, 
thirty  women  and  children  perished  of  hunger. 

When  DeVargas  reached  Santo  Domingo  he  was  in- 
formed that  the  Tanos  Indians,  aided  by  the  Teguas, 
would  resist  further  progress.  December  1 5,  DeVargas. 
nevertheless,  resumed  his  march  toward  Santa  Fe.  The 
expedition  camped  at  the  entrance  to  the  city,  DeVargas 
with  a  small  retinue  proceeding  into  the  city,  planting  a 
large  cross  in  the  Plaza  in  front  of  the  Palace  and  taking 
formal  possession.  Among  the  Spaniards  camped  outside 
of  the  town,  the  cold,  heavy  snows  and  smallpox  were  de- 
manding heavy  tribute.  The  Indians  gave  evidence  of 
restlessness  and  a  conspiracy  was  discovered  among  them  to 
massacre  the  Spaniards. 

Reinforcements  reached  DeVargas  as  well  as  the  In- 
dians and  on  December  29  a  pitched  battle  occurred  in 
the  foothills  near  Santa  Fe.  The  Pecos  Indians  aided  De- 
Vargas  and  for  a  time  stood  the  brunt  of  the  attack.  Fin- 
ally, the  Spanish  cavalry  routed  a  horde  of  mounted  Te- 
guas and  Picuris  and  turned  the  tide  of  battle  in  favor  of 
the  Spaniards  although  nightfall  left  the  battle  still  unde- 
cided. At  daybreak  the  Spaniards  and  their  allies  as- 
saulted the  city,  easily  putting  the  rebels  to  flight.  Seventy 
of  the  traitorous  Indians  were  shot  in  the  Plaza  and  four 
hundred  women  and  children  of  the  Pueblos  were  made 
captives  and  distributed  among  the  Spanish  families  a* 
servants. 

DeVargas,  who  was  by  far  the  greatest  figure  in  New 
Mexico  during  the  Spanish  occupation,  redistributed  the 
lands  and  completed  the  conquest  of  the  Pueblos,  scourg- 
ing also  the  Apaches  and  Comanches.  On  April  1 6. 
1694.  he  defeated  the  rebels  at  Cieneguilla.  fifteen  miles 
southwest  of  Santa  Fe.  killing  25.  capturing  300  women 
and  children.  1 .000  sheep  and  70  horses.  The  final  great 
battle  took  place  on  the  Mesa  Prieta  near  San  Ildefonso. 
twenty  miles  northwest  of  Santa  Fe.  in  May.  1694.  and 
there  the  Pueblo  confederacy  was  finally  crushed,  although 
for  a  short  time,  in  June,  1696.  the  rebellion  flared  up 
again  and  20  soldier*  and  wen  prints  were  killed  before 


BT      RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  or  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

'^^  *•«  •* 


4   _ 


HTHE:  LAND 


A1EXICO 

OF*  QFRQRTUNITV* 


DeVargas  could  wreck  vengeance.  One  month  later  he 
was  succeeded  as  governor  by  Don  Pedro  Rodriguez  de  Cu- 
bero  and  was  thrown  into  prison  in  the  Old  Palace  for 
three  years,  to  be  vindicated  in  I  700  and  restored  to  the 
governorship. 

Cubero  took  the  first  official  census,  reporting  1,500 
Spaniards  in  the  province,  many  of  them  on  the  point  of 
starvation.  In  1  698,  a  French  expedition  from  Louisiana 
invaded  New  Mexico  to  punish  the  Navajos  for  a  raid  on 
a  French  colony,  and  killed  many  of  them.  In  1 699, 
Cubero  founded  Laguna  and  Cubero,  populating  them  with 
scattered  Queres  Indians. 

DeVargas  died  in  1  704  and  was  buried  in  Santa  Fe. 
His  successor,  Francisco  Cuervo  y  Valdez,  founded  Albu- 
querque in  I  706.  Jose  Chacon  Medina  Salazar  was  the 
next  governor  who  routed  the  Navajos  and  was  removed  in 
1712,  upon  charges  preferred  by  ecclesiastics. 

During  the  succeeding  administration,  that  of  Juan  Igna- 
cio  Flores  Mogollon,  a  formidable  rebellion  by  the  con- 
federated Indian  tribes  was  put  down  and  victories  were 
won  in  the  Ute  country  as  well  as  over  the  Acomas  and 
the  Navajos.  But  Mogollon,  too,  had  to  yield  to  ecclesi- 
astical influence  and  resigned.  He  was  not  permitted  to 
go  free  and  was  imprisoned  in  the  Old  Palace,  as  had  been 
DeVargas. 

Felix  Martinez,  who  succeeded  Mogollon  as  governor 
defacto,  defeated  the  Moquis  in  two  battles.  During  his 
absence,  the  Utes  partially  destroyed  Taos  and  were  de- 
feated upon  his  return  in  a  bloody  battle  near  Conejos,  now 
in  Colorado.  Fifty  Spanish  women  and  children  and  many 
Indian  women  and  girls  of  the  Taos  pueblos,  who  had  been 
taken  captives  by  the  Utes,  were  rescued.  Martinez  was 
removed  by  force  from  his  office  and  tried  at  Mexico  City. 

Governor  succeeded  governor  in  rapid  succession.  In 
1  72 1 ,  the  Franciscans,  upon  a  decree  from  the  King  of 
Spain,  established  the  first  free  public  schools  in  all  the 
Spanish  towns  and  the  Indian  pueblos.  In  1  743,  the  first 
French  colonists  settled  in  New  Mexico. 

It  was  during  the  administration  of  Tomas  Tellez  that  a 
stinging  defeat  was  inflicted  upon  the  Comanches  and  that 
silver  was  discovered  in  what  is  now  Colorado. 

In  1  767,  Santa  Fe  was  almost  totally  destroyed  by  a 
flood  that  caused  $200,000  worth  of  damage  and  the  loss 
of  50  lives.  In  I  776,  the  year  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence, an  expedition  under  Escalante  discovered  the 
great  Salt  Lake,  now  in  Utah.  In  the  following  year,  New 
Mexico,  Durango,  Sanora  and  Chihuahua  were  consolidated 
into  one  province.  In  1  779,  near  where  Hutchinson.  Kan- 
sas, now  stands.  Governor  Juan  Bautista  de  Anza,  in  one 


of  the  bloodiest  battles  of  New  Mexico  history,  defeated 
the  Comanche  chief  Cuerno  Verde. 

During  the  term  of  Fernando  Chacon,  in  1  804,  the  first 
merchants  from  the  United  States  arrived.  In  1805,  Col. 
Zebulon  Pike  and  a  military  escort  were  taken  captives  by 
the  Spaniards  near  Alamosa,  now  in  Colorado.  They 
wene  sent  to  Chihuahua,  tried  and  acquitted. 

In  1810,  New  Mexico  elected  and  sent  to  the  Cortez 
at  Madrid,  Spain,  a  representative,  Pedro  Bautista  Pino, 
who  served  for  ten  years  when  the  independence  of  Mex- 
ico also  separated  New  Mexico  from  'the  dominion  of  the 
King  of  Spain. 

In  1812,  mercantile  traffic  was  established  over  the 
Santa  Fe  Trail,  between  the  Missouri  and  Santa  Fe.  The 
first  caravan  was  seized  and  its  leader,  McKnight,  arrested 
at  Santa  Fe  and  sent  to  Chihuahua  to  be  tried  as  a  spy. 

In  1821,  after  223  years  of  Spanish  rule,  New  Mexico 
fell  under  the  rule  of  Iturbide,  emperor  of  Mexico,  who 
sent  two  governors,  Francisco  Xavier  and  Antonio  Vis- 
carra. 

Mexico  became  a  republic  in  1 824,  and  Bartolome 
Baca  was  the  first  governor  under  the  new  order  of  things, 
New  Mexico  being  established  a  territory  by  a  decree  of 
the  congress  at  Mexico  City. 

After  1822,  Ceran  St.  Vrain,  David  Waldo.  Kit  Car- 
son, Charles  and  William  Bent  and  other  pathfinders, 
trappers  and  frontiersmen  came  to  New  Mexico.  In  1827 
the  placer  gold  deposits  in  southern  Santa  Fe  County  were 
discovered.  A  provincial  deputation  was  organized  at 
Santa  Fe  in  1  822  and  passed  the  first  public  school  law. 
The  first  newspaper  was  established  about  1835.  That 
year  New  Mexico  was  made  a  department  of  the  Republic 
of  Mexico. 

In  1837,  northern  New  Mexico  rebelled  again  Gov- 
ernor Albino  Perez  because  of  a  tax  law  he  had  signed. 
Perez  and  other  public  officials  were  assassinated  near  the 
capital  and  the  rebels  occupied  Santa  Fe.  The  loyal  citi- 
zens organized  at  Tome  and  under  the  leadership  of 
Manuel  Armijo  defeated  the  rebels,  and  four  leaders  of 
the  latter  were  shot  at  Santa  Fe  on  January  24,  1838. 

Texas,  after  separating  from  Mexico,  set  up  a  claim  to 
New  Mexico  and  a  Texas  expedition  invaded  the  depart- 
ment near  Fort  Sumner  in  1841,  penetrating  as  far  as  Tu- 
cumcari,  where  General  Armijo  took  them  prisoners  with- 
out firing  a  shot.  Other  raids  by  the  Texans  followed  but 
were  all  defeated. 

A  peace  delegation  of  the  Utes  attacked  Governor  Ma- 
riano Martinez  de  Lejanza  in  the  Old  Palace  at  Santa  Fe, 
and  would  have  murdered  him  had  not  the  governor's  wife 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


THE:  LAISID 


JVUSXICO 
OF*    QRROR'TUNnTVr 


rushed  into  the  melee  with  an  uplifted  chair  and  held  back 
the  excited  Indian  chiefs  until  soldiers  came  to  her  rescue. 
In  the  fight  that  followed  many  of  the  Lies  were  killed. 

In  1 846.  during  the  war  with  Mexico,  General  Stephen 
Kearny  with  300  regulars.  700  volunteers  and  900  cav- 
alry under  Col.  Doniphan,  followed  by  1 .800  men  under 
Col.  Sterling  Price,  invaded  New  Mexico,  annexing  the 
department  to  the  United  States.  Kearny  entered  Santa 
Fe  on  August  1 8.  1 846.  Governor  Armijo  disbanding  his 
troops  at  Apache  Pass  and  fleeing  without  striking  a  blow. 

Doniphan  marched  southward  and  defeated  the  Mexi- 
can army  at  Brazito.  Gen.  Kearny.  with  Kit  Carson  as 
guide,  proceeded  to  California  with  a  large  portion  of  the 
American  army  of  invasion.  Doniphan  continued  to  Chi- 
huahua. An  insurrection  broke  out  among  the  Mexicans 
still  loyal  to  the  government  of  Mexico.  Governor  Charles 
Bent,  who  had  been  appointed  by  General  Kearny,  was 
assassinated  at  Taos  on  January  14,  1847,  together  with 
a  number  of  Americans. 

Col.  Sterling  Price  with  300  men  and  a  company  of 
Spanish-American  volunteers  under  Captain  Ceran  St. 
Vrain  defeated  the  rebels  at  Santa  Cruz  and  at  Embudo. 
At  Taos,  a  stubborn  battle  was  fought  in  which  I  50  of  the 
rebels  were  killed  or  wounded,  while  the  Americans  lost 
in  killed  one  officer  and  six  soldiers  and  in  wounded  46  men. 

On  December  6.  1847,  and  before  the  formal  cession 
of  New  Mexico  by  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo, 
signed  February  2,  1 848,  the  first  legislature  met  in  Santa 
Fe.  A  convention,  the  following  year,  asked  for  the  es- 
tablishment of  a  territorial  form  of  government  in  place  of 
the  military  rule.  In  May.  1850.  after  a  bitter  factional 
fight,  a  state  government  was  organized,  a  constitution 
adopted,  date  officials  and  a  congressman  as  well  as  a 
state  legislature  elected  which  in  turn  chose  two  United  States 
senators.  Francis  Cunningham  and  Richard  Weightman. 
But  this  effort  to  establish  a  state  government  at  that  time 
was  not  sanctioned  by  congress,  and  New  Mexico  and 
Utah  were  admitted  as  territories  and  California  as  a  statr 
on  September  9.  1850. 

In  1853,  Governor  William  Carr  Lane  provisionally 
annexed  the  Mesilla  Valley,  until  then  claimed  by  the 
Stale  of  Chihuahua.  The  annexation  was  ratified  by  the 
Gadsden  treaty  signed  with  Mexico  on  December  30, 
1853.  the  United  State,  paying  $10.000.000  for  the 
strip  taken. 

During  the  Civil  War.  New  Mexico  was  in  the  main 
loyal  to  the  Union,  in  fact,  in  proportion  to  population, 
furnished  more  volunteer*  than  any  other  Mate  or  territory. 
Several  battle*  were  fought  on  American  soil,  the  most 


notable  at  Glorieta.  twenty  miles  east  of  Santa  Fe,  at  Per- 
alta  and  at  Valverde  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State.  The 
Confederate  advance  unchecked  at  Valverde  enabled  them 
to  hold  Santa  Fe  and  the  country  south  until  the  battle  of 
Glorieta  in  1862  re-established  the  Union  officials  in 
power.  On  August  7,  1862.  the  California  Column,  after 
a  march  now  famous  in  history,  reached  the  Rio  Grande 
and  all  of  the  military  posts  in  Arizona,  southern  New 
Mexico  and  northwestern  Texas  were  re-occupied  by  this 
column.  In  1868  came  the  final  submission  of  the 
Navajos  but  it  was  not  until  I  886  that  the  Apaches  were 
finally  conquered,  Geronoimo  being  captured,  which  put  an 
end  to  Indian  raids  in  New  Mexico. 

In  1871,  another  constitutional  convention  was  held  at 
Santa  Fe  and  a  state  constitution  formulated  but  the  move- 
ment for  statehood  failed  again.  From  1878  to  1831. 
General  Lew  Wallace  was  governor  of  New  Mexico  and 
during  his  term  wrote  in  the  Old  Palace  a  portion  ot  his 
famous  book  Ben  Hur.  It  was  during  his  term  that  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  railroad  entered  New 
Mexico. 

In  1 889,  during  the  administration  of  Governor  L. 
Bradford  Prince,  another  constitutional  convention  met  at 
Santa  Fe  but  the  constitution  failed  of  adoption. 

On  June  20,  1910,  Congress  passed  the  Enabling  Act, 
admitting  New  Mexico  to  statehood.  A  constitutional 
convention  met  at  Santa  Fe  on  October  3,  1910,  and 
drafted  a  constitution  which  was  adopted  by  popular  vote 
in  January,  1911.  It  was  August  29  before  President 
Taft  issued  his  proclamation,  after  a  memorable  contro- 
versy in  Congress  over  the  constitution  adopted  by  the  peo- 
ple and  it  was  not  until  January  6,  1912,  that  the  president 
signed  the  proclamation  formally  admitting  New  Mexico 
into  the  sisterhood  of  states.  On  January  I  5,  William  C. 
McDonald  was  inaugurated  governor  and  on  March  27. 
the  legislature  elected  Thomas  B.  Catron  and  Albert  B. 
Fall  to  represent  the  Slate  in  the  Senate. 

New  Mexico  has  made  comparatively  rapid  growth  and 
progress  since  the  St.  Louis  Exposition  in  1904,  at  which 
it  had  a  notable  exhibit.  The  1910  census  showed  an  in- 
crease of  population  of  67.8  per  cent  in  ten  years,  exceeded 
by  only  five  slate*  of  the  Union.  The  increase  in  the 
number  of  farms  in  that  decade  was  189.8  per  cent,  of 
improved  lands  in  farms  348.9  per  cent,  value  of  farm 
property  196.8  per  cent,  in  farm  building*  265.3  per  cent, 
in  farm  land  value*  470.4  per  cent.  The  amount  of  capi- 
tal in  manufacturing  increased  more  than  200  per  cent, 
while  the  mineral  production  has  increased  more  than  a 
hundred  per  cent  the  past  two  year*. 


E 

RESOURCES 

AND 

INDUSTRIES 

or 

THE 

SUNSHINE 

STATE 

M 

—  16  — 

"THE  LAND  OF  HEART'S  DESIRE" 


BY  PAUL  A.  F.  WALTER 


IDWAY  between  the  Pacific  Coast  and  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  New  Mexico,  at  the  gate- 
way to  the  Republic  of  Mexico,  occupies  a 
commanding  commercial  and  industrial  posi- 
tion. From  time  immemorial,  it  has  been  on 
the  great  highways  of  commerce  that  spanned 
the  Continent  in  all  directions. 

Covering  as  it  does,  1  2,000  square  miles  more  than  the 
Kingdom  of  Italy,  and  varying  in  altitude  from  3,000  to 
!  3,000  feet,  in  the  same  latitude  as  Southern  California, 
Georgia,  Southern  Spain  and  Greece,  it  offers  sufficient 
range  in  climatic  conditions,  in  resources  and  in  opportuni- 
ties, to  fulfill  the  hopes  of  its  early  conquerors  who  were  in 
search  of  a  new  Eldorado.  At  present,  with  only  three  in- 
habitants to  the  square  mile  as  against  300  for  Italy  and 
1 5  for  California,  it  may  be  said  to  be  still  in  the  first 


Climatically,  New  Mexico  is  especially  favored.  Not 
in  Florida,  but  in  New  Mexico,  the  Spaniards  found  the 
Fountain  of  Youth.  Thousands  can  attest  that  its  climate 
has  restored  them  to  health  and  they  have  truly  named  it 
"The  Land  of  Sunshine."  Climate  is  destiny,  for  climate 
prescribes  the  conditions  under  which  people  must  live, 
must  pursue  agriculture  and  other  industries  and  even  de- 
cides the  trend  of  art  and  literature.  Civilization  was  born 
in  the  arid  valleys  of  the  Nile  and  the  Euphrates  and  the 
countries  that  practiced  irrigation  were  beehives  of  human 
industry  and  progress  at  the  very  dawn  of  history. 

AGRICULTURE 

New  Mexico  is  first  of  all  an  agricultural  state.  Of 
121,497  persons  in  gainful  occupations  in  the  last  federal 
census  year,  66,887  were  employed  on  farms.  It  is  signi- 


THK  SCENIC  BEAUTY  OF  NEW  MEXICO  IS  UNRIVALED 


stages  of  development,  although  in  point  of  settlement  by 
white  people,  it  is  among  the  oldest  of  American  common- 
wealths, and  as  to  occupation  by  sedentary  town  builders 
and  cultivators  of  the  soil,  its  prehistoric  monuments  show 
it  to  have  been  a  land  of  fertility  thousands  of  years  ago. 


ficant,  that  the  value  of  products  of  farm  and  range  is 
twice  that  of  mining  and  manufacturing  taken  together. 

The  corn  crop  harvested  in  1914,  was  2,690,000 
bushels;  the  wheat  crop.  1,790,000  bushels;  oats.  1,940,- 
000  bushels;  potatoes,  1,100,000  bushels;  hay,  510,000 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  17  — 


THE 


A1EXICO 
LAND  OF" 


tons;  apples.  888.000  bushels;  barley.  100.000  bushels; 
bean*.  100.000  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  20.000  bushels; 
broom  corn.  750,000  pounds;  cotton,  2.000  bales;  kaffir 
corn.  1.000.000  bushels;  peanuts,  2.000  bushels;  dry 
peas.  50.000  bushels:  peaches.  40.000  bushels;  pears. 
30.000  bushels;  plums  and  prunes,  25.000  bushels;  cher- 
ries. 10,000  bushels;  apricots.  4.000  bushels;  grapes. 
750.000  pounds;  strawberries,  50,000  quarts;  other  ber- 
ries, 60.000  quarts;  nuts.  275,000  pounds.  The  total 
value  of  the  crops  in  1914  exceeded  $20.000,000,  an 
increase  of  68  per  cent,  in  five  years,  thus  giving  some  evi- 
dence of  the  rapid  development  of  the  resources  of  the 
State  and  at  the  same  time  a  glimpse  of  the  possibilities 
that  the  future  holds  in  store. 

GREAT  AGRICULTURAL  VALLEYS 

The  valleys  of  the  large  rivers  and  their  tributaries, 
naturally,  were  first  occupied  and  cultivated.  The  Rio 
Grande  bisects  the  State  from  north  to  south,  and  along  it 
and  its  tributaries  were  the  first  irrigation  systems  and  cul- 
tivated fields.  The  longest  tributary  of  the  Rio  Grande  is 
the  Pecos.  and  it.  too.  furnishes  water  for  irrigation  of 
tens  of  thousands  of  fertile  acres. 

Another  large  basin  is  that  of  the  San  Juan  in  the 
northwestern  part  of  the  State.  Smaller,  only  by  compari- 
son, are  the  valleys  of  the  Arkansas  drainage  area,  of  the 
Mimbres,  Gila  and  lesser  streams.  The  lower  Pecos  Val- 
ley alone  shipped  6.000  carloads  of  alfalfa.  1.000  car- 
loads of  apples.  400  cars  of  cantaloupes,  100  cars  of  to- 
matoes. 50  cars  of  canned  tomatoes.  20  cars  of  cotton,  22 
cars  of  onions.  I  5  cars  of  honey,  1 ,000  cars  of  cattle. 
2,500.000  pounds  of  wool  this  year. 

Artesian  and  pumping  wells  supplement  the  water  sup- 
ply from  running  streams.  The  artesian  belt  in  the  lower 
Pecos  Valley  is  a  wonder  and  a  delight  to  every  visitor 
and  it  has  transformed  a  portion  of  the  forbidding  Staked 
Plains  into  a  Paradise  of  Verdure.  Here,  alfalfa  is  king, 
and  orchards  make  fortunes.  A  net  profit  of  $10.000  a 
year  from  a  twenty-acre  apple  orchard,  has  been  recorded, 
and  the  yield  from  small  parcels  of  land,  intensely  culti- 
vated, teems  almost  incredible. 

Pumping  wells  have  reclaimed  thousands  of  acre*  in  the 
Portales  and  Mimbret  Valleys  and  indicate  possibilities  that 
had  been  only  barely  surmised  ten  year*  ago.  The  net 
profit  on  an  acre  of  cantaloupes  in  the  Portales  Valley  in 
1914.  averaged  $57.58.  There  iweet  potatoes  yield  200 
to  300  bushel*  per  acre.  Dairying  is  proving  a  money- 
making  proposition  and  1.500  acre*  in  alfalfa  irrigated 
from  wells  attest  to  possibilities  in  raising  forage  crop*. 


IRRIGATION 


But  the  mainstay  of  the  irrigation  farmers  is  the  irriga- 
tion project,  big  or  small,  that  impounds  the  waters  of  the 
flood  season  for  the  day  that  they  are  needed  by  the  crops. 


* 


.     \-~ll    I      KIM    Ix     IS      I  Ml      MM  \i:i;i>N    •    XNM.N 


ft 

RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

M 

—  18  — 

TT-IE:  JLAISID  OF- 


ALFALFA  FROM  THE  FIELD  TO  THE  SIIX)  IN  THE   PECOS  VALLEY 
1.  Alfalfa  Field.     2.  Cut  Alfalfa.     3.  Ready  to  Stack.     4.   Stacking.     5.  At  the  Silo.     6.  Storing  in  the  Silo. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-   19  - 


___ 

THE    LAFSID 


A1EXICO 

OPPORTUNITY 


The  largest  irrigation  system  in  the  State  is  that  which 
supplies  the  Mesilla  Valley  with  water.  It  is  a  federal 
Reclamation  Project  on  which  $8,000,000  are  being  ex- 
pended and  which  supplies  water  to  as  many  acres  as  were 
irrigated  in  the  entire  State  in  the  year  1 900.  Next  in  size 
is  the  Carlsbad  Reclamation  Project  in  the  lower  Pecos 
Valley,  also  in  the  hands  of  the  Government.  Both  of 
these  valleys,  being  the  lowest  in  altitude  in  New  Mexico 
and  also  the  most  southern,  are  marvelously  productive,  for 
the  soil  is  deep  and  fertile  and  the  water  supply  perman- 
ent and  assured. 

Private  enterprise  has  built  large  irrigation  systems  in 
Colfax  County,  and  so-called  community  systems  supply 
the  irrigationists  in  other  counties.  Careful  stream  mea- 
surements indicate  that  New  Mexico  has  sufficient  running 
water  to  irrigate  2,350.00  acres.  Less  than  one-third  of 
that  amount  is  under  cultivation  at  present,  thus  demon- 
strating that  here  is  a  promising  field  for  further  develop- 
ment. The  land  is  there,  the  water  can  be  stored,  the  soil 
is  fertile  and  the  climate  favorable.  All  that  is  needed  is 
capital  and  enterprise  to  triple  the  area  of  irrigation  farms 
and  the  agricultural  production.  The  College  of  Agricul- 


enterprises,  50,000  acres;  under  co-operative  enterprises, 
300,000  acres;  under  the  U.  S.  Reclamation  Service, 
1 50,000  acres.  There  are  almost  a  thousand  artesian 
wells  supplying  50,000  acres,  500  pumping  wells  supply- 
ing nearly  10,000  acres.  A  thousand  storage  reservoirs 
and  ten  thousand  miles  of  canals  and  ditches  pour  their 
waters  upon  the  fertile  lands  during  the  growing  season. 

The  United  States  Census  Bureau  gives  the  average 
cost  of  construction  in  New  Mexico  of  irrigation  enter- 
prises at  $14.19  per  acre  and  the  cost  of  maintenance  at 
$1.36  per  acre  per  year.  The  Census  Bureau  also  has 
found  that  irrigation  increases  the  yield  of  corn  1  39  per 
cent,  over  non-irrigated  areas;  oats,  34  per  cent.;  wheat, 
1  68  per  cent. ;  barley,  98  per  cent. ;  dry  edible  beans,  1 9 1 
per  cent. ;  dry  peas,  50  per  cent. ;  timothy.  44  per  cent. ; 
alfalfa,  168  per  cent.;  other  forage  plants,  77  per  cent.; 
wild  grasses.  1 22  per  cent. ;  coarse  forage,  1 86  per  cent. ; 
potatoes,  79  per  cent. 

Dona  Ana  County  leads  in  the  acreage  irrigated  for  it 
is  the  main  beneficiary  of  the  Elephant  Butte  Project. 
The  Mesilla  Valley,  which  is  the  section  reclaimed,  re- 
sembles in  its  productiveness  the  irrigated  valleys  of  South- 


I:\OM:-    M>I«  MI  <  n  T<>    M.KK  i  i  1 1  i:  \i    IM:I»MM  :in  \\ 


lure  and  Mechanic  Art*,  the  State  Engineer'!  Department, 
each  and  every  community  to  be  benefited,  are  all  eager  to 
aitiit  in  developing  and  utilizing  this  latent  resource. 

Under  individual  and  partnership  irrigation  enterprises, 
200,000  acre*  are   under   cultivation:   under   commercial 


ern  California.  Chaves  County,  including  part  of  ihr 
lower  Pecos  Valley,  is  second  in  it*  irrigated  area,  more 
than  60.000  acres  being  under  irrigation.  Eddy  County 
is  a  close  third  with  more  than  50.000  acres.  It.  too.  has 
a  federal  reclamation  project  like  Dona  Ana  County  and 


RESOURCES  AND  JNDUSTRICS  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  20  - 


THE:  LAISID 


A1EXICO 
OF"    CDFROFrTUNITV" 


artesian  wells  like  Chaves.  Then  come  Rio  Arriba  and 
Taos  Counties  with  close  to  50,000  acres  each.  Valencia 
and  Colfax  Counties  have  almost  40,000  acres  each.  San 
Juan  County  has  more  than  30,000  acres  but  water 
enough  for  300,000  acres.  Santa  Fe,  Sandoval,  Socorro, 
Sierra,  which  is  in  part  under  the  Elephant  Butte  Pro- 
ject; Mora,  San  Miguel,  Bernalillo  and  Grant,  have  from 
20,000  to  25,000  acres  under  irrigation.  There  are  only 
two  counties  among  the  tweny-six,  without  any  irrigation 
system,  Curry  and  Torrance,  and  these  have  small  gar- 
dens which  are  irrigated  from  wells. 

Wherever  water  touches  the  soil  in  New  Mexico  there 
is  growth  and  promise  of  prosperity,  and  with  intensive 
cultivation,  the  Sunshine  State  will  become  the  granary  of 
the  Southwest. 

DRY    FARMING 

Of  late  years,  more  than  a  million  acres,  or  almost  twice 
the  area  under  irrigation,  have  been  placed  in  cultivation 
by  so-called  dry-farming  methods.  Entire  new  counties 
and  scores  of  towns  and  villages  have  been  created  in  New 
Mexico  the  past  decade  and  a  half,  by  dry  farmers.  The 
success  of  dry  farming  has  depended  much  upon  the  selec- 
tion of  drouth  resisting  crops,  the  application  of  scientific 


higher  mountain  valleys,  where  the  rainfall  is  heavy  enough 
for  what  is  called  temporal  farming,  or  the  raising  of  crops 
without  irrigation  or  dry  farming  methods.  In  the  Moreno 
Valley,  for  instance,  1  5,000  pounds  of  potatoes  per  acre 
are  produced  on  temporal  farms.  In  the  Sacramentos,  on 
the  upper  Pecos,  on  Johnson's  Mesa  and  in  other  sections, 
thousands  of  acres  are  in  temporal  farms  on  which,  despite 
short  seasons,  satisfactory  harvests  are  garnered. 

FREE  LAND  STILL  ABUNDANT 

Less  than  2,000,000  acres  out  of  the  78,000,000 
acres  in  the  State  are  under  cultivation.  Although  there 
are  almost  10,000,000  acres  in  forest  reserves,  15,000,- 
000  acres  of  state  lands,  huge  areas  in  private  land  grants 
and  Indian  reservations,  there  remain  subject  to  entry  un- 
der the  public  land  laws  of  the  United  States  30,000,000 
acres,  an  area  exceeding  that  of  the  State  of  New  York. 
Much  of  it  is  subject  to  the  320-acre  Homestead  Act  and 
will  come  under  the  proposed  640-acre  Homestead  Act, 
which  assures  the  homesteader  a  living  even  in  the  newest 
of  dry  farming  sections,  by  giving  him  sufficient  pasture 
for  dairy  and  poultry  purposes.  There  are  five  federal 
land  offices  in  the  State  at  which  entries  may  be  made  and 
having  jurisdiction  over  a  definitely  defined  portion  of  the 


ONE  OF  NEW  MEXICO'S  MANY  BEAUTIFUL  WATER    SUPPLY  LAKES 


methods,  supplementary  dairying,  poultry  raising  and  silos. 
There  have  been  lamentable  discouragement  and  failure 
occasionally,  due  to  inexperience  or  lack  of  energy  or 
sufficient  capital.  Further  experimentation  is  necessary  to 
make  certain  the  growing  of  crops  in  sections  with  less  rain- 
fall than  fifteen  inches  a  year. 

There  are  portions  of  New  Mexico,  especially  in  the 


State.  In  the  Las  Cruces  district,  almost  12,000,000 
acres  are  still  subject  to  entry;  in  the  Santa  Fe  land  dis- 
trict almost  8,000,000  acres;  in  the  Roswell  district,  7,- 
500,000  acres;  Fort  Sumner  district,  2,000,000  acres, 
and  the  Clayton  district,  750,000  acres. 

The  state  lands  covering  almost  1  5,000,000  acres,  are 
open  to  lease  and  in  part  to  purchase  at  competitive  pub- 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  21  — 


LAND 


A1EMCO 

QF~ 


lie  sales.  There  exist  colonization  projects  under  which 
irrigated  lands  may  be  purchased  on  long-time  payments. 
Under  the  U.  S.  Reclamation  projects,  a  long  time  is 
granted  to  pay  off  the  cost  of  water  rights.  Under  com- 
munity systems,  the  landholder  pays  his  pro  rata  either  in 
money  or  in  labor  for  maintaining  the  headgates  and 
ditches.  Under  irrigation,  the  farmer  regulates  his  show- 
ers to  suit  his  crops;  the  sunshine  which  is  so  consta'nt  in 
New  Mexico  helps  him  to  produce  the  maximum  that  the 
land  can  be  made  to  yield,  makes  certain  the  garnering  of 


New  Mexico  has  been  one  of  the  leading  wool  producers 
of  the  Union.  Conditions  are  very  favorable  for  sheep 
raising  and  the  number  of  sheep  in  the  State  has  been  as 
high  as  6.000.000.  though  at  present  less  than  4.000.000. 
as  the  grading  of  flocks  has  a  tendency  to  decrease  them 
numerically.  The  wool  shipments  exceed  20,000,000 
pounds  annually,  yielding  a  return  of  $3,000.000.  The 
vast  extent  of  the  public  range,  the  comparatively  open 
winters,  the  protection  of  the  range  and  its  equitable  appor- 
tionment by  the  forest  service,  all  conduce  to  make  the 


i:«.i  MI- i  !•   i  IMI    ..s    i  111    i:  \\GE 
I.  Tin-  i:..iiiu|.ii|.      2.  In  tin-  lininiliiii;  ivn.     :'..  <  hm  U  Wngon  ami  Cowboys  at  Mew 


the  crop*  in  their  season,  to  a  large  extent  eliminating  the 
elements  of  uncertainty.  It  it  the  ideal  method  of  fann- 
ing. It  make*  possible  the  community  life,  for  under  irri- 
gation the  small  farm  unit  i*  the  most  profitable. 

LIVESTOCK 

Next  to  fanning,  the  raiting  of  livestock  i*  the  principal 
industry  of  the  Sunshine  State.     For  several  decade*  past. 


business  a  profitable  one.  To  it  will  be  added  sooner  or 
later,  the  feeding  of  livestock  for  market.  It  is  along  this 
line,  that  capital  and  enterprise  would  find  profitable  open- 
ings immediately,  for  New  Mexico  has  not  only  the  public 
range  and  large  areas  of  state  lands  which  can  be  leased 
for  a  few  cent*  an  acre,  but  also  raises  the  fodder  and  has 
the  farms  on  which  the  fattening  of  muttons  and  beeves 
should  be  exceedingly  profitable. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE        ~~M 


—  22  — 


THE    LA1SID  OF"    QPRORTUNITV" 


With  a  million  cattle  on  its  ranges,  New  Mexico  is 
among  the  heaviest  cattle  growing  states.  Here  the  typical 
cowboy  of  western  song  and  story  is  still  swinging  his 
lariat.  To  the  larger  cattle  outfits  have  been  added  smaller 
concerns  and  more  than  one  cowboy,  beginning  with  an 
investment  in  a  few  head  of  stock,  has  prospered  and  is 
now  a  cattle  king. 

More  than  half  a  million  goats  browse  on  the  under- 
brush of  New  Mexico  foothills,  delectable  range  for  the 
sure-footed  and  hardy  animals.  In  Sierra  and  Grant 
Counties  especially,  the  raising  of  goats  has  been  very  suc- 
cessful, but  in  all  of  the  other  mountainous  sections  of  the 
State  also,  particularly  in  Sandoval,  Socorro,  Santa  Fe, 
Lincoln,  McKinley,  Mora,  Otero,  Rio  Arriba  and  even  in 
Chaves  and  Eddy  Counties,  tens  of  thousands  of  goats  are 
to  be  found  on  the  ranges. 


IRRIGATION  IN  THE  MIMI5ISES  VAM,EY 

Of  horses.  New  Mexico  has  a  quarter  million  and  the 
State  is  apt  to  become  a  heavy  producer  of  horseflesh  for 
army  and  commercial  purposes.  Of  hogs  there  are  more 
than  50,000,  and  hog  raising  on  a  large  scale  has  -proved 
quite  profitable.  Mules  number  more  than  20,000,  and 
the  burro  has  been  a  transportation  standby  for  centuries. 
Dairying  and  poultry  raising  are  growing  to  be  important 
specialized  occupations  and  will  add  materially  to  the  in- 
come of  farm  and  range. 

MARVELOUS   GROWTH 

In  I  890,  New  Mexico  had  4,458  farms  of  more  than 
three  acres  each;  ten  years  later  it  had  I  1,834  such  farms; 


in   1910  it  had  35,678  farms,  according  to  the  census 
bureau,  or  an  increase  of  750  per  cent,  in  twenty  years. 


SULPHUR  CAVE  AT  JEMEZ   SPRINGS 

In  1890,  the  value  of  farm  property  was  $33,543,141  ; 
in  1900  it  was  $53,737,824,  and  in  1910  it  had  climbed 
to  $159,447,990.  Domestic  animals  were  valued  at 
$25,111,202  in  1890,  at  $31,727,400  in  1900,  and 


MORA    COUNTY    SHEEP 


$43,494,679   in    1910,   while   today,    the   value   exceeds 
$50,000,000.      The   value   of    farm   buildings   increased 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  23  — 


from  $3,565.105  in  1900,  to  $13.024,502  in  1910; 
farm  implements  and  machinery  from  $29 1 , 1 40  in  1 890. 
(o  $1.151.610  in  1900,  to  $4.122.312  in  1910.  and  to 
exceed  $5.000.000  in  1914.  The  area  included  in  farms 
was  782.882  acres  in  1890.  in  1900  it  was  5.130.878 
acres;  in  1910  it  had  increased  to  11.270.021  acres, 
while  in  1914  it  was  15.000.000  acres.  Public  land 
entries  have  fluctuated  between  I  2.000  and  20.000  annu- 
ally the  past  decade  and  a  half.  It  is  readily  understood 
therefore  that  now  is  the  time  to  take  advantage  of  growth 
and  development  of  the  State  by  filing  on  a  homestead  or 
purchasing  lands.  In  another  decade,  the  lands  adapted 
to  agriculture  will  all  be  in  private  ownership. 


MINING 

'  Gold  was  mined  in  New  Mexico  long  before  the  famous 
gold  discovery  in  California  in  1 848.  The  State  produces 
a  million  dollars  worth  of  gold  annually  and  has  in  its 
time  added  something  like  $100.000,000  to  the  nation's 
stock  of  that  metal.  Silver  is  produced  to  the  extent  of 
$2.000,000  worth  annually.  Of  copper.  New  Mexico 
produced  last  year  54,000,000  pounds  placing  it  high  in 
rank  among  the  states  of  the  Union.  Zinc  production  last 
year  amounted  to  21,566,637  pounds;  lead,  4,694,018. 
As  a  coal  producer.  New  Mexico  has  been  steadily  in- 
creasing its  output,  the  production  last  year  having  been 
3,634,217  tons  of  coal  and  71,135  tons  of  coke.  Five 


HO.MK  OF  C1IAIM,KS  HPRINGKH  l\ 


I  \\  (  <H  VI  V 


It  must  be  emphasized,  however,  that  it  requires  some 
capital  to  create  a  profitable  farm  even  though  the  land 
may  be  had  for  a  nominal  filing  fee.  The  prospective  set- 
tler should  ha\e  resources  enough  to  tide  him  over  for  at 
least  a  year,  to  erect  comfortable  buildings,  to  stock  the 
ranch  with  domestic  animals,  to  buy  farming  implements 
and  seed.  He  should  have  money  for  the  sinking  of  a  well 
and  the  erection  of  a  pumping  plant  in  those  sections  where 
irrigation  is  from  wells  or  in  the  dry  fanning  counties.  In 
the  irrigation  districts  he  should  have  the  means  to  acquire 
water  rights  and  to  divert  the  water  upon  his  land.  But 
given  a  moderate  capital,  energy  and  intelligence,  there 
is  no  part  of  the  country  at  this  day  where  the  returns 
will  be  so  satisfactory  and  the  values  increase  to  steadily 
as  in  New  Mexico. 


thousand  men  are  employed  in  and  about  the  coal  mines. 
But  these  figures  give  no  adequate  idea  of  the  immensity 
of  the  coal  deposits  in  New  Mexico.  These  amount  to 
billions  of  tons  in  San  Juan.  Colfax  and  McKinley  Coun- 
ties. In  Santa  Fe,  Rio  Arriba.  Socorro.  Lincoln  Coun- 
ties, the  coal  veins  that  have  been  prospected  or  are  being 
worked,  are  also  extensive.  In  fact,  the  coal  area  of  New 
Mexico  exceeds  that  of  France  and  Belgium  combined,  or 
that  of  Germany.  San  Juan  County  has  coal  veins  40 
feet  thick.  The  supply  available  runs  into  billions  of  tons. 
What  that  means  toward  the  development  of  industry  and 
commerce,  can  hardly  be  estimated  in  its  vastness. 

There  is  not  a  county  in  New  Mexico  without  its  mineral 
indications.  From  gold  placers  to  marble  quarries,  from 
iron  deposits  to  coal  veins,  from  mountains  of  lime  to  beds 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

24  


THE    LAISID 


.MEXICO 
OF"    OPPORTUNITY 


of  clay,  from  inexhaustible  copper  resources  to  mines  of 
precious  turquoise,  the  world  hardly  yet  realizes  the  extent 
of  the  Sunshine  State's  mineral  wealth.  Its  surface  has 
been  scarcely  scratched  and  the  prospector  finds  a  virgin 
field,  the  investor  rich  promise  of  returns.  Most  import- 
ant, however,  will  be  the  utilization  eventually,  of  the  raw 
materials  and  of  the  fuel  for  smelters,  rolling  mills  and 
factories. 

MANUFACTURES. 

It  is  this  limitless  wealth  in  raw  material  that  destines 
New  Mexico  to  become  another  Pennsylvania.  There 
are  in  the  State  500,000  horsepower  of  unutilized  water 
power;  it  has  the  material  for  making  cement,  glass,  china- 
ware.  Its  supply  of  gypsum  and  lime  is  almost  limitless. 
It  has  the  ores  and  fluxing  materials  for  smelters,  iron  and 
steel  mills.  It  has  the  hide  for  tanneries,  shoe  and  glove 
factories,  the  wool  for  woolen  mills,  raises  sugar  beets  of 
the  highest  percentage  of  purity  and  sugar  content  for 
beet  sugar  mills,  the  cotton  for  cotton  gins  and  mills;  the 
cheap  fuel,  the  transportation  facilities,  the  proximity  to 
great,  undeveloped  markets.  Only  a  small  beginning  has 
been  made  in  manufacturing  and  therefore  competitive 
pressure  is  absent,  labor  conditions  are  of  the  most  advan- 
tageous. Municipalities  are  ready  to  grant  subsidies  and 
the  state  tax  exemptions  to  foster  industry.  Outside  of  rail- 
road shops,  a  few  cement  and  plaster  mills,  several  fruit 
canneries,  manufactures  of  silver  filigree  on  a  small  scale, 
the  making  of  pottery  and  weaving  of  blankets  by  the  In- 
dians, and  a  number  of  ore  reduction  plants,  there  is  a 
dearth  of  manufacturing  industries.  Though  the  State's 
ore  production  exceeds  $10,000,000  annually,  it  has  not 
a  single  smelter  or  steel  mill. 

It  seems  an  obvious  economical  waste  to  ship  raw  ma- 
terial 2,000  miles  to  the  Atlantic  seaboard  and  then  to 
reship  it  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  manufactured  form, 
or  to  pass  it  through  New  Mexico  on  its  way  to  the  Pacific, 
or  the  Orient,  when  it  might  just  as  well  be  manufactured 
in  New  Mexico  and  the  freight  charges  of  4,000  miles 
saved,  for  New  Mexico  has  the  raw  material,  the  fuel,  the 
water  power,  the  climate,  the  available  labor  and  skill,  and 
offers  special  inducements  to  manufacture  those  things  for 
which  a  ready  market  is  found  within  the  State  or  in 
tributary  trade  territory.  The  value  of  manufactured  pro- 
ducts turned  out  in  New  Mexico  annually  is  $10,000,000, 
and  5,000  persons  are  given  employment. 

LUMBERING. 

New  Mexico  has  9,000,000  acres  in  national  forests, 
5,000,000  acres  more  in  private  timber  tracts  or  in  timber 
on  state  lands.  In  other  words,  an  area  twice  that  of  the 


g 

3 
w 
o 

a 


g 


a 
2 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  25  — 


THE     LAND   Of 


A1EXICO 


State  of  Maryland  is  covered  with  timber.  This  has  re- 
sulted in  extensive  lumbering  operations.  Under  the  for- 
est regulations  of  the  government,  the  industry  is  now 
placed  upon  a  self-perpetuating  basis.  Large  timber  areas 
are  still  on  the  market  and  the  government  is  eager  to  let 
contracts  on  advantageous  terms  for  the  cutting  of  billions 
of  feel  of  matured  timber. 

COMMERCE. 

From  ancient  times.  New  Mexico  has  been  on  the  high 
roads  of  commerce  across  the  Continent.  The  oldest  trail 
in  America,  that  from  Vera  Cruz,  terminated  at  Santa  Fe. 


are  fair — the  thousands  of  miles  of  wagon  road  are  in 
splendid  condition  for  automobile  travel.  The  State,  how- 
ever, is  building  roads  in  accordance  with  modern  en- 
gineering, roads  that  are  links  in  the  main  highways  from 
the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  and  from  Canada  to  Mexico. 
El  Camino  Real,  the  Royal  Highway,  bisects  the  State 
from  south  to  north  and  is  part  of  the  Old  Trails  High- 
way. The  Southern  Trails  Highway  crosses  the  State  as 
do  the  Panhandle  and  Gran  Quivera  highways.  Thus 
the  motorist  from  the  east  and  the  north  is  offered  the 
choice  of  roads  to  the  west  and  the  south,  each  of  which 


IKIMI      <>l      <.l   OKI. I      II.    U  I    I. -I  I    K.    .IK ..    M    MS    »   IM  \KK<>N 


So  did  the  famous  Santa  Fe  Trail,  and  at  Santa  Fe 
started  the  first  trail  to  California.  The  amount  of  traffic 
over  those  early  trails  was  enormous.  Since  1 880,  the 
railroads  have  supplanted  the  caravans,  and  the  automo- 
bile the  ox  team.  But  New  Mexico  is  still  on  the  great 
transcontinental  traffic  arteries,  the  Santa  Fe.  the  Southern 
Pacific  and  the  Rock  Island  Systems.  In  addition,  it  has 
quite  a  complete  system  of  local  railroads  and  feeders,  the 
total  mileage  exceeding  3.00C  Of  course,  in  a  state  so 
vast  in  extent,  there  is  ample  room  for  further  transporta- 
tion development. 

GOOD  ROADS. 

New  Mexico  is  building  good  roads  as  rapidly  as  its 
financial  resources  permit.  The  past  year  a  million  dollars 
was  expended  by  the  State,  counties  and  the  Federal  Gov- 
ernment. As  a  rule,  when  the  weather  is  fair — and  the 
climate  of  New  Mexico  is  tuch  that  nine  of  every  ten  days 


has  attractions  of  its  own  and  all  of  which  are  traveled  the 
year  around,  because  of  the  open  winters  of  this  latitude. 

FOR  THE  TOURIST. 

New  Mexico  is  both  a  winter  and  summer  resort.  It  is 
in  addition  a  land  of  a  thousand  wonders. — scenic,  his- 
torical, archaeological.  No  other  stale  has  such  tourist 
attractions.  Its  mission  churches  are  I  50- years  older  than 
those  of  California,  and  many  of  them  are  shrines  for  wor- 
ship to  the  present  day.  Cave  and  cliff  dwellings  number 
tens  of  thousands  and  are  vestiges  of  a  culture  thousands 
of  years  old.  Indian  pueblos  and  hogans  are  as  quaint 
and  mysterious  as  any  of  the  ancient  habitations  of  the 
Orient.  Indian  dances,  such  as  may  be  witnessed  in  New 
Mexico,  and  church  ceremonials,  are  more  interesting  and 
as  full  of  poetic  and  symbolic  meaning  as  any  of  the 
Greek  mysteries.  New  Mexico  has  been  the  meeting  place 
of  successive  cultures,  of  many  races  and  tribes  and  each 


^B 

RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTTTIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

M 

•  -  26  — 

THE:    LANID  OF" 


A1EX3CO 


has  left  its  imprint,  each  has  its  survivors,  making  the  land 
a  treasure  trove  for  archaeologist  and  ethnologist.  No- 
where else  in  the  United  States  can  be  found  so  great  a 
variety  of  unique  sights,  glimpses  of  Old  Spain  and  of 
scenes  that  hark  back  to  prehistoric  times.  It  is  Egypt 
and  Babylonia,  Spain  and  Mexico,  Colorado  and  Cali- 
fornia, Switzerland  and  the  Orient,  combined.  Stupen- 
dous mountain  masses,  the  loftiest  peaks  more  than  1  3,000 
feet  high,  are  accessible  by  easy  trails  to  their  very  pinna- 
cles; shadowy  canyons,  flower  spangled  mountain  meadows, 
picturesque  waterfalls,  whispering  pine  forests,  babbling 
trout  streams,  vast  game  preserves,  the  all-pervading  sun- 


hospitals,  orphans'  homes,  reform  school  and  other  institu- 
tions, all  housed  in  modern  buildings  and  endowed  with 
immense  land  grants.  A  museum  of  art  and  archaeology 
is  located  in  the  Palace  of  the  Governors  at  Santa  Fe,  a 
structure  more  than  300  years  old  and  in  many  respects 
the  most  historic  building  in  the  United  States.  In  it  are 
found  priceless  historical  and  archaeological  collections, 
precious  heirlooms,  paintings  and  ancient  manuscripts,  his- 
toric and  linguistic  libraries,  such  as  are  not  duplicated 
anywhere  else.  Every  community  has  its  churches,  learned 
and  fraternal  organizations,  charity  boards  and  civic 
bodies.  Taxation  is  equitable  and  not  crushing  and  wher- 


"TOOTJI  OF  TIMK"  OX   IHACCA  RANCH 


shine,  the  mystery  of  the  desert,  the  invigorating  atmos- 
phere of  the  higher  altitudes,  the  unique  aspects  of  irriga- 
tion, the  smile  of  orchards  and  alfalfa  fields,  the  un- 
spoiled hospitality  of  flat-roofed  adobe  homes  in  which  the 
mellifluous  Spanish  is  spoken,  are  all  spanned  by  perfect 
turquoise  skies  that  rival  those  of  Naples  and  of  Andalu- 
sia. Yea,  verily,  here  is  a  land  of  delight,  of  myriad 
charms,  of  the  heart's  desire,  well  worth  a  visit  and  a  stay. 

EDUCATION. 

New  Mexico  is  a  commonwealth  of  school  houses, 
churches,  handsome  and  substantial  public  buildings,  of 
law-abiding,  progressive  citizenship.  In  Santa  Fe  County 
alone,  with  about  15,000  inhabitants,  fifty-two  modern 
school  houses  were  built  the  past  year.  The  State  main- 
tains a  University,  an  Agricultural  College,  a  School  of 
Mines,  a  Military  Institute,  three  normal  schools,  besides 


ever  the  tax  rate  appears  high  there  the  assessment  rate  is 
low.  Every  head  of  a  family  is  given  a  liberal  tax  exemp- 
tion. The  indebtedness  of  state,  counties  and  municipali- 
ties is  comparatively  small.  New  Mexico  is  law-abiding, 
its  people  are  liberal,  hospitality  is  the  rule  and  the  social 
side  of  community  life  is  extraordinarily  well  developed. 

CLIMATE. 

In  a  domain  so  extensive,  covering  several  degrees  of 
latitude  and  varying  10,000  feet  in  altitude,  there  is 
naturally  a  considerable  variety  of  climatic  conditions,  al- 
though, generally  speaking,  the  so-called  mountain  and 
arid  conditions  prevail.  Nights  are  always  cool  even  in 
the  lowest  and  most  sheltered  portions.  In  the  higher 
Sierras,  the  winters  are  long  and  cold,  but  the  sunshine 
modifies  even  the  coldest  day  to  a  certain  extent. 

There  are  mountain  valleys  where  the  rainfall  is  suf- 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE 

—  27  — 


A1EXICO 

THE:  LAFSIP  OF"  QF>ROFnruisnTvr 


' 


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4.  8TART1NCJ  TUB  LOOB.     6.  IXM28   \\\  M  I  I  M.    Illl     l:l:l    \  M  N<.  <  >|     nil     IKHIM. 


FfESOURCES  AND  INDUSTFTIE^  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

mFfi"^ --*"-'-     "    _-•— _    -   tg"-'  ^-^-  ^imr-r*        ^ 1=-=^ — J^_^_"   T     . 

—  2A  — 


"THE    LAND 


A1EXICO 
OF"    OPPORTUNITY 


ficient  to  raise  crops  without  irrigation.  There  are  sections 
where  the  rainfall  averages  only  four  or  five  inches  a  year, 
although  the  normal  for  the  State  is  between  1 4  and  1  5 
inches.  Every  portion  of  the  commonwealth  is  salubri- 
ous. There  is  an  almost  total  absence  of  endemic  epi- 
demics or  of  malaria.  New  Mexico's  climate  is  a  specific 
for  tuberculosis.  There  are  thousands  of  people  in  the 
state  who  came  as  health-seekers,  who  liked  it  so  well  as 
to  remain  after  they  were  restored  to  health,  and  who 
prospered  in  business,  farming,  stock  raising  or  other  pur- 
suits. 

Physicians  agree  that  climate  is  an  important  factor  in 


bath  houses  have  been  erected,  at  others,  the  accommoda- 
tions are  more  crude.  These  springs  have  been  famous 
for  hundreds  of  years  among  the  Indians  who  often  came 
long  distances  to  benefit  from  their  healing  powers. 

POPULATION. 

The  rural  population  exceeds  that  of  town  and  city 
by  far  in  New  Mexico.  In  fact,  New  Mexico  has  no 
large  urban  centers.  Up  to  the  last  census,  it  had  not  a 
single  town  officially  accredited  with  10,000  population. 
That  census  lifted  Albuquerque  alone  into  that  class, 
and  that  city  today,  with  its  widespread  suburbs 
has  probably  20,000  people.  It  boasts  also  of  the 


BALED  ALFALFA  IN   THE  MLMBKES    VALLEY 


the  cure  of  tuberculosis  and  the  United  States  govern- 
ment has  so  far  recognized  that  New  Mexico's  climate 
is  the  best  suited  for  restoring  to  health  the  consumptive, 
that  it  maintains  a  sanitarium  at  Fort  Bayard,  Grant 
county,  for  the  Army,  and  another  at  Fort  Stanton,  for 
the  Marine  Service.  Well-equipped  sanitaria  are  found 
in  the  larger  towns  but  as  the  main  essential  for  the  health- 
seeker  is  outdoor  life,  abundant  but  well-selected  food, 
sufficient  means  to  support  himself  without  work  or  worry 
and  a  deep  interest  in  his  surroundings  in  order  to  ward 
off  homesickness,  he  will  find  restoration  to  health  also 
on  ranch,  range  or  forest,  though,  perhaps,  not  with  the 
ease  and  comfort  to  be  had  in  a  sanitarium  where  a 
special  study  has  been  made  of  his  needs. 

New  Mexico  has  a  considerable  number  of  hot  and 
mineral  springs  whose  waters  are  specifics  for  various 
chronic  ailments.  At  several  of  these  springs,  hotels  and 


improvements  and  facilities  of  a  metropolis  of  50,000 
and  more  inhabitants.  Next  in  population  is  Roswell, 
the  metropolis  of  the  Pecos  Valley,  which  with  suburbs 
has  more  than  7,500  people.  A  close  third  is  Santa  Fe, 
the  capital,  a  town  more  than  300  years  old  and  most 
picturesquely  situated.  No  other  incorporated  commu- 
nity reaches  the  5,000  mark  in  population,  although  Las 
Vegas  and  East  Las  Vegas  together  exceed  it  and  Las 
Cruces  and  Raton  come  near  to  it  and  with  suburbs  prob- 
ably exceed  it.  There  are  32  incorporated  places  in  the 
state,  the  smallest  of  which  has  300  inhabitants. 

New  Mexico's  population  is  not  quite  400,000,  al- 
though it  is  expected  that  the  end  of  1915  will  pass 
that  mark  and  the  next  census  will  find  half  a  million  in- 
habitants. The  growth  in  population  has  been  rapid  of 
late  years,  the  percentage  of  increase  between  1 900  and 
1910  having  been  67.6  per  cent.  In  1850,  the  state, 


R         RESOURCES  A^JNDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE          51 


—  29  — 


. 

THE    LAISIP  OF" 


which  then  included  Arizona  and  southern  Colorado,  had 
a  population  of  only  61.547.  In  1870,  it  was  still  less 
than  100.000  and  in  1900  it  was  less  than  200.000. 
Towns  have  grown  even  more  rapidly.  Albuquerque 
had  only  3.785  people  in  1890.  Roswell  only  2,049 
in  1900,  experiencing  a  growth  of  201  per  cent  in  ten 
years,  Albuquerque  increasing  its  population  76.7  per  cent 
in  the  same  decade.  A  tier  of  new  counties  has  sprung 
into  existence  the  past  two  decades  that  cover  areas  which 
a  quarter  of  a  century  ago  had  not  a  single  habitation. 

Of  the  327,301  people  in  New  Mexico  in  1910.  26.- 
331  were  of  foreign  born  or  mixed  parentage;  20,573 
Indians.  1.628  negroes,  258  Japanese,  248  Chinese. 
Of  the  native-born  white  population,  164,267  were  born 
in  New  Mexico,  and  of  these,  about  I  30,000  were  of 
Spanish-American  parentage,  either  as  to  both  or  one  of 
the  parents.  Of  the  persons  born  outside  of  the  state,  30,- 
506  came  from  Texas.  I  1 ,605  from  Missouri,  7,607 
from  Illinois,  7,348  from  Oklahoma,  6,281  Kansas, 
4.764  Tennessee,  4.386  Kentucky,  4.353  Arkansas. 
4.266  Colorado,  4,184  Iowa,  from  Ohio  4.087.  Indiana 
3.564.  Pennsylvania  2.640,  New  York  2.381,  Ala- 
bama 2,324,  New  England  States  1.246,  Pacific  States 
1.196.  Of  the  foreign  population,  Mexico  contributed 
21.948.  Germany  6.143.  England  3,394.  Italy  2.826. 
Ireland  2,722.  Canada  2,228,  French  Canadian  404 
Austria  1,707,  Scotland  1,419,  these  figures  including 
not  only  those  foreign  born  but  also  the  children  born  in 
this  country  to  foreign  parents. 

A  CORDIAL  INVITATION. 

What  was  stated  as  true  ten  years  ago  in  the  official 
book  for  the  St.  Louis  Exposition,  applies  at  this  time: 

"New  Mexico  wants  more  people,  it  needs  them:  it  has 
room  and  resources  for  them.  It  offers  to  immigrants  a 
fine  climate,  free  homesteads  under  the  land  laws  of  the 
United  States,  great  natural  resources;  to  the  healthseeker. 
health;  to  the  tourist,  scenic,  historic  and  archaeological 
attractions;  to  the  sportsman,  good  fishing  and  hunting;  to 
the  summer  and  winter  guests,  the  best  summer  and  winter 
climate  on  earth,  hot  and  cold  mineral  springs,  mountain 
retreats,  ranch  retorts,  good  hotel  accommodations  and 
the  comforts  and  luxuries  of  modern  communities;  to  the 


farmer,  good  crops;  to  the  coal  miner,  permanent  work 
and  good  pay;  to  the  prospector,  extensive  mineral  depos- 
its; to  the  mechanic  and  professional  man.  the  same  and 
better  chances  than  any  other  country  that  is  settling  up, 
room  on  the  top  if  they  deserve  it;  to  the  stockman  a  free 
range  and  a  climate  favorable  to  stock  raising;  to  the 
manufacturer,  openings  to  establish  factories  and  mills 
that  should  yield  good  profits;  to  the  real  estate  man, 
cheap  lands  and  a  chance  to  make  money,  and  to  the 
capitalist,  opportunities  to  make  big  dividends  and  to  buy 
anything  that  his  heart  desires,  from  a  gold  or  copper  mine 
worth  a  million  or  more,  to  a  game  preserve  as  big  as  a 
European  kingdom. 

"Healthseekers  should  come  to  New  Mexico  by  all 
means.  They  should  come  before  disease  has  made  in- 
roads upon  the  system,  if  they  want  to  be  sure  of  recovery; 
they  should  come  even  if  the  disease  has  advanced  notice- 
ably, for  possible  cure  or  at  least,  prolongation  of  life,  but 
they  should  not  come  without  means  to  pay  their  way,  the 
first  year  at  least.  The  jobs  for  healthseekers  are  few 
and  far  between  and  a  healthseeker  should  not  work  for  a 
living  if  he  desires  to  regain  his  health  speedily.  Living  is 
as  reasonable  in  cost  in  New  Mexico  as  anywhere  else  in 
the  United  States. 

"The  laws  of  competition  and  trade  are  the  same  in 
the  Sunshine  State  as  elsewhere.  Fortunes  are  very  sel- 
dom made  in  one  day.  The  poor  man  who  comes  west 
must  expect  to  work,  and  work  hard  for  a  living:  the  capi- 
talist must  invest  and  invest  judiciously  to  make  money. 
After  this  is  said,  however,  it  can  be  truthfully  added  that 
New  Mexico  offers  great  opportunities  to  the  honest  and 
intelligent  worker  to  become  independent  and  to  gain  afflu- 
ence, and  civic  and  political  prominence  in  time;  and  to 
the  shrewd  and  careful  capitalist,  greater  and  surer  returns 
on  his  investments  than  any  other  portion  of  the  Globe. 

"It  is  to  the  homeseeker,  to  the  farmer,  to  the  stock- 
raiser,  to  the  miner,  to  the  merchant,  to  the  manufacturer, 
to  the  capitalist,  that  New  Mexico  is  an  undeveloped  em- 
pire of  magnificent  resources,  which  throws  a  peerless  cli- 
mate into  the  bargain  with  the  rich  returns  that  are  offered 
to  the  man  with  capital  to  invest,  or  with  brain  and  brawn 
to  apply." 


a 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


w 


THE  PALACE  OF  THE  GOVERNORS 


BY  PAUL  A.  F.  WALTER 


HAT  the  Pathenon  was  to  Greece,  the  Forum 
to  Rome  and  what  Liberty  Hall  is  to  Phila- 
delphia and  Faneuil  Hall  to  Boston,  that 
the  Palace  of  the  Governors  at  Santa  Fe  is 
to  New  Mexico.  Reared  more  than  three 
hundred  years  ago,  as  a  fort,  castle  and  gov- 
ernment building,  it  antedates  the  landing  of  the  Pilgrim 
Fathers  at  Plymouth  Rock  by  a  decade.  That  it  was  built 
upon  a  pre-colonial  village  site  appears  to  be  indicated  by 
the  findings  of  archaeologists. 

History  has  graphically  recorded  the  stirring  events  that 
have  been  staged  in  the  venerable  structure  that  to  this  day 
faces  the  Plaza  in  the  Capital  City  of  New  Mexico.  All 
roads  led  to  Santa  Fe  in  the  early  days  and  that  meant  to 
the  Palace.  From  here  was  governed  a  domain  greater  in 
area  than  the  German  Empire  and  here  were  held  the 
counsels  that  determined  the  fate  of  the  aboriginal  people 
and  their  conquerors.  An  unbroken  line  of  one  hundred 
governors  here  held  sway  under  Spanish,  Mexican,  Indian 
and  American  regimes.  From  here  essayed  expeditions  to 
explore  the  unknown  regions  or  to  conquer  turbulent  and 
rebellious  tribes.  Here  were  received  the  emissaries  and 
the  deputations  from  near  and  far.  It  was  here,  too,  that 
in  the  dark  days  of  the  Pueblo  rebellion,  were  huddled  to- 
gether the  inhabitants  of  Santa  Fe,  men,  women  and  child- 
ren, for  several  days  resisting  the  attacks  of  the  Pueblo  In- 
dians, and  from  here  sallied  forth  Governor  Otermin  and 
his  handful  of  brave  soldiers  to  inflict  defeat  upon  the  piti- 
less hordes  of  savages  so  as  to  clear  the  way  for  the  mem- 
orable evacuation  of  Santa  Fe  and  that  terrible  retreat  to 
El  Paso.  Here  in  later  days  Lew  Wallace  wrote  chap- 
ters of  Ben  Hur.  The  memories  that  cling  to  those  massive 
adobe  walls  have  made  the  Palace  a  shrine,  an  imperish- 
able monument  that  typifies  the  spirit  of  the  Sunshine  State. 
New  glories  have  come  to  the  Palace  of  the  Governors 
in  its  latter  days.  Just  when  it  had  been  deserted  by  th< 
State's  executives,  when  it  was  falling  into  ruins,  when  it 
was  in  evident  state  of  neglect.  Dr.  Edgar  L.  Hewett,  di- 
rector of  American  Archaeology  for  the  American  Insti- 
tute of  Archaeology,  raised  his  voice  for  the  reconstructioi 
and  preservation  of  the  venerable  pile.  His  efforts  saved 
to  the  commonwealth  its  most  precious  heritage.  He  made 


the  plans  for  its  restoration,  reverently  clinging  to  the  an- 
cient outlines,  tearing  away  the  later  garish  innovations  and 
giving  back  to  the  people  the  Palace  as  it  stood  in  the  days 
of  its  greatest  glory. 

The  building  was  dedicated  to  science  and  art.  It  was 
placed  in  the  custody  of  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the 
Museum  of  New  Mexico,  a  body  of  public  spirited  men 
with  a  vision  who  give  their  time  and  services  to  the  State 
free  of  charge.  In  the  eastern  end  of  the  Palace  have 
been  housed  for  years  the  valuable  collections  of  the  New 
Mexico  Historical  Society  and  the  priceless  historical  li- 
brary, rich  in  New  Mexicana.  This  museum  is  open  to 
the  public  free  of  charge  and  tens  of  thousands  of  people 
from  all  parts  of  the  world  have  viewed  and  studied  the 
historical  relics  and  the  books. 

The  western  end  of  the  Museum  is  devoted  to  the 
archaeological  collections  and  is  occupied  by  the  School  of 
American  Archaeology.  The  Museum  is  also  open  to 
the  public  free  of  charge.  Its  collections  are  scientifically 
arranged  and  priceless.  The  Museum  rooms  are  made 
lovely  with  mural  paintings  depicting  the  life  and  environ- 
ment of  the  pre-Columbian  Cliff  Dwellers.  In  the  main 
entrance  hall,  mural  paintings  tell  the  history  of  Santa  Fe. 
All  the  mural  paintings  have  been  installed  through  the 
generosity  of  a  private  citizen,  Hon.  Frank  Springer  of 
East  Las  Vegas.  In  the  lecture  room,  Mr.  Springer  has 
placed  the  Finck  Linguistic  Library,  one  of  the  most  valu- 
able libraries  of  that  kind  ever  brought  together.  In  the 
ancient  reception  room,  art  exhibits  are  constantly  held. 

One  can  profitably  spend  days  and  weeks  in  the  Palace 
studying  its  exhibits,  viewing  its  collections,  admiring  its 
pictures,  recalling  its  history.  No  tourist  bound  to  or  from 
the  Pacific  Coast  should  fail  to  visit  it,  for  the  Palace  of 
the  Governors  is  the  most  historic  structure  in  the  United 
States  and  more  than  that  its  exhibits  are  altogether  unique 
and  distinctly  worth  while. 

The  School  of  American  Archaeology  which  from  here 
directs  its  activities,  sends  expeditions  to  all  parts  of  the 
Western  Continent,  studying  the  prehistoric  cultures.  It 
is  a  sister  school  of  one  maintained  at  Jerusalem,  one  erected 
in  Athens,  another  in  Rome  and  a  fourth  planned  for 
China.  It  has  made  important  contributions  to  science  and 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

_  31  — 


A1EXJCO 

QF>RQFrrUIMITVr 


to  art  and  a  altogether  a  school  for  research,  doing  its 
work  in  the  field  and  in  laboratories  and  studios,  enclosing 
one  side  of  the  Old  Palace  patio,  rather  than  in  class 
rooms,  although  each  summer  it  has  held  a  popular  Chau- 
tauqua  in  the  Palace  which  has  been  drawing  attendants 
from  all  parts  of  the  world. 

Upon  the  register  of  the  Museum  of  New  Mexico,  are 
the  names  of  tens  of  thousands  of  people,  among  them  the 
names  of  men  of  affairs,  of  scientists,  of  artists,  of  authors 
of  many  nations,  men  who  have  gained  fame  in  the  world's 
arena,  and  who  have  found  the  Museum  a  veritable  Palace 
of  Delight. 


'r- 
~ 


B 


The  Palace  of  the  Governors  has  become 
a  new  civic  center  for  the  entire  Southwest. 
Men  and  women  of  means  and  of  artistic 
perceptions  are  enriching  its  collections 
with  gifts  that  there  enshrines  their  names 
forever.  The  throng  that  comes  to  vj*jt  it 
increase*  with  each  day  and  its  work  al- 
ready spans  two  oceans.  This  much  is 
certain,  it  has  brought  new  fame  to  New 
Mexico  and  its  sphere  of  influence  has  ex- 
tended far  beyond  the  imperial  domain 
govrrnrd  by  the  proud  Spanish  Conqui»ta- 
dore*  who  reigned  from  it  centuries  ago. 


K 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—   32  - 


PRESERVING  THE  PAST 

BY  PAUL  A.   F.  WALTER 


EW  MEXICO  has  two  organizations  work- 
ing side  by  side  to  preserve  the  monuments 
and  relics  of  the  past,  assisted  by  other  socie- 
ties whose  objects  also  include  other  interests, 
-uch  as  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revo- 
lution who  are  marking  the  Santa  Fe  Trail 
wilh  suitable  granite  monuments,  or  the  New  Mexico  Pion- 
eer Society,  or  the  Society  for  the  Preservation  of  Spanish 
Antiquities,  while  organizations  such  as  Montezuma  Lodge, 
A.  F.  &  A.  M.,  have  also  carefully  preserved  relics  of  the 
early  days  that  are  of  value  and  of  interest. 

But  it  is  to  the  New  Mexico  Historical  Society  and  the 
New  Mexico  Archaeological  Society  that  the  common- 
wealth owes  the  preservation  of  much  that  otherwise  would 
have  been  irretrievably  lost.  The  Historical  Society  is  the 
older  of  the  two  organizations  and  is  incorporated  under 
the  laws  of  the  State.  More  than  thirty  years  ago  it  began 
the  work  of  collecting  manuscripts,  books,  photographs, 
relics  of  the  days  that  reached  back  not  only  to  the  Spanish 
conquest  but  even  to  prehistoric  days.  Of  course,  there  is 
no  other  collection  like  it  in  existence.  For  decades  that 
collection  has  been  housed  in  the  Palace  of  the  Governors. 
The  library  of  New  Mexicana  is  remarkably  complete  and 
is  frequently  consulted  by  historians  and  other  scholars. 
Bulletins,  such  as  "Kin  and  Clan,"  by  Adolph  F.  Ban- 
delier;  "The  Stone  Idols  of  New  Mexico,"  and  "The 
Stone  Lions  of  Cochiti,"  by  L.  Bradford  Prince;  "The 
Franciscan  Martyrs  of  1680,"  "The  Defeat  of  the  Co- 
manches  in  1716,"  "Journal  of  the  New  Mexico  Consti- 
tutional Convention  of  1  849,"  "The  California  Column," 
"Carson's  Fight  with  the  Comanches  at  Adobe  Walls," 
"The  Spanish  Language  in  New  Mexico  and  Southern 
Colorado,"  by  Aurelio  M.  Espinosa,  in  addition  to  re- 
ports and  other  monographs,  are  contributions  of  the  So- 
ciety to  the  written  history  of  the  State.  "Old  Santa  Fe," 
Col.  Ralph  E.  Twitchell,  editor,  a  high-class  historical 
quarterly,  is  the  official  mouthpiece  of  the  Society,  as  it 
also  is  of  the  Archaeological  Society. 

The  officers  of  the  Historical  Society  are: 
President — Hon.   L.   Bradford   Prince,   L.   L.   D.,  ex- 
Governor  and  ex-Chief  Justice  of  New  Mexico. 

Vice-Presidents — Ex-Governor  William  J.  Mills,  At- 
torney General  Frank  W.  Clancy,  Col.  Ralph  E. 
Twitchell. 


The  Archaeological  Society  owes  its  origin  to  a  series 
of  lectures  given  by  Dr.  Edgar  L.  Hewett  at  Santa  Fe, 
some  two  decades  ago,  and  since,  by  co-operation  with 
him,  has  given  yeoman  service  in  preserving  the  antiquities 
of  the  State,  in  helping  to  create  the  Museum  of  New 
Mexico,  restoring  the  Palace  and  in  locating  the  School  of 
American  Archaeology  at  Santa  Fe. 

Its  constitution  declares  its  purpose  to  be  the  preserva- 
tion of  "historic  and  prehistoric  remains,  ancient  monu- 
ments and  noted  landmarks  of  the  Southwest  and  make 
them  known  to  the  world;  to  promote  archaeological  and 
ethnological  research;  to  collaborate  with  the  State  and 
National  governments,  state  institutions,  scientific  and  edu- 
cational organizations  and  private  individuals  in  the  con- 
servation of  the  native  arts  and  architecture  of  the  South- 
west and  in  general  to  promote  all  worthy  movements  that 
have  for  their  object  the  advancement  of  the  knowledge  of, 
and  interest  in,  the  Southwest's  historic  past." 

The  Society  has  a  membership  of  three  hundred,  in- 
cluding men  of  note  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States.  It 
meets  monthly  in  the  Palace  of  the  Governors  and  has  for 
its  official  bulletin.  El  Palacio,  an  illustrated  monthly 
edited  by  the  secretary  of  the  Society.  The  officers  of 
the  Society  are: 

President — Judge  John  R.  McFie. 

Vice-President— Hon.  B.  M.  Read. 

Secretary — Paul  A.  F.  Walter. 

Corresponding  Secretary — Miss  Ruth  Laughlin. 

Treasurer — Dr.  James  A.  Rolls. 

Directors— John  R.  McFie,  B.  M.  Read,  Paul  A.  F. 
Walter,  Miss  Ruth  Laughlin,  James  A.  Rolls  and  Charles 
E.  Linney. 

The  New  Mexico  Museum,  housed  in  the  Palace  of  the 
Governors,  is  governed  by  a  Board  of  Regents,  consist- 
ing of  Judge  John  R.  McFie,  president;  Hon.  Frank 
Springer,  Judge  N.  B.  Laughlin,  Col.  Ralph  E.  Twitch- 
ell,  Postmaster  Jas.  L.  Seligman.  Its  director  is  Dr.  Edgar  L. 
Hewett  by  virtue  of  his  position  as  director  of  the  School  of 
American  Archaeology.  Paul  A.  F.  Walter  is  acting 
director  and  secretary,  Mrs.  H.  L.  Wilson,  librarian, 
John  P.  Harrington,  ethnologist,  and  Wesley  Bradfield, 
museum  assistant.  Judge  N.  B.  Laughlin  is  the  treasurer. 

The  Museum  has  an  incomparable  collection  of  pre- 
historic pottery,  stone  utensils  and  relics  of  the  past  in  the 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STAT 


—  33  — 


OF"    QFROR'TUNlTVr 


Southwest.  It  has  been  deeded  the  site  of  the  ruins  at 
Cuarai  and  at  Pecos  and  has  acquired  part  of  the  site  of  the 
Tabira  or  Gran  Quivira  ruins.  It  is  collecting  a  valuable 
archaeological  library,  which  includes  historical  docu- 
ments of  great  rarity,  maps,  photographs,  and  relics  of  his- 
toric interest.  The  Museum  rooms  are  embellished  with 
mural  paintings  by  Carl  Lotav,  placed  through  the  gener- 
osity of  Hon.  Frank  Springer,  water  color  paintings,  en- 
larged photographs,  and  the  collections  are  scientifically 
displayed.  In  the  lecture  room  has  been  placed  the  great 
Finck  Linguistic  Library  by  Hon.  Frank  Springer  and  here 
too,  are  exhibited  the  fine  models  of  the  Pecos  and  Cuarai 
pueblos  and  churches  constructed  for  the  Exposition  at  San 
Diego  by  the  New  Mexico  Exposition  Board.  From  time 
to  time  art  exhibits  are  made  in  the  historic  reception  room, 
and  the  nucleus  is  on  hand  for  an  art  gallery,  a  number  of 
paintings  having  been  given  by  noted  artists  in  addition  to 
the  mural  paintings  placed  by  Mr.  Springer  and  the  art 
work  of  men  on  the  staff  of  the  School  of  American 
Archaeology,  which  includes  paintings  of  the  Indian  pu- 
eblos, Franciscan  missions  and  the  cliff  dwellings.  The 
Museum  has  been  pronounced  one  of  the  most  attractive 
and  interesting  in  the  world  and  is  open  daily  to  visitors 
at  is  also  the  Museum  of  the  Historical  Society  in  the  same 
building,  the  Palace  of  the  Governors.  More  than  1  5,000 
people  from  outside  of  Santa  Fe  visited  these  two  museums 
in  the  past  two  years. 

Not  the  least  work  of  the  Museum  of  New  Mexico  in 
co-operation  with  the  School  of  American  Archaeology, 
has  been  the  restoration  of  the  Palace  of  the  Governors. 
The  State  appropriated  generously  for  the  purpose  and  to 
these  appropriations  were  added  substantial  gifts  by  the 
Santa  Fe  Woman's  Board  of  Trade,  Hon.  Frank  Springer. 
The  Archaeological  Society,  and  other  organizations  and 
individuals. 

The  School  of  American  Archaeology,  which  from  the 
Palace  direct*  iu  activities,  is  •  school  of  research,  with 
Edgar  L.  Hewett  as  its  director,  and  governed  by  a  man- 
aging committee  for  the  American  Institute  of  Archae- 
ology, a  scientific  organization  chartered  by  Congress. 
W.  H.  Holmes,  of  the  National  Museum  at  Washington, 
ii  the  chairman  of  the  Managing  Committee.  Miss  Alice  C. 
Fletcher  of  Washington.  D.  C..  the  chairman  emeritus, 
John  R.  McFie,  (he  treasurer,  and  Dr.  Charles  A.  Pea- 
body,  the  secretary. 

The  school  for  the  past  four  yean  has  conducted  im- 
portant excavations  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Maya  city 
of  Quingua  in  Guatemala,  at  Cuarai.  Pecos  and  Jemez 
in  New  Mexico,  and  has  co-operated  with  universities,  the 
National  Museum,  the  Panama-California  Exposition,  in 


expeditions  and  research  work  extending  from  Central 
America  to  Siberia. 

Pueblos  and  Utes.  The  school  is  one  of  five  maintained 
by  the  American  Institute  of  Archaeology,  the  others  be- 
ing at  Athens,  Rome,  Jerusalem  and  in  China.  Annually, 
for  the  past  six  years,  a  summer  school  has  been  held  at 
Santa  Fe  and  in  the  field  which  has  attracted  scholars  not 
only  from  all  parts  of  the  United  States  but  from  as  far 
away  as  the  University  of  Oxford  in  England  and  the 
University  of  Warsaw,  Russia. 


IMU\\    KM  \    IN    r\.i\i;n.>   i'\i:u 

M    II.  H,  |      (,|        \MI    l:«     \\       \l:< 


1:1  -M.KI  n  nv 

\l   01  . 


* 


RESOURCES  AND  jNDUSTfflES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

34 


CLIFF  CITIES  THOUSANDS  OF  YEARS  OLD 


BY  PAUL  A.  F.  WALTER 


WENTY  thousand  cave,  cliff  and  communal 
dwellings  have  been  mapped  in  the  Pajarito 
Park,  twenty  miles  west  of  Santa  Fe.  New 
Mexico,  as  Dr.  Edgar  L.  Hewett,  the  great 
authority  on  American  archaeology  puts  it, 
"is  the  most  interesting  archaeological  region 
in  the  United  States." 

The  Pajarito  Park  which  is  about  to  be  established  as 
the  National  Park  of  Cliff  Cities,  is  a  volcanic  plateau 
lying  between  the  Rio  Grande  and  the  Jemez  Range,  with 
the  pueblo  of  Cochiti  at  its  southern  boundary  and  the 
Santa  Clara  Indian  reservation  on  its  northern  boundary, 
facing  the  pueblos  of  San  Ildefonso,  Santa  Clara  and  Po- 
joaque  on  the  east,  and  the  crest  of  the  Valles  range  on  the 
west.  It  is  a  park  some  thirty  miles  long  by  ten  to  fifteen 
miles  wide,  and  within  that  comparatively  small  area  offers 


the  tourist  and  the  scientist  more  attractions  than  any  region 
of  similar  area  in  the  United  States. 

The  plateau  is  cleft  by  deep  canyons,  a  few  of  them 
with  running  water  and  waterfalls,  but  most  of  them  dry. 
In  all  of  them,  practically,  the  precipitous  sides  are  lined 
with  caves,  some  natural  and  others  excavated  by  human 
hands  in  the  soft  tufa,  but  each  one  giving  evidence  of 
human  occupation,  many  of  them  in  three  successive  periods. 

At  the  foot  of  the  cliffs,  there  are  heaps  of  debris  under 
which  have  been  found  the  ruins  of  so-called  talus  villages, 
that  is  communal  buildings  erected  against  the  cliffs  like  a 
lean-to.  On  top  of  table  lands  that  look  like  islands  rising 
from  the  general  plateau,  are  ruins  of  other  communal 
dwellings,  some  of  them  like  vast  prehistoric  apartment 
houses  of  1,200  and  more  rooms.  The  School  of  American 
Archaeology  has  excavated  a  number  of  these,  taking  from 


OTOWI — IN  PAJARITO  PARR 


EL 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  35  — 


THE    L-ArsiD 


AAEXICO 
OF"    QRRQRTUlSnTV 


them  pottery,  stone  utensils  and  other  artifects,  specimens 
of  which,  scientifically  classified,  may  be  seen  in  the  Mu- 
seum of  New  Mexico  in  the  Palace  of  the  Governors. 

AH  this  gives  no  adequate  idea  of  the  scenic  grandeur, 
the  air  of  mystery  that  seems  to  hover  over  the  plateau,  the 
overwhelming  beauty  of  the  canyons,  forests,  mountains, 
panorama,  that  are  the  setting  of  this  prehistoric  world. 
There  is  every  evidence  that  at  one  time  this  plateau  was 
inhabited  by  thousands  of  people  while  today,  outside  of  a 
few  ranches,  notably  that  of  the  Seven  Alders  in  the  Rito 
de  los  Frijoles  and  the  Pond  ranch  on  the  Pajarito,  the 
entire  park  is  without  human  habitation. 

The  park  is  reached  over  good  highways  from  Santa 
Fe.  The  stations  of  Buckman  and  Espanola  on  the  Den- 


through  the  Tesuque  valley,  by  the  Indian  pueblo  of  Te- 
suque,  through  the  quaint  settlements  of  Cuymungue  and 
Jacona,  the  Indian  village  of  San  lldefonso  with  its  kivas 
and  mission  church,  over  the  Rio  Grande  and  up  the 
switchbacks  of  Buckman  hill  to  the  top  of  the  Pajarito 
Plateau  with  its  thousand  wonders. 

But  not  only  in  the  Pajarito  Park  are  the  cliff  and  com- 
munal dwellings  of  a  prehistoric  people  found.  There  are 
two  more  noted  cliff  city  parks,  though  neither  is  quite  as 
accessible.  One  is  on  the  upper  Gila,  in  a  region  watered 
much  better  than  the  Pajarito  Park,  and  also  in  the  depth 
of  forests  and  canyons  within  the  shadow  of  majestic 
mountains.  The  other  is  in  the  San  Juan  region,  where 
prehistoric  villages  cover  a  vast  extent  of  country  from  the 


i-\\iv  \\\i    1 1:  MI    IN   i-x.i  \i:i  i..  I-\I:K 


ver  &  Rio  Grande  are  within  •  few  mile*  of  the  cliff 
dwellings.  Within  the  park  itself,  wagon  road*  and  trails 
make  the  principal  communal  and  cave  dwelling*,  shrines 
and  canyon*  easy  of  access.  The  trip  i*  one  of  unalloyed 
delight  from  Sanla  Fe,  for  one  of  the  main  road*  paste* 


Santa  Fe  Pacific  railroad  to  the  San  Juan  river  and  a*  far 
west  at  Flagstaff  in  Arizona.  This  high  plateau  region 
ha*  been  divided  into  the  Chaco  Canyon,  (he  Aztec,  which 
adjoint  the  Me*a  Verde  dislrict.  and  the  Canyon  de  Chelly 
district*.  The  moot  accettible  ruins  are  thote  near  Aztec 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  36  — 


_  ___ 

TTHE:  LAJSIP 


MEXICO 

OF" 


in  San  Juan  County,  the  most  exten- 
sively evacuated  at  Pueblo  Bonito, 
the  weirdest  and  most  spectacular  in 
the  Mesa  Verde  and  Canyon  de 
Chelly  districts. 

Adjoining  the  Pajarito  district  on 
the  west  is  that  of  the  Jemez  in 
which  seventeen  ancient  pueblos  have 
been  mapped.  In  the  Acoma  dis- 
trict, too,  a  number  of  most  interest- 
ing pueblo  rums  are  found.  In  fact, 
Acoma  itself,  has  the  reputation  of 
being  the  oldest  continuously  in- 
habited settlement  in  the  United 
States.  On  the  Zuni  reservation 
pueblo  ruins  exist,  some  of  them 
abandoned  within  the  historic  period. 
On  the  upper  Pecos,  the  chief  and 
most  famous  ruin  is  that  of  Pecos, 
abandoned  less  than  a  hundred  years 
ago,  and  which  at  one  time,  accord- 
ing to  Castenada,  had  1  0,000  in- 
habitants. Tributary  to  tit  are  a 
number  of  lesser  pueblo  ruins. 

On  the  Mimbres  and  in  the  Las 
Animas  Valley  in  southwestern  New 
Mexico,  vestiges  of  prehistoric  vil- 
lages are  found  and  have  been  re- 
cently explored,  yielding  rich  treas- 
ures of  pottery  and  stone  implements. 

South  of  Santa  Fe,  within  six 
miles  of  the-  city,  are  ruins  of  com- 
munal d  w  e  1  1  i  n  g  s  on  the  Arroyo 
Hondo  and  at  Rgua  Fria.  Farther 
south  is  the  abandoned  pueblo  of 
San  Marcos.  Across  the  A.  T.  & 
S.  F.  tracks  are  the  ruins  of  the 
Galisteo  and  Sandia  districts,  some 
of  them  being  excavated  only  lately, 
the  most  noted  being  those  of  San 

Cristoval.  Farther  east  are  the  ruins  of  the  Canyon  Blanco, 
and  farther  south,  most  spectacular  of  all,  the  ruins  of  the 
pueblos  of  the  Salines,  the  largest  of  them,  Tabira,  Abo, 
Cuarai,  abandoned  since  the  coming  of  the  Spaniards,  and 
easily  reached  from  Albuquerque,  Mountainair  and 
Willard. 

The  mere  enumeration  of  these  ruins  gives  some  idea  of 
the  extent  of  the  prehistoric  occupation  of  the  Southwest, 
but  no  pen  picture  can  convey  the  beauty,  the  mystery,  the 
strange  attractiveness  of  these  sites.  Besides  the  School  of 


(  i;i!KMOXIAL   CAVE,    RESTORED    BY    SCHOOL   OF 
AMERICAN   ARCHAEOLOGY 

American  Archaeology,  the  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
New  York,  the  National  Museum,  and  the  big  universi- 
ties have  scientifically  explored  a  part,  but  only  a  small 
part  of  these  regions. 

Ruins  located  on  public  lands  or  within  forest  reserves 
or  within  national  parks  and  Indian  reservations,  are  pro- 
tected by  the  government.  The  State,  too,  is  taking  steps 
to  preserve  these  ancient  landmarks  on  state  lands.  To  the 
Museum  of  New  Mexico  has  been  given  the  title  and  cus- 
tody of  such  important  ruins  as  those  of  Pecos  and  Cuarai. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

_  37 


NEW  MEXICO'S  MISSION  CHURCHES! 

BY  PAUL  A.  F.  WALTER 


ALIFORNIA  is  justly  proud  of  its  twenty- 
one  mission  churches  founded  between  the 
years  1769  and  1823  by  the  Franciscans. 
They  are  in  part  in  ruins,  in  part  reverently 
preserved  and  still  used  for  divine  worship. 
They  attract  each  year  thousands  of  tourists. 
But  what  are  the  missions  of  California  compared  with 
those  of  New  Mexico,  also  founded  by  the  Franciscans, 
but  much  earlier  and  the  scenes  of  episodes  far  more  thrill- 
ing and  romantic  than  any  connected  with  the  history  of 
the  California  missions?  What  is  more,  the  New  Mexico 
mission  ruins  as  well  as  the  mission  churches  still  in  use,  are 
located  amidst  surroundings  which  are  much  the  same  as 
they  were  in  the  days  before  the  California  missions  were 
even  thought  of. 

The  Spaniards  founded  the  first  mission  near  San  Juan 
de  los  Caballeros,  forty  miles  north  of  Santa  Fe,  in  I  598, 
or  171  years  before  the  foundation  was  laid  for  the  San 
Diego  mission,  the  oldest  in  California.  True,  this  first 


church  no  longer  exists,  but  in  its  place  have  been  built  a 
beautiful  chapel  and  a  new  mission  at  the  Pueblo  of  San 
Juan,  which  with  its  statue  of  the  Virgin  of  Lourdes,  an- 
nually attracts  thousands  of  worshipers  from  far  and  near 
to  its  shrine  and  to  which  are  attributed  some  miraculous 
cures. 

Other  mission  churches  were  established  in  rapid  suc- 
cession by  the  Franciscans,  for  the  Spaniards  came  to  New 
Mexico  fired  with  a  holy  zeal  to  convert  the  Indians.  As 
early  as  1606,  a  mission  church  was  built  in  Santa  Fe. 
Benavidez  laid  the  foundations  for  another  church  in  1  626, 
which  was  finished  in  I  629.  According  to  Lummis,  San 
Miguel's  church  was  not  built  until  after  1636.  partly  de- 
stroyed in  1 680  and  restored  in  1710.  but  some  authors 
still  cling  to  the  tradition  that  it  was  reared  in  1541.  But 
be  that  as  it  may,  San  Miguel's  church  is  much  older  than 
the  mission  at  San  Diego,  even  accepting  the  dale  of  its 
restoration  in  I  7 1 0  as  that  of  its  founding.  Santa  Fe  had 
other  churches  built  before  the  San  Diego  mission.  Em- 


I'l  •  OS     MI-MON     Kl   IN" 


RESOURCES  AND  lNDUSTTflE:S_pF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

_  3«  — 


HTHE:  LAND 


JVIEXICO 

OPPORTUNITY 


bodied  in  the  cathedral,  with  the  old  walls 
still  standing,  is  the  ancient  parochial 
church,  with  parts  of  the  Church  of  Las 
Castrensas  used  up  to  fifty  years  ago  as 
the  principal  church  in  the  city.  Guada- 
lupe  church  also  has  an  antiquity  extend- 
ing back  to  the  time  of  the  founding  of 
the  California  missions. 

In  1617,  three  years  before  Plymouth 
Rock,  there  were  already  eleven  churches 
in  New  Mexico  according  to  Lummis. 
Many,  if  not  all,  were  destroyed  or  partly 
destroyed  during  the  Pueblo  Revolution 
of  1  680,  but  upon  the  re-conquest  by  the 
Spaniards  in  1 693,  most  of  these  and 
many  others  were  ordered  rebuilt  immedi- 
ately and  many  of  them  on  the  old  sites, 
so  that  at  least  twenty-one  of  the  parish 
churches,  to  parallel  the  twenty-one  Cali- 
fornia missions,  date  back  to  a  lime  an- 
terior to  that  of  the  oldest  mission  church 
in  California. 

Prior  to  1617,  Galisteo  and  Pecos  had 
each  a  mission  church,  Jemez  had  two, 
Taos,  San  Ildefonso,  Santa  Clara,  Sandia. 
San  Felipe  and  Santo  Domingo,  each  one. 

Among  the  Zunis,  six  churches  were 
built  soon  after  1 629,  the  year  in  which 
the  church  at  Senecu  was  built.  The 
church  of  Picuris,  from  which  the  body 
of  Fray  Ascencion  de  Zarate  was  brought 
to  the  church  at  Santa  Fe,  where  it  was 
reinterred,  was  built  prior  to  1632,  about 
which  time  the  church  at  Isleta  was  reared. 
The  church  at  Pecos  was  built  almost  300 
years  ago  and  part  of  the  walls  are  still 
to  be  seen  from  the  Santa  Fe  railroad  trains  as  they  pass 
on  their  way  to  Glorieta  from  the  east. 

Even  the  small  pueblo  of  Namba  had  a  church  in  1  642 
and  soon  thereafter  the  churches  at  Cuarai,  Tabira  and 
Abo  were  built  in  the  Saline  country,  where  the  ruins  are 
still  noteworthy  sights.  Tajique  and  Chilili  in  the  same 
country  had  churches  dating  back  250  years  and  more. 

The  church  at  Acoma  was  built  in  I  629  and  prior  to 
1  680  there  were  mission  churches  at  Zia,  Santa  Ana,  Te- 
suque,  Pojoaque,  San  Juan,  San  Marcos,  San  Lazaro,  San 
Cristobal,  Santa  Cruz  and  Cochiti.  In  addition  to  these 
churches,  many  chapels  had  been  built  in  outlying  settle- 
ments. 


GRAN   QOVIRA 

This  being  the  case,  New  Mexico  abounds  in  picturesque 
old  ruins  of  sacred  edifices  and  in  churches  which  today  are 
more  ancient  and  more  quaint  than  any  other  edifices  used 
for  worship  in  the  United  States. 

Most  accessible,  of  course,  are  the  old  churches  at  Santa 
Fe,  which  are  especially  interesting  because  of  their  art  and 
other  treasures.  Next  to  the  Palace  of  the  Governors,  San 
Miguel's  church  is  probably  the  most  visited  shrine  by  tour- 
ists in  the  Southwest,  and  lays  clam  to  being  the  oldest 
church  in  the  United  States  still  used  for  regular  worship. 
Rosario  chapel  overlooking  the  city  from  the  west  has  been 
hallowed  by  the  romance  of  centuries.  Guadalupe  church 
is  noted  for  its  elaborately  carved  reredos.  The  Cathedral 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  39  — 


_ 

THE:  LAISIP 


A1EXICO 

OF" 


church  a  one  of  the  most  beautiful  houses  of  worship  in 
the  West,  though  still  uncompleted.  It  has  art  treasures, 
archives  and  relics  of  great  value  dating  back  three  cen- 
turies. The  Loretto  chapel  is  considered  one  of  the  finest 
specimens  of  pure  Gothic  archi- 
tecture west  of  the  Mississippi. 

There  are  also  churches  and 
chapels  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Capital  that  are  quaint,  old,  pic- 
turesque. At  Agua  Fria,  there  is 
a  church  that  is  typical  of  the 
rural  settlements  of  New  Mexico, 
and  it  is  less  than  six  miles  from 
town.  The  chapel  on  the 
Bishop's  ranch  built  by  Arch- 
bishop Lamy,  four  miles  from  the 
Capital,  attracts  many  tourists. 
The  church  at  the  Tesuque  In- 
dian voltage,  nine  miles  from 
Santa  Fe.  is  noteworthy.  At 
Canyonsito,  fifteen  miles  from 
Santa  Fe,  is  also  an  interesting 
structure.  The  churches  at  San 
Ildefonso.  Santa  Clara,  Nambe. 
and  especially  at  Santa  Cruz,  all 
within  Santa  Fe  County,  are  well 
worthy  a  visit.  At  Sanctuario.  is 
•  chapel,  to  which  are  attributed 
miracles  of  healing,  the  clay  found  in  its  vicinity  being  con- 
sidered efficacious  for  various  kinds  of  diseases. 

'1  hus  one  may  go  from  county  to  county  and  find  old 
time  churches,  about  which  cluster  traditions  and  romances 
fully  as  interesting  as  the  chapels  one  finds  in  the  older 
settlements  of  England,  or  Spain,  or  Italy.  One  of  the 
more  pretentious  mission  churches  is  at  Old  Albuquerque 
and  it  attracts  many  pilgrims  annually.  In  every  Indian 
village  there  is  a  church,  if  not  very  ancient  itself  then 
located  on  the  site  of  old  missions.  Of  more  than  passing 
interest  are  such  edifices  as  the  church  at  Santo  Domingo, 
or  San  Felipe,  or  Taos. 

There  is  great  attraction  in  the  impressive  ruins  of  the 
mitsion  churches  at  Pecos.  Cuarai.  Abo.  Tabira  or  Gran 
Quivira,  Ranches  de  Taos,  whose  massive  walls  are  crumb- 
ling and  gradually  disappearing,  silently  eloquent  of  an 
age  that  has  passed. 

More  remote  from  the  beaten  path*  of  travel  are  the 
mission  churches  of  Cochili  and  Acoma  and  no  tour  of  the 
mission  churches  of  the  West  is  complete  without  a  visit  to 


both  of  them.  The  Acoma  church  gives  the  impression  of 
a  castle  or  fortress  built  on  a  high  cliff  overlooking  a  vast 
extent  of  country.  Its  severely  plain  sides  are  heavily  but- 
tressed, its  torreons  or  towers  might  as  well  be  used  as  bas- 


-.r\\i-n    MI-MON   i  MI  i«  n   AT  .\««>M\ 

..|    \.-\\    M.-M.  ..   ninl.liiiu  at    l-iiiuiin:!-!  .ililnMiiii    I  :\|>o-ill<m  HI   San  lilt-go 


lions  for  cannon  as  for  bells  calling  peaceful  worshipers  to- 
gether. There  is  only  one  small  window  in  front,  a  low 
door,  no  windows  in  the  massive  wall  toward  the  village 
and  the  attached  convent  which  is  also  heavily  buttressed. 
'I  he  church  and  convent  serve  as  models  for  the  superb 
New  Mexico  building  at  the  Panama-California  Exposi- 
tion at  San  Diego,  the  severe  simplicity  being  relieved  by 
the  addition  of  the  exterior  second-story  portico  between 
the  two  towers  and  the  addition  of  windows  and  other 
features  which  characterize  the  church  at  Cochiti,  a  later 
structure  than  that  at  Acoma  and  still  one  of  the  mission 
churches  older  than  those  of  California. 

Truly,  the  tourist  must  not  miss  these  old.  old  churches. 
with  their  crude  altars,  dirt  floors,  many  of  them  without 
pews,  most  of  them  proud  of  some  precious  painting  on 
wood  or  leather  which  has  been  cherished  for  generations, 
or  with  church  records  and  archives  which  give  but  a  mere 
glimpse  of  hardships,  heroic  deeds,  martyrdom,  intermingled 
with  the  humble  annals  of  the  Indians  and  their  conquerors, 
conquerors  not  so  much  with  the  sword  as  by  the  cross. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-  40  — 


INDIANS  OF  THE  SOUTHWEST 


BY  PAUL  A.  F.  WALTER 


EW  MEXICO  has  20,000  Indians.  Okla- 
homa  and  Arizona,  alone  among  the  states, 
have  a  greater  number.  Much  of  the  color 
and  picturesqueness  of  the  Sunshine  State  it 
owes  to  the  Indians,  yea,  even  its  history  and 
its  archaeology  are  inseparably  associated 
with  the  Red  Man.  In  no  commonwealth  has  the  Indian 
become  so  much  a  part  and  parcel  of  the  daily  life  and  even 


VENTURA — TAGS 

of  the  industries  as  in  New  Mexico.  To  the  tourist  he  is  a 
perennial  delight,  for  it  is  in  New  Mexico  that  the  visitor 
comes  in  the  most  intimate  touch  with  the  Indian,  his  handi- 
work, his  homes,  his  ceremonials.  This  is  so  much  the 
case  that  colonies  of  artists  have  been  established  at  such 
places  as  Taos  to  paint  the  Indian  and  his  life.  Not  only 


the  tourist  who  can  leave  the  railroad  train,  but  even  the 
traveler  who  does  not  take  the  time  to .  linger,  comes  in 
contact  with  the  Indian  while  passing  through  New  Mexico 
for  the  main  line  of  the  Santa  Fe  passes  through  several 
Indian  villages  and  the  Denver  &  Rio  Grande  passes  not 


GOVERNOR  VIGIL — TESUQUE 


RESOURCES  ANDJNDljST!7IES  QF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  41  — 


___ 

"THE  LAND 


.MEXICO 
OF" 


XAVAJO— APACIIE— XAVAJO 


only  through  Indian  villages  but  also  over  an  Indian  reser- 
vation. 

Three  great  tribes  of  Indians  are  represented  in  New 
Mexico,  the  Pueblos,  the  Navajoes  and  the  Apaches,  all 
peculiarly  southwestern  tribes.  On  the  Colorado  boundary 
are  also  found  the  Southern  Utes. 


The  Pueblos  are  the  oldest  town  builders  in  the  United 
States.  Three  hundred  and  sixty  years  ago,  the  Spaniards 
found  them  occupying  well-built  communal  houses  and 
towns  and  cultivating  the  fields.  To  the  present  day,  they 
live  in  similar  towns,  some  of  these  settlements  being  un- 
doubtedly a  thousand  and  more  years  old.  Generally, 


IS  vi    \<  OM  \, 


\  \ 


RESOURCES  ANDNDUSTfflCS  OF  THCSUNSHINE  STATE 

—  42  — 


HTHE:  LAND 


these  towns  are  so  located  as  to  be  easily  defended,  but  a 
number  of  them  lie  in  open  valleys  on  the  banks  of  streams. 
The  most  of  them  are  in  the  Rio  Grande  Valley,  or  its 
tributaries,  the  largest  being  Taos,  Santo  Domingo  and 
Isleta,  lesser  ones  being  Picuris,  San  Juan,  Santa  Clara, 
Pojoaque,  Nambe,  San  Ildefonso,  Tesuque,  Cochiti,  Santo 
Domingo,  San  Felipe,  Sandia.  West  of  Albuquerque, 
the  important  pueblos  are  Laguna,  Acoma  and  Zuni  while 
in  the  Jemez  country  are  Jemez,  Zia  and  Santa  Ana. 

Though    Christianized    three    hundred    years    ago,    the 
Pueblos  still  cling  to  their  ancient  picturesque  rites,  cere- 


Tesuque,  only  nine  miles  from  Santa  Fe,  at  San  Ildefonso, 
at  Isleta  a  few  miles  from  Albuquerque,  reaching  perhaps, 
their  greatest  interest  in  the  annual  dances  at  Zuni  and 
Acoma  and  the  Snake  Dance  at  the  Wolpi  villages  just 
acress  the  Arizona  border. 

But  there  are  other  features  in  these  Pueblo  villages  that 
are  of  interest  to  travelers.  Their  pyramid  houses  of 
adobe,  their  methods  of  irrigation  and  farming,  their  do- 
mestic ways  and  handicrafts,  their  pottery,  their  blankets, 
their  bead-work,  their  basketry,  their  altars,  can  be  viewed 
at  first  hand  by  the  tourist.1  Here  there  is  material  indeed 


"GOLD  TOOTH  JOHN1' — TAOS  INDIAN   ITKB1.O 


monials  and  customs.  On  their  annual  feast  days,  their 
religious  dances  are  performed  as  custom  has  handed 
them  down  for  a  thousand  years.  As  Charles  F.  Lummis, 
the  writer,  has  put  it,  here  one  catches  his  archaeology 
alive.  Most  noted  of  these  dances  are  the  Corn  Dance  at 
Santo  Doming  on  August  4,  and  the  San  Geronimo  Fiesta 
at  Taos  on  September  30.  But  the  dance  at  any  of  the 
score  of  villages  is  unique  and  there  is  nothing  quite  like  it 
to  be  found  anywhere  else  in  the  world,  even  the  Orient 
will  be  searched  in  vain  for  such  a  sight  as  that  of  the 
Corn,  or  Antelope,  or  Eagle  dances,  as  can  be  seen  at 


for  the  camera,  the  sketch  book,  the  pallette  and  brush  of 
the  artist.  In  every  case,  the  surrounding  scenery,  the 
mesas  and  the  mountains  are  sublime;  in  every  instance  the 
village  has  a  quaint  old  church  and  of  late  years,  a  day 
school.  New  Mexico  would  be  worth  while  to  visit  even 
if  it  had  nothing  else  but  the  Indian  pueblos.  The  archaic 
form  of  government,  the  inborn  simplicity  and  courtesy  of 
the  Pueblos,  are  noteworthy  and  a  day's  visit  to  any  of 
the  villages  becomes  an  unforgettable  event  in  a  life  time. 
New  Mexico  has  two  branches  of  the  Apache  tribe,  the 
Mescaleros  and  the  Jicarillas,  each  occupying  a  reserva- 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


— —    ^  j    •«• 




HTHE:  LA  NIP 


tion  which  includes  some  of  the  grandest  scenery  in  the 
Southwest.  The  Jicarillas  have  their  reservation  in  Rio 
Arriba  County  with  agency  at  Dulce  on  the  Denver  fit  Rio 
Grande  railroad.  It  is  a  region  still  quite  difficult  of  ac- 
cess but  covered  with  forests  and  boasting  of  much  beauti- 
ful scenery.  It  is  on  the  Mescalero  Reservation,  however, 
reached  over  the  Rock  Island  and  El  Paso  &  Southwestern 
railroads,  that  southwestern  scenery  reaches  its  climax  in 
the  White  mountains.  The  reservation  is  a  vast  natural 
park  with  good  roads,  picturesque  trout  streams,  and  deep 
forests.  The  Apaches  are  renowned  as  basket  weavers 
and  in  part  still  live  in  tepees. 

The  Navajo  Reservation  in  the  northwestern  corner  of 
the  State  is  a  veritable  wonderland  from  archaeological, 
ethnological  and  scenic  standpoints.  The  Navajos  in  New 
Mexico  number  1 0,000  and  still  live  in  hogans.  They  are 
mostly  stockmen  and  their  herds  cover  a  thousand  hills.  At 
Shiprock,  in  San  Juan  County,  an  agency  has  been  estab- 
lished and  here  the  government  maintains  a  model  agency 
school  and  farm.  Here,  too,  annually,  the  Navajo  Fair  is 
held  which  brings  together  thousands  of  Indians  to  dis- 
play their  products,  to  engage  in  sports,  to  practice  their 
ceremonies,  or  to  barter  their  blankets  and  hammered  silver- 
ware for  the  treasures  of  Indian  traders  who  gatiter  from 
all  points  of  the  compass.  A  more  picturesque  and  color- 
ful event  cannot  be  imagined.  From  Gallup  also,  the  Nav 
vajo  reservation  is  quite  accessible  and  it  is  a  trip  certainly 
worth  while.  Within  the  reservation  are  the  biggest  natural 
bridges  in  the  world,  wonderfully  carved  mountains  and 
canyons,  prehistoric  ruins  and  relics  and  with  it  all  the  un- 
spoiled life  of  the  New  Mexico  Bedouins. 

The  government  maintains  two  great  Indian  industrial 
schools,  one  at  Santa  Fe  and  another  at  Albuquerque, 
where  another  phase  of  the  Indian  problem  may  be  studied 
and  where  represntatives  of  all  the  tribes  from  Oklahoma  to 
California  may  be  seen  studying  together.  There  are  other 
Indian  schools  such  as  St.  Catherine's,  at  Santa  Fe.  and 
mission  schools  at  various  pueblos,  not  to  speak  of  the 
agency  schools  and  the  government  day  schools. 

There  are  Indian  towns,  such  as  Abiquiu.  Cuymungue,  Ja- 
cona,  Tajique,  Chilili.  that  at  one  time  were  the  homes  of  Pu- 
eblo Indians  who  have  amalgamated  with  the  settlers  of  Span- 
ish descent.  There  are  deserted  villages  like  those  in  the 
Man/ano  mountains,  Tabira.  Abo,  Cuarai.  or  those  in  the 
Sandias  or  on  the  Pecos.  Then  there  are  villages  like 
those  close  to  Las  Cnices  where  the  descendants  of  original 
Indian  settlers  still  retain  some  of  their  characteristics.  Or 
there  are  vestiges  in  many  parts  of  Indian  occupation,  such 
as  at  Fort  Sumner,  or  in  the  Black  Range  or  on  the  Mim- 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  44  — 


THE  LAIMD  OF^  OPPORTUNITY 


BUFFALO  DAXCE  AT  THE  IXDIAX  PUEBLO '-• '-- -  •'- 

I.  Indian  Buffalo  Huntress  in  Costume.     2.  Start  of  Buffalo  Dance.     3.  On-  the  Trail — Buffalo  Dance.     4.  In  Sight 
of  the  Game.     5.  Return  From  the  Hunt.     6.  Buffalo  Hunter  in  Costume. 

RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE         J& 

rr^Ml—  !•!  ^     ''' 


45 


THE    L-AIVID 


A1EX3CO 
OF"    OF3 PORnTUNITVr 


brcs.  or  of  Indian  raids,  as  along  Gila.  Or  there  are  his- 
toric battlegrounds  like  that  of  the  Black  Mesa,  or  places 
where  the  Indians  held  council,  like  the  Comanche  meeting 
place  a  few  miles  south  of  Santa  Fe.  Of  late  years,  the 
Indians  in  New  Mexico  have  actually  increased  in  num- 


bers but  the  day  is  not  far  distant  when  they  will  be  amal- 
gamated, full-fledged  citizens  and  will  necessarily  lose  their 
picturesqueness  and  will  abandon  their  dances  and  customs 
that  at  present  make  them  an  attraction  for  the  student  and 
the  tourist. 


Till:   i>  \\<  i;  IN    i  i  i  i    s\\  IM. 


Mls<    \IIK<>     \|-\<   111      IM»I\\     Mil    M.f 


RESOURCES  ANDTNDUSTTT1CS  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE          Jg| 

—  46  — 


A1EXICO 

HTHE:  LAND  OF~ 


u 


It 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  47  — 


A  NAVAJO  HOME  AND  BLANKET  WEAVER 


NE  might  drive  for  days  on  the  twelve  thou- 
sand square  miles  reservation  of  the  Navajos, 
and,  although  there  are  from  sixteen  to 
twenty  thousand  of  the  Indians,  he  would 
meet  with  not  more  than  a  score  in  a  week. 
The  Navajo  is  a  great  lover  of  seclusion,  and 
his  "hogan,"  or  "family  residence,"  is  generally  to  be 
found  where  the  looker  for  it  would  least  expect.  Simple 
and  primitive,  it  offers  no  attraction  at  first  sight  but 
novelty. 

No  loom  could  be  more  simple  than  hers — two  upright 
poles,  across  the  top  of  which  a  third  pole  is  fastened,  with 
a  fourth  one  as  a  cross-beam  at  the  bottom.  Below  the 
upper  cross-beam  another  beam  is  suspended  by  lashings 
of  rawhide,  and  to  this  the  yarn-beam  is  fastened.  On  this 
yarn-beam  the  vertical  threads  of  the  warp  are  tied  to  a 
corresponding  beam  answering  the  same  purpose  at  the 
bottom.  The  rawhide  above  serves  to  draw  the  threads 
tight,  and,  when  thus  fixed,  the  loom  is  ready  for  the 
weaver. 


\ 


r:  i  r.i.o  IMH  \\   i  \Miiv:   MOIHM:. 
I>M  <.HTI:K 


r.vi  in  i:. 


With  her  different  "shuttles"  of  yarn  she  squats  on  the 
ground,  tailor-fashion,  and.  thrusting  a  stick  through  the 
warp,  she  divides  the  cords  so  that  she  can  run  the  different 
threads  of  the  woof  without  delay.  The  "shuttle"  it  a 
simple  piece  of  stick,  on  the  end  of  which  the  yarn  has  been 
wound.  As  soon  as  a  thread  is  placed  in  position,  a  "bat- 
ten stick,"  which,  like  the  woof  Mick,  is  always  kept  in  the 
warp,  is  brought  down  with  such  great  force  as  to  wedge 
the  thread  into  a  firm  and  close  position.  And  thus  every 
thread  is  "battened  down"  with  such  vim  and  energy  that 
one  does  not  wonder  to  'find  the  blanket,  when  finished, 
capable  of  turning  the  heaviest  rains. 

The  term  "blanket"  is  generally  used  to  describe  any- 
thing of  Navajo  weave,  largely  because  of  the  fact  that  in 
the  beginning,  and  for  many  years  after,  the  Navajos  only 
had  such  size*  as  would  serve  as  a  serape,  or  ai  a  blanket 
for  sleeping  purposes.  As  the  demand  for  these  goods  in- 
creased, smaller  sizes  were  woven  and  used  as  rugs,  and. 
at  the  present  time,  they  are  woven  in  various  sizes  from  a 
pillow  lop  or  small  rug.  But  the  term  "blanket"  seems  to 
be  fastened  on  them  by  common  consent,  and  by  that  term 
they  will  probably  continue  to  be  known. 


It 

RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

M 

—  48  — 

THE  NAVAJO  INDIAN  BLANKET 


BY  GEORGE  WHARTON  JAMES 


VERY  nation  has — and,  in  most  cases,  highly 
values — examples  of  the  handicraft  of  its 
ancient  and  prehistoric  forebears.  In  one  in- 
stance it  is  tapestry;  another,  laces;  others, 
jewelry,  metal  work,  etc.,  all  of  them  stand- 
ing out  unique  in  their  particular  class,  and, 
in  most  cases,  superior  in  many  ways  to  their  modern 
counterparts. 

The  Americas,  particularly  that  part  of  them  occupied 
by  the  United  States,  are  especially  favored  in  the  above 
respect  in  the  handicraft  of  the  North  American  Indians. 
This,  because  of  the  marvelous  skill  indicated  in  much  of 
their  work,  its  barbaric  beauty  and  its  absolute  dissimilarity 
to  the  work  of  any  other  nation  in  the  world.  Most  prom- 
inent among  their  varied  product  of  bead,  metal,  clay  and 
textile  works  is  the  Navajo  blanket,  this  because  of  its 
wider  and  more  varied  possibilities  of  practical  utility, 
which  will  be  mentioned  again  later.  And  we  have  the 
satisfaction  of  still  being  able  to  secure  these  blankets  woven 
in  all  their  primitive  and  barbaric  splendor  and  woven  in 
the  same  way  they  were  countless  years  ago,  giving  us  a 
finished  product  impossible  to  duplicate  on  modern  looms. 
The  Navajos  are  of  the  Dinne  stock,  and  a  portion  of 
the  branch  live  in  Alaska,  where  they  are  weavers  and  sil- 
versmiths, same  as  the  Navajos,  with  the  exception  they 
only  weave  a  ceremonial  robe  from  the  wool  of  the  wild 
sheep.  Spaniards  introduced  sheep  into  this  country,  and 
shortly  afterward  the  Navajos  secured  their  share  with  but 
little  scruple  as  to  how  they  acquired  it.  From  the  Span- 
iards they  learned  the  value  of  wool  as  a  material  for  weav- 
ing. The  Navajo  women  had  inherited  the  simple  arts  of 
making  primitive  fabrics  of  yucca  and  grass  for  sleeping 
mats,  and  screens  of  shredded  bark  to  hang  over  the  en- 
trance to  their  huts;  hence  it  was  rather  an  easy  transition 
than  a  radical  innovation  for  them  to  adopt  the  vertical 
loom  and  make  spinning  and  weaving  a  favorite  pastime. 
They  substituted  woolen  fabrics  in  place  of  the  grass  sleep- 
ing mats.  As  the  flocks  yielded  about  equal  quantities  of 
white  and  black  wool,  the  simple  effort  to  dispose  of  it 
produced  the  characteristic  pattern  of  the  common  bed 
blanket,  which  displayed  broad  alternate  bars  of  black  and 


white  running  across  its  width.  With  the  weaving  art  they 
also  acquired  the  knowledge  of  dyeing,  and  today  are 
making  the  blankets  of  the  wool  from  their  own  flocks  which 
are  as  beautiful  as  the  most  expensive  blanket  they  make 
from  the  Germantown  yarn. 

Indian  designs  are  never  mechanical,  but  are,  to  a  great 
degree,  historical  and  always  full  of  significance.  The 
Navajo  squaw  is  a  natural  artist,  and,  in  addition  to  putting 
into  her  blankets  religious  and  tribal  symbols  emblematic 
of  faith,  custom  or  tradition,  frequently  weaves  into  the 
fabric  the  story  of  her  own  life  replete  with  all  its  joys  and 
sorrows,  trusting  to  some  mystic  power  to  translate  its 
message  to  its  future  possessor.  And  the  finished  result. is 
a  gem  of  barbaric  weaving  that  to  many  would  appear  al- 
most hideous  were  it  not  for  the  perfect  blending  of  colors. 

The  tendency  towards  mythologic  symbolism  seems  to 
be  instinctive  with  the  Navajos.  Apparently,  from  their 
earliest  condition  their  decorations  have  always  shown  this 
bent.  The  designs  in  their  textile  fabrics  suggest  their 
derivation  from  basketry  ornamentation,  as  the  angular, 
curveless  forms  inherent  to  the  process  of  depicting  figures 
by  interlaying  plaits  are  predominant;  and  the  principal 
subjects  are  conventional  devices  representing  clouds,  stars, 
lightning,  the  rainbow,  and  emblems  of  the  deities.  But 
these  simple  forms  are  produced  in  endless  combination,  and 
often  in  brilliant  kaleidoscopic  grouping,  presenting  broad 
effects  of  scarlet  and  black — a  wide  range  of  color  skill- 
fully blended  upon  a  ground  of  white.  But  the  greatest 
charm  of  these  Navajo  fabrics  is  the  unrestrained  freedom 
shown  by  the  weaver  in  her  treatment  of  primitive  conven- 
tions. To  the  checked  emblem  of  the  rainbow  she  adds 
sweeping  rays  of  color  typifying  sunbeams;  below  the  many- 
angled  cloud  group  she  inserts  pencil  lines  of  rain ;  or  she 
softens  the  rigid  meander  signifying  lightning  with  graceful 
interlacing  and  shaded  tints.  Not  confining  herself  alone  to 
these  traditional  devices,  she  invents  here  own  method  to  in- 
troduce curios,  realistic  figures  of  common  objects — her 
wooden  weaving-fork,  a  bow  and  arrows.  None  of  the 
larger  designs  is  ever  reproduced.  Each  fabric  carries 
some  distinct  variation,  some  suggestion  of  the  occasion  of 
its  making,  woven  into  form  as  the  fancy  arose. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  49  — 


STATE     SCHOOL    OF 
.  MINES 


MINING  IN  NEW 
MEXICO 


BY  FAYETTB  A.  JONES 
PRESIDENT 


HE  State  of  New  Mexico  is  the  vanguard  of 
mining  in  the  United  States.  The  story  of 
New  Mexican  mining  is  interwoven  with  the 
warp  and  woof  of  romance  and  adventure. 
It  was  here  that  the  conquest  of  the  mineral 
resources  of  the  United  States  had  its  be- 
ginning. 

Cold  and  turquoise  were  the  first  mineral  products  spoken 
of  in  New  Mexico;  this  was  in  the  year  A.  D.  1534  by 
Cabeza  de  Vaca  and  his  three  companions  in  their  wan- 
derings after  reaching  the  Pueblo  tribes  of  the  Rio  Grande. 
Doubtless  the  turquoise  mentioned  by  these  unfortunate 
wanderers  came  from  the  prehistoric  diggings  at  Mount 
Chalchiuitl  in  southern  Santa  Fe  County. 

The  first  real  conquest  for  gold  within  the  present  con- 
fines of  the  United  States  was  made  by  the  celebrated 
Spanish  commander  Francisco  Vasquez  de  Coronado  and 
his  army  in  I  540-42.  Only  a  few  trinkets  of  gold,  worn 
by  the  Pueblo  tribes,  were  secured  by  the  invaders  and  the 
expedition  felt  keenly  the  disappointment.  The  gold  so 
ruthlessly  appropriated  by  the  conquistadores  must  have 
come  originally  from  the  gravel  beds  of  Taos  and  Santa  Fe 
Counties.  Finally,  the  exploits  of  the  Spanish  conquest 
became  bedimmed  with  the  passing  of  the  years  and  not 
until  three  centuries  later  was  the  first  modern  discovery  of 
gold  made  west  of  the  Mississippi.  This  was  in  the  year 
I  828  at  the  base  of  the  Ortiz  mountains  in  southern  Santa 
Fe  County.  It  should  be  noted  that  this  find,  was  made 
twenty  years  before  the  discovery  of  gold  by  Marshall  at 
Colcma  in  California  and  thirty-one  years  before  the  find 
made  on  Cherry  Creek  in  Colorado. 

The  discovery  of  gold  in  New  Mexico  was,  in  effect, 
the  most  important  ever  made.  By  this  discovery  the  great 
West  had  its  awakening.  Political  and  geological  boun- 
daries no  longer  had  significance.  Trackless  plains  and 
mountain  barriers  offered  no  resistance.  The  impetus  of 
this  mighty  force  of  civilization  wl  in  motion  in  the  year 
1828  has  lost  but  little  of  its  momentum,  even  unto  the 
present  day. 

Today,  the  industry  of  mining  is  the  greatest  of  all  in- 
dustries in  New  Mexico.  It  overshadows  the  combined 
industries  of  both  agriculture  and  stockraising.  The  in- 
dustry is  expanding  yearly  at  •  rapid  rate  in  both  the  me- 
tallic and  non-metallic  products.  The  mining  output  hat 


doubled  within  the  past  four  years.  The  production  in 
1913,  according  to  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  was 
$1  7,862,369.  In  1914  the  output  totaled  in  round  num- 
bers $  1 8,000,000,  notwithstanding  the  paralyzing  effect 
on  the  industries  of  the  world  due  to  the  European  war. 
The  production  during  the  year  1915  will  in  all  proba- 
bility, exceed  $20.000,000.  By  the  year  1920  the  min- 
eral output  of  the  State  will  reach  the  magnificent  sum  of 
$30,000,000,  judging  from  the  present  rate  of  increase. 
New  Mexico  is,  therefore,  to  be  classed  strictly  as  a  min- 
ing state. 

The  geology  and  mineralogy  of  New  Mexico  have  been, 
as  yet,  but  meagerly  studied.  The  exposed  rock  sections  lie 
before  the  student  of  nature  as  an  open  book.  The  geo- 
logical column  is  practically  complete,  most  every  period 
in  geological  history  being  represented,  from  pre-Cambrian 
times  to  the  present. 

The  core  of  the  principal  mountain  ranges,  more  especi- 
ally in  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  is  composed  chiefly 
of  pre-Cambrian  rocks.  In  the  pre-Cambrian  formation 
occur  the  economic  minerals  of  gold,  silver,  copper,  lead, 
mica.  etc..  and  many  of  the  rarer  metals.  This  mineral- 
ogical  horizon  in  the  basal  rock-system  of'  New  Mexico 
has  never  proven  so  prolific  and  profitable  to  mine  as  in 
some  of  the  more  recent  formations.  The  chief  mining 
conducted  in  the  pre-Cambrian  rocks  is  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  State. 

Superimposed  on  the  pre-Cambrian  series  occur,  most 
usually,  massive  plates  of  Carboniferous  limestone;  the 
lower  Palaeozoic  rocks,  embracing  the  Ordovician,  Silu- 
rian and  Devonian,  are  generally  lacking.  The  lower 
series  of  the  Palaeozoic  rock-system  are  important  mineral 
horizons — especially  in  silver,  lead  and  zinc.  In  fact.  (In 
Palaeozoic  system  contains  most  of  the  important  mineral- 
bearing  horizons  in  the  State  (not  including  the  copper- 
bearing  porphyries  of  later  age). 

The  red  series  or  "red  beds,"  comprising  the  Permo- 
Carboniferous  and  Jura-Trias,  contain  both  copper  and 
lead,  though  not  so  important  as  the  deposits  described  in 
the  preceding  paragraph.  The  "red  beds"  formation,  how- 
ever, constitutes  the  chief  saline  and  gypsiferous  horizon  of 
the  Stale.  The  gypsum  deposits  are  the  most  important  in 
the  United  States.  Moreover,  it  is  claimed  that  the  plain 
of  the  "while  sands"  in  southern  New  Mexico  is  the  most 


E 

RESOURCES 

AND 

INDUSTRIES 

or 

THE 

SUNSHINE 

STOTE          M 

—  50  — 

IVFET W  A1EXICO 

THE:  LAND  OF- 


extensive  deposit  of  gypsum  in  the  world.  The  Permo- 
Carboniferous  rocks  are  petroleum-bearing;  the  Pecos  Val- 
ley being  the  chief  field. 

The  most  extensive  rock-system  in  New  Mexico  is  the 
Cretaceous.  This  great  system  covers  more  than  one-half 
the  surface  of  the  State.  It  is  important  as  a  fuel  horizon, 
since  it  is  prolific  in  coal,  gas  and  oil.  There  were  mined 
from  this  horizon  during  1914,  according  to  the  state  mine 
inspector.  3,826,885  tons  of  coal  valued  at  $5,588,352 
and  405,127  tons  of  coke  valued  at  $1,341,732,  aggre- 
gating $6,930,084.  The  coal  production  now  comprises 
one-third  the  value  of  the  mineral  output  of  the  State. 

Beds  of  splendid  quality  of  fire-clays  occur  in  proximity 
to  the  various  coal  fields. 

The  Tertiary  period  in  New  Mexico  was  one  of  intense 
volcanic  activity.  Most  of  the  great  basaltic  lava  flows 
took  place  during  this  period.  Dikes  of  various  types  of 
igneous  rocks  were  formed  during  the  Tertiary.  This 
period  was  important  in  the  formation  of  mineral-bearing 
veins.  Most  of  the  active  mining  now  conducted  in  the 
State  is  being  done  on  deposits  and  veins  of  Tertiary  age. 
This  is  especially  the  case  in  the  southwest  part  of  the 
State.  The  most  productive  and  largest  operations  are 
conducted  in  this  section. 

The  geologic  structure  of  many  of  the  mountain  ranges 
is  complex  and  difficult  to  comprehend.  This  complex 
variation  in  geologic  structure  doubtless  had  a  correspond- 
ing effect  in  the  genetic  occurrence  of  the  varying  types  of 
mineral.  Many  of  the  rare  and  heavy  metals  occur  in  the 
older  metamorphic  rock.  It  is  believed  that  no  state  in  the 
Union  is  endowed  with  so  great  a  variety  of  mineral  species 
as  is  New  Mexico.  The  recent  discovery  of  uranium  and 
radium-bearing  minerals  tends  to  encourage  prospecting.t  A 
new  deposit  of  wolframite  (tungsten  ore)  has  been  recently 
found  in  Taos  County.  The  magnitude,  extent  and  lo- 
cality of  the  coal  and  gas  areas  of  the  State  remain,  to  a 
great  extent,  an  unknown  quantity.  The  same  may  be  said 
about  the  metalliferous  deposits.  New  Mexico  is,  per- 
haps, the  most  favorable  field  in  the  United  States  for  pros- 
pecting. The  chances  of  success  here  are  far  greater  for 
the  prospector  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  United  States. 

The  mining  and  production  of  copper  at  Santa  Rita  and 
in  the  Burro  mountains  are  classed  among  the  big  enter- 
prises of  the  world.  The  ore  occurs  principally  as  a  low 
grade  sulphide  disseminated  through  porphyry.  These 
ore  reserves  are  of  such  magnitude  that  it  will  take  a  half 
century  to  exhaust  the  deposits,  mining  six  thousand  tons 
per  day. 

The  principal  zinc  and  lead  deposits  occur  near  Silver 


City,  Cooks  Peak  and  Kelly.  In  magnitude  zinc  mining 
stands  next  to  copper  and  coal. 

Most  of  the  stream  gravels  carry  placer  gold;  this  is 
especially  true  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State.  Placer 
mining  about  Elizabethtown  has  been  active  since  the  dis- 
covery of  gold  in  1 866.  The  placers  at  Hillsboro  in 
Sierra  County  and  in  southern  Santa  Fe  County  where  the 
first  discovery  of  gold  was  made  in  I  828,  are  still  being 
worked  in  a  small  way. 

The  chief  lode  mining  in  gold  and  silver  is  in  the  Mo- 
gollon  district  in  western  Socorro  County.  This  camp  is 
among  the  best  in  the  West.  The  mines  pay  a  handsome 
dividend,  although  they  are  handicapped  by  a  ninety-mile 
haul  between  Mogollon  and  Silver  City.  At  Rosedale,  in 
the  Red  River  district,  and  in  western  Colfax  County 
gold  mining  is  successfully  conducted. 


.j.—.-d   Stunt 

RiutrGr<u*Z 

4-a.va. 
Sure,  fa  Fe 
l-oo se,  Saitd£.    (• 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  51   — 


__ 

THE: 


A4EXICO 

OF~ 


Gypsum  plants  are  being  operated  at  Ancho,  and  at 
three  or  four  places  in  the  Pecos  Valley.  The  supply  of 
gypsum  in  the  State  is  practically  unlimited. 

A  fire-clay  plant  at  Gallup  is  supplying  many  of  the 
smelters  in  Arizona  and  other  points  with  a  very  excellent 
refractory  brick  for  converter  linings.  At  Las  Vegas,  Santa 
Fe,  Raton  and  Tonque  in  southern  Santa  Fe  County  an 
excellent  quality  of  good  building  brick  is  had. 

In  western  Socorro  County,  at  Estancia  and  in  the 
southeastern  portion  of  the  State  abundance  of  salt  exists. 
In  a  prospect  hole  for  oil  southeast  of  Carlsbad  the  drill 
penetrated  and  passed  through  a  bed  of  salt  almost  one 
thousand  feet  in  thickness. 

Large  deposits  of  fluor  spar  have  been  opened  and  mined 
near  Deming.  on  the  Gila  river.  Sierra  Oscura.  and  Sandia 
mountains  east  of  Albuquerque.  All  of  these  deposits  of 
fluor  spar  are  quite  pure  and  are  valuable  for  smelting  iron 
ore  in  the  open  hearth  furnace. 

Extensive  bodies  of  hematite  exist  at  the  Jones  district 
in  the  Sierra  Oscura,  about  White  Oaks,  at  Orogrande,  in 
the  Gallmas  mountains,  at  Fierro  and  other  points.  This 


iron  ore  is  uniformly  of  a  very  high  grade  and  is  desirable 
for  making  steel.  These  economic  deposits  possess  great 
commercial  value. 

Economic  deposits  of  molybdenite  are  being  successfully 
worked  northwest  of  Las  Vegas.  These  deposits  will  be- 
come important  in  the  near  future.  Molybdenite  also  oc- 
curs just  east  of  the  city  of  Santa  Fe,  but  these  deposits 
are  undeveloped.  At  Petaca  in  Rio  Arriba  County  some 
exceedingly  important  deposits  of  mica  occur  in  pegmatite 
dikes.  These  dikes  extend  through  a  distance  of  six  or 
seven  miles  and  vary  in  width  from  fifty  to  six  hundred 
fee!.  The  mica  is  classed  as  muscovite  and  is  very  trans- 
parent. Large,  sheets  from  eight  to  fifteen  inches  square 
are  not  uncommon.  The  rare  mineral  samarskite  is  asso- 
ciated with  the  pegmatite  dikes  at  Petaca ;  this  mineral  car- 
ries radium. 

Taken  all  in  all  the  possibilities  of  the  mineral  wealth 
of  New  Mexico  appear  unlimited.  But  few  people  realize 
or  comprehend  the  importance  and  magnitude  of  the  min- 
eral deposits  of  the  State.  The  greatest  heritage  possessed 
by  New  Mexico  is  embodied  in  her  mineral  resources. 


CHURCH  LIFE  IN  NEW  MEXICO 


T  WAS  to  Christianize  the  Indians  that  the 
Franciscans  accompanied  the  Conquistadores 
from  Mexico  to  New  Mexico  more  than 
three  centuries  ago.  The  house  of  worship 
was  among  the  first  buildings  to  be  erected 
by  the  Spanish  invaders  wherever  they  went 
and  to  this  day  there  is  no  village,  however  poor  or  isolated, 
but  has  its  chapel.  Naturally,  the  Roman  Catholic  church 
ha*  had  the  predominant  religious  influence  in  the  State. 
Santa  Fe  is  the  see  of  an  archbishop  and  has  large  Catholic 
institutions,  including  St.  Vincent's  Sanitarium,  Hospital 
and  Orphanage.  St.  Michael's  College,  Loretlo  Academy 
and  Convent,  the  Cathedral,  Guadalupe  church  and  San 
Miguel  and  Rosario  chapels,  besides  the  archbishop's 
palace,  parochial  schools  and  secular  property  interests. 
More  than  one-half  of  the  population  of  the  State  is  Catho- 
lic and  it  is  not  only  at  Santa  Fe  that  hospitals,  sanitaria, 
academies,  schools  are  maintained  but  also  at  various  other 
points.  Among  the  Indians,  missions  are  maintained  but 
the  Protestants  are  also  active  in  their  work  among  the 
Pueblos  and  Navajos  and  have  established  mission  schools 
at  Santa  Fe,  Albuquerque  and  other  points,  where  native 
children  are  given  training  in  household  arts  and  practical 
trades  in  addition  to  schooling. 

Among  the  Protestant  denominations,  the  Presbyterians 


have  the  largest  number  of  communicants.  They  have 
fine  churches  in  the  larger  towns  and  in  a  number  of  rural 
communities.  They  maintain  mission  schools  and  mission 
churches  and  a  sanitarium  for  consumptives,  the  latter  at 
Albuquerque.  The  Methodists  come  next  in  number  and 
also  maintain  missions  and  schools  at  various  points.  The 
Episcopalians  are  strong,  especially  in  the  larger  towns  and 
a  resident  bishop  has  selected  Albuquerque  as  his  see. 
The  Baptists,  Congregationalists.  Christians,  Lutherans 
and  many  other  denominations  are  represented  in  the 
State.  The  Mormons  have  settlements  in  San  Juan  and 
McKinley  Counties  and  a  scattered  membership  in  Rio 
Arriba.  San  Juan  and  Socorro  Counties.  There  are  two 
or  three  purely  religious  colonies  of  religious  sects  in  the 
State.  Such  organizations  as  the  Christian  Endeavor  and 
Epworth  League  have  a  large  membership.  Of  the  Catho- 
lic organizations,  the  Christian  Brothers,  (he  Franciscans, 
the  Jesuits,  the  Sisters  of  Loretto.  of  St.  Vincent's  and  of 
the  Holy  Sacrament  are  accomplishing  noble  work  in  edu- 
cation and  charily. 

There  is  a  State  Sunday  School  Association  and  a  state 
Sunday  school  missionary  it  establishing  Sunday  schools  in 
the  new  communities  or  in  sections  where  homesteaders  are 
settling. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


THE  SCHOOL  SYSTEM  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

BY  ALVAN   N.   WHITE,   STATE  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION 


HEN  New  Mexico  became  a  territory  under 
the  United  States  flag,  it  had  but  a  few  pri- 
vate schools  and  these  were  conducted  at  ir- 
regular intervals  by  individual  teachers  and 
without  any  organization.  Governor  Vigil 
in  his  message  to  the  first  New  Mexico  Leg- 
islature, in  1847,  made  this  statement  in  discussing  educa- 
tional conditions:  "There  is  at  present  but  one  public 
school  in  the  territory,  that  located  in  the  city  of  Santa  Fe, 
and  supported  by  funds  of  the  county,  which  are  insuffi- 
cient to  employ  more  than  one  teacher."  When  New 
Mexico  became  a  portion  of  the  United  States,  it  was 
under  a  solemn  treaty,  the  terms  of  which  gave  an  absolute 
promise  of  admission  to  the  Union.  Under  this  promise, 
and  also  under  the  pledge  of  citizenship,  there  were  brought 
into  the  United  States  about  ninety  thousand  alien  people 
who  did  not  speak  English,  who  knew  but  little  of  our  cus- 
toms, our  constitution  or  our  laws.  The  United  States 
government  did  absolutely  nothing  for  many  years  to  im- 
prove conditions  in  education  among  the  Spanish-American 
people  and  to  this  day  not  one  dollar  has  been  given  for 
public  school  purposes  outside  of  lands  granted  by  the 
federal  government  and  in  no  way  has  our  government  di- 
rectly assisted  these  people  to  become  worthy  citizens,  as 
it  has  since  done  in  Porto  Rico  and  the  Philippines,  to 
which  islands  regiments  of  competent  teachers  have  been 
sent  and  millions  of  dollars  expended  for  school  buildings 
and  education.  For  sixty  years,  the  government  failed  to 
keep  its  pledge  for  the  admission  of  New  Mexico  as  a  state 
of  the  Union  and  during  all  this  time  expended  nothing  in 
New  Mexico  for  public  school  purposes,  excepting  a  dona- 
tion of  sections  1  6  and  36  of  each  township  as  school  sec- 
tions which  became  available  for  school  purposes  in  1  898. 
During  the  greater  portion  of  these  sixty  years  of  territorial 
.egime  but  little  educational  progress  was  made.  The 
territories  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  were  governed  as 
provinces;  their  officials,  the  majority  of  whom  were  to- 
tally unacquainted  with  local  conditions,  being  sent  under 
appointment  from  Washington. 

Not  until  1 89 1 ,  forty-one  years  after  New  Mexico  be- 
came a  territory,  was  a  public  school  system  in  reality 
created.  This  law  provided  for  the  establishment  of  com- 
mon schools  throughout  the  territory,  created  the  office  of 
superintendent  of  public  instruction  and  a  territorial  board 


of  education.  Educational  matters  began  to  improve  rap- 
idly. From  time  to  time,  this  first  public  school  act  has 
been  wisely  amended  and  additional  beneficial  school  laws 
passed,  until  today  New  Mexico  prides  itself  upon  having 
one  of  the  best  harmonized  and  effective  school  codes  and 
systems  of  any  state  in  the  Union. 

At  first  New  Mexico  people  were  unaccustomed  to  any 
direct  tax  for  school  purposes.  In  1855,  when  a  proposi- 
tion for  levying  a  general  tax  for  the  support  of  public 
schools  was  submitted  to  popular  vote,  there  were  only  37 
ballots  in  favor  and  5,016  opposed.  Today,  the  people 
are  quite  willing  to  vote  special  taxes  in  addition  to  the 
general  levy  for  school  purposes. 

The  New  Mexico  system  of  raising  school  funds  is  one 
which  is  intended  and  does  secure  the  hearty  cooperation 
of  all  the  people ;  for  provision  is  made,  ( 1  )  state  funds, 
(2)  a  county  general  school  fund,  and  (3)  a  district  fund. 
The  state  funds  include  a  permanent  school  fund  the  inter- 
est on  which  only  may  be  used;  the  current  school  fund, 
which  is  distributed  by  the  state  superintendent  of  public 
instruction  among  the  various  counties  according  to  the 
number  of  bersons  of  school  age  (5  to  21  );  and  the  re- 
serve fund  to  be  used  to  aid  those  districts  which  are  unable 
to  hold  the  minimum  five  months  term,  with  the  proceeds 
of  the  local  district  levy  and  other  funds  allotted  to  such 
district. 

This  permanent  school  fund  is  made  up  of  five  per  cent 
of  the  proceeds  of  United  States  land  sales  and  of  the  sale 
of  school  lands,  which  now  comprise  four  sections  in  each 
township.  This  fund  on  December  1,  1912,  amounted 
to  $  1  2 1 ,040. 78  and  on  the  same  date  of  1 9 1  3  it  amount- 
ed to  $127,040.78.  The  interest  from  banks  where  this 
fund  is  deposited  during  each  fiscal  year  amounts  to  several 
thousand  dollars,  this  being  placed  to  the  credit  of  the  cur- 
rent school  fund.  This  fund  receives  also  the  proceeds 
from  the  leasing  of  the  four  school  sections  in  each  town- 
ship, certain  licenses,  all  fines,  forfeitures,  etc.,  collected 
under  general  laws;  and  one-half  mill  state  tax. 

The  state  reserve  school  fund,  a  fund  that  is  needed  and 
used  to  aid  weak  districts  in  having  at  least  five  months 
term  of  school,  includes  half  of  the  current  school  fund. 
The  unused  portion  of  the  reserve  school  fund  is  now  used 
to  aid  weak  districts  in  building  school  houses.  During  the 
past  year,  there  were  used  for  this  purpose  approximately 


R         RESOURCES  ANDlNDUSTFflES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


53  


___ 

THE    LAND 


.MEXICO 

OF" 


$40,000.  thus  assisting  I  35  school  districts  to  erect  suit- 
able school  buildings.  Again,  the  willingness  of  the  peo- 
ple to  contribute  of  their  means  for  school  purposes  is  il- 
lustrated; for.  under  the  terms  by  which  a  weak  district 
may  receive  state  aid  for  building  purposes,  the  district 
must  levy  the  maximum  district  tax  of  fifteen  mills  and  the 
citizens  must  further  contribute  one-third  of  the  cost  of 
the  building  either  in  money  or  labor. 

The  county  general  school  fund  is  composed  of  each 
county's  portion  of  the  state  current  school  fund,  the  pro- 
ceeds of  a  three-mill  county  tax,  a  portion  of  the  liquor 
licenses,  and  eighteen  of  the  twenty-six  counties  share  in 
twenty-five  per  cent  of  the  proceeds  of  the  earnings  of 
national  forest  reserves,  this  income  being  placed  in  the 
county  general  school  fund.  This  county  general  school 
fund  is  distributed  among  the  districts,  cities  and  towns  by 
the  county  superintendent  of  schools  on  a  per  capita  basis. 

The  district  funds  are  composed  of  the  proceeds  of  a 
local  levy  which  may  not  exceed  fifteen  mills  in  rural  dis- 
tricts and  twenty  mills  in  incorporated  cities  and  towns. 
The  rural  school  levies  are  made  by  the  county  commis- 
sioners on  request  of  the  district  directors,  but  such  levies 
must  be  made  to  produce  sufficient  funds  with  other  moneys 
allotted  to  the  district  necessary  to  maintain  at  least  five 
months  of  school  on  the  basis  of  an  annual  expenditure  of 
three  hundred  dollars  per  school  room.  The  district  fund 
receives  also  its  portion  of  the  county  general  school  fund, 
poll  taxes  and  a  part  of  liquor  licenses. 

Thus  it  may  be  clearly  seen  that  the  State  acts  first,  do- 
ing its  share,  then  the  county,  then  the  district  and  finally 
in  weak  districts  the  citizens  supplement  the  fund  for  build- 
ing purposes.  The  result  is  that  there  is  hearty  cooperation 
among  the  people  of  the  various  communities,  villages, 
towns  and  cities  when  it  comes  to  educational  matters. 

Under  the  stale  constitution,  a  state  board  of  education 
consisting  of  seven  members,  including  the  governor  as 
chairman  ex-officio,  and  the  superintendent  of  public  in- 
struction as  secretary  ex-officio,  and  five  other  members  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor,  by  and  with  the  consent  of  the 
state  senate,  for  a  term  of  four  years,  one  to  be  a  county 
superintendent,  one  the  head  of  a  state  educational  institu- 
tion, and  one  other  a  practical  educator,  was  created  and 
given  the  "control,  management  and  direction  of  all  public 
schools,  under  such  regulations  as  may  be  provided  by 
law".  The  board  issues  all  teacher*'  certificates,  prepares 
institute  manuals,  courses  of  study  and  other  publications 
and  assists  the  state  superintendent  who  is  the  executive 
officer  of  thr  board,  to  shape  the  educational  policies  of  the 
State  and  to  put  into  effect  rules  and  regulations.  The 


state  superintendent  of  public  instruction  is  an  elective  of- 
ficer, his  term  being  for  four  years  and  he  is  eligible  to 
succeed  himself.  He  is  required  to  make  official  visits  to 
all  counties  of  the  State  each  year  for  the  purpose  of  super- 
vision, investigations,  and  rendering  assistance  generally  in 
educational  matters.  He  is  also  authorized  by  law  to  in- 
terpret all  school  laws,  see  to  their  enforcement,  apportion 
state  school  funds  and  issue  any  publications  of  interest 
educationally. 

Each  county  elects  a  county  superintendent  who  has 
general  supervision  over  the  schools  of  his  county.  The 
district  is  the  school  unit  of  organization.  In  rural  com- 
munities, there  is  a  board  of  three  school  directors,  and  in 
the  incorporated  villages,  towns  and  cities  there  is  a  board 
of  education  of  five  members,  elected  at  large,  with  an  ap- 
pointed city  superintendent  as  administrative  officer.  These 
directors  and  boards  in  school  districts  hire  the  teachers,  ex- 
pend the  school  funds,  and  have  the  general  care  and  keep- 
ing of  school  property,  hold  school  elections,  make  annual 
enumerations  of  school  children,  collect  poll  tax,  and  assist 
in  enforcing  the  compulsory  school  attendance  law. 

Other  provisions  of  the  law  are:  All  children,  seven  to 
fourteen  years  of  age,  must  attend  some  school  during  the 
whole  time  that  it  is  in  session ;  school  terms  in  every  dis- 
trict of  the  State  must  be  at  least  five  months  in  length; 
women  may  hold  the  offices  of  county  superintendent  of 
schools,  school  director  or  member  of  boards  of  education, 
and  may  vote  at  all  school  elections,  which  elections,  except 
that  for  county  and  state  superintendents,  must  be  held  at 
different  times  from  general  elections;  the  nature  and  effect 
of  alcohol  and  narcotics,  also  civics  and  history  of  New 
Mexico,  must  be  taught  in  all  the  schools  of  the  State: 
county  high  schools  may  be  established  on  majority  vote 
of  those  qualified  to  vote  at  school  elections  in  the  county, 
such  high  schools  being  supported  by  general  county  levy 
and  in  which  schools  in  addition  to  the  usual  subjects 
taught,  vocational  branches  must  be  addrd.  tuition  being 
free  to  all  children  of  the  county  who  have  completed  the 
first  eight  grades.  The  law  provides  for  industrial  instruc- 
tion and  for  a  stale  director  of  industrial  education  ap- 
pointed by  the  state  superintendent  of  public  instruction. 
Such  slate  director  is  required  by  law  to  introduce  the 
teaching  of  vocational  branches  in  all  the  public  schools  of 
the  State. 

In  1891  there  were  considerably  less  than  five  hundred 
public  schools  in  the  then  territory  of  New  Mexico  and 
ihrrr  were  but  552  public  school  teachers.  Today  there 
are  1,017  public  school*  in  operation,  in  charge  of  1,717 
capable  and  efficient  teachers.  The  past  year,  expendi- 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  54  _ 


TTHE    LAND 


.MEXICO 
OF"    QF'RORTUNITV 


lures  for  maintaining  the  public  schools,  were  $1,254,470. 
The  public  school  census  shows  more  than  105,000  per- 
sons between  5  and  21  years,  an  enrollment  of  64,845, 
with  an  average  daily  attendance  of  almost  50,000.  The 
value  of  public  school  property  is  approximately  $1,500,- 
000;  that  of  the  state  institutions  more  than  $1,000,000; 
of  private  schools  about  $500,000,  and  of  the  Indian 
schools  something  over  $500,000.  The  percentage  of 
illiteracy  has  been  greatly  reduced  by  the  rapid  growth 
and  improvement  of  the  public  schools.  The  state  educa- 
tional institutions  offer  comprehensive  courses  and  have 
high-class  faculties.  Each  year  shows  a  very  satisfactory 
increase  in  attendance  and  the  interest  of  the  people  of  the 
State  is  rapidly  reaching  the  point  of  enthusiasm  for  their 
home  institutions.  The  State  University  at  Albuquerque,, 
the  School  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts  near  Las 
Cruces,  the  Normal  University  at  Las  Vegas,  the  Normal 
School  at  Silver  City,  the  Spanish-American  Normal 
at  El  Rito,  the  School  of  Mines  at  Socorro,  the  Military 
Institute  at  Roswell,  the  School  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb 
at  Santa  Fe,  and  the  Institute  for  the  Blind  at  Alamogordo, 
have  extended  their  scope  materially  since  statehood. 
While  the  problem  of  providing  proper  financial  support 
for  our  state  institutions  has  not  been  fully  solved,  each 
institution  has  received  a  liberal  appropriation  of  public 
lands  which,  supplemented  by  direct  appropriations  of  the 
legislature,  provides  a  substantial  support  for  each  of 
them. 

Certainly  one  of  the  most  striking  advances  made  in 
education  in  New  Mexico,  since  it  became  a  state,  has  been 
the  aroused  public  sentiment  in  favor  of  the  establishment 
of  standard  high  schools.  The  New  Mexico  legislature  in 
1912  enacted  a  high  school  law  said  to  be  unique  in  some 
of  its  provisions.  This  law  contemplates  the  establishment 
of  one  or  more  county  high  schools  in  each  of  the  twenty- 
six  counties  of  the  State,  upon  the  approval  of  the  proposi- 
tion by  a  majority  vote  of  the  electors  of  the  county.  The 
control  of  each  school  is  vested  in  the  board  of  directors,  or 
board  of  education,  of  the  district  in  which  the  high  school 
is  located,  with  the  county  superintendent  as  an  ex-officio 
member.  The  high  school  board  may  levy  a  special  tax 
not  exceeding  two  mills  upon  all  property  in  the  county, 
the  receipts  thereof  to  be  used  for  the  maintenance  and 
operation  of  the  county  high  school.  The  site  and  build- 
ing must  be  furnished  by  the  district  and  all  children  of  the 
county  who  have  completed  the  eighth  grade  may  attend 
gratis.  The  course  of  study  of  every  county  high  school 
must  include  manual  training,  domestic  science,  the  ele- 
ments of  agriculture,  and  commercial  science.  If  more 


than  one  county  high  school  is  established  in  any  county, 
the  receipts  from  the  special  tax  must  be  apportioned  be- 
tween the  schools  on  the  basis  of  the  number  of  pupils  who 
attended  at  least  half  the  regular  sessions  of  the  previous 
year.  Under  the  provisions  of  this  legislation,  there  have 
been  established  1 4  county  high  schools.  The  state  depart- 
ment of  education  gives  state-wide  examinations  for  pupils 
who  have  completed  the  eighth  grade  for  a  certificate  of 
promotion,  which  entitles  them  to  enter  any  of  the  state's 
high  schools  without  further  examination.  The  present 
year  shows  an  increase  of  twenty-five  per  cent  in  the  enroll- 
ment of  the  high  schools.  Recently  the  state  board  of 
education  fixed  a  standard  course  for  the  high  schools  of 
the  State  and  practically  all  of  these  schools  are  now  com- 
plying with  this  requirement. 

Credit  must  be  given  to  the  many  denominational  and 
private  schools  in  all  parts  of  New  Mexico  which  are 
increasing  their  capacity  and  usefulness  from  year  to  year. 
There  were  enrolled  last  year  in  the  mission  and  non-sec- 
tarian private  schools  4,995,  and  more  than  2,000  pupils 
in  the  government  Indian  schools. 

New  Mexico  is  thoroughly  aroused  to  the  importance 
of  education  and  will  always  consider  it  a  solemn  obliga- 
tion to  give  the  largest  opportunity  to  every  child  to  obtain 
an  education.  The  people  of  New  Mexico  have  in  recent 
years  been  more  than  willing  to  vote  the  maximum  levy  for 
public  school  purposes  and  when  that  limit  was  reached 
under  the  law  they  have  by  private  subscriptions  and  dona- 
tions supplemented  the  state,  county,  and  district  funds. 

By  the  act  of  Congress  of  June  21,1 898,  New  Mexico 
received  for  her  common  schools  a  donation  of  land  aggre- 
gating 14,244,480  acres  and  under  the  Enabling  Act  an 
additional  amount  of  4,219,520  acres,  a  grand  total  of 
almost  eight  and  a  half  million  acres.  The  revenues  de- 
rived from  the  sale  and  lease  rentals,  under  a  proper  ad- 
ministration of  these  lands,  will  each  year  materially  in- 
crease. The  statistics  for  the  year  1913-14  show  an  aver- 
age term  of  school  for  the  more  than  one  thousand  school 
districts  of  almost  eight  months.  It  is  the  exception  rather 
than  the  rule  to  find  an  unqualified  or  incompetent  teacher 
in  charge  of  a  public  school.  In  the  large  majority  of  the 
schools  there  will  be  found  a  teacher  who  has  had  two  to 
four  years  of  high  school  education  and  in  addition,  nor- 
mal training.  Without  question,  there  is  no  state  in  the 
Union  which  can  show  that  more  than  one-third  of  the 
teaching  force  of  the  State  spends  eight  weeks  of  the  sum- 
mer vacation  in  the  summer  normal  schools  of  the  State. 
New  Mexico  last  year  established  this  record.  New  Mex- 
ico challenges  her  sister  states  to  show  an  attendance  of 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


HTHC    LAISIP  OF" 


A/IEXICO 


more  than  50  per  cent  of  teachers  in  attendance  at  a  state 
educational  association  meeting.  At  such  meeting  last 
year  the  enrollment  showed  1.248  out  of  1,717  New 
Mexico  teachers  in  attendance.  This  year  the  enrollment 
was  1 ,820.  In  interest,  in  enthusiasm,  and  in  a  desire  for 
self-improvement,  the  teachers  of  New  Mexico  cannot  be 
surpassed  by  the  teaching  force  of  any  other  state.  It  was 
this  remarkable  interest  and  enthusiasm,  as  well  as  the  un- 
precedented attendance,  which  led  United  States  Commis- 
sioner P.  P.  Claxton,  the  principal  speaker  at  last  year's 
meeting,  to  commend  most  highly  the  educational  progress 
being  made  by  the  commonwealth. 

Progress  is  not  being  made  along  one  or  two  lines  only, 
but  in  all  phases  coeducational  advancement.  So  soon  as 
a  step  forward  has  been  taken,  another  is  planned  and  ac- 
complished. Industrial  education  has  been  neglected  un- 
der territorial  rule,  but  the  state  legislature  embraced  the 
first  opportunity,  after  statehood,  to  provide  for  the  teach- 
ing of  industrial  branches,  not  only  in  the  county  high 
schools  but  in  all  the  grades  as  well.  The  state  director 
of  industrial  education  supervises  and  encourages  the  work, 
traveling  and  lecturing  almost  continually  during  the  year. 
That  phase  of  educational  progress  has  now  become  firmly 
established  in  the  State.  At  this  time,  sentiment  has  crys- 


talized  into  a  state-wide  movement  for  an  increase  in  the 
minimum  school  term  from  five  to  seven  months  and  the 
approaching  legislature  will  undoubtedly  comply  with  the 
demand.  Provision  is  also  to  be  made  to  provide  for  every 
community,  having  fifteen  or  more  school  children,  a  suit- 
able school  house,  with  state  aid  if  necessary,  giving  a 
minimum  term  of  school  for  seven  months .  at  least,  under 
the  direction  of  a  capable  and  efficient  teacher,  certificated 
by  state  authority.  The  state  does  not  discharge  its  full 
duty  by  making  the  largest  provision  for  the  education  ol 
its  future  citizens,  but  it  must  require  such  future  citizens 
to  take  advantage  of  the  opportunities  offered.  New  Mex- 
ico has  fully  met  this  situation,  for  it  has  a  most  effective 
compulsory  attendance  law  which,  through  its  various  ad- 
ministrative officers  and  in  the  larger  cities  and  towns  by  a 
paid  truant  officer,  is  being  rigidly  enforced.  While  New 
Mexico  is  developing  rapidly  its  various  natural  resources, 
with  which  she  has  been  abundantly  blessed,  the  common- 
wealth is  not  neglecting  the  proper  education  of  her  future 
citizens  and  desires  to  be  known  far  and  wide  for  the 
educational  advantages  offered  to  her  citizens  and  those 
who  contemplate  locating  within  her  boundaries.  Always 
she  may  be  found  striving  to  reach  this  end  with  every  as- 
surance of  success! 


NEW  MEXICO  FEDERATION  OF  WOMEN'S  CLUBS 


BY  MRS.  RUPERT  F.  ASPLUND 


HE  New  Mexico  Federation  of  Women's 
Clubs  was  organized  in  1911  by  Mrs.  Philip 
N.  Moore,  at  that  time  president  of  the 
General  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs.  The 
organization  was  held  at  Las  Cnices.  and 
seventeen  clubs  became  charter  members  of 
the  organization.  Since  that  time,  four  conventions  have 
been  held;  the  federated  clubs  number  thirty-five  and  the 
total  membership  is  about  fifteen  hundred. 

The  work  of  the  federation  is  carried  on  through  seven 
departments:  civic,  legislation,  literature,  library  and  reci- 
procity; education  and  child  welfare,  home  economic*, 
music  and  art.  public  health;  and  there  are  three  standing 
committee*:  history,  conservation  and  club  extension.  The 
work  of  each  department  is  directed  by  a  chairman  and 
(wo  directors,  and  the  management  of  federation  business 
is  vested  in  the  executive  board  which  is  composed  of  the 
officers  and  chairmen. 

Much  of  the  work  of  the  fedrration  is  of  the  same  char- 


acter as  that  carried  on  by  the  departments  of  the  general 
federation,  while  some  of  it  belongs  especially  to  New 
Mexico  and  grows  out  of  its  conditions.  In  the  department 
of  civics,  in  addition  to  the  usual  war  on  the  fly  and  efforts 
for  clean-up  days  all  over  the  Stale,  especial  attention  is 
being  given  to  inexpensive  and  efficient  disposal  of  garbage 
in  small  towns,  and  this  department  is  also  planning  a  cam- 
paign for  the  utilization  of  the  school  house  as  a  social 
center. 

The  legislation  department  will  maintain  headquarters 
in  Santa  Fe  during  the  coming  legislature  and  will  en- 
deavor to  get  much-needed  legislation  on  the  property 
rights  of  married  women,  the  placing  of  women  on  the 
boards  of  regents  of  the  state  institutions,  proper  charity 
and  correction  laws  and  a  code  of  library  laws.  This  de- 
partment has  assisted  in  the  publication  and  distribution  of 
a  pamphlet  which  summarizes  the  statutes  of  the  State 
which  especially  affect  women  and  children. 

The   department   of   literature,   library   and   reciprocity 


AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  ST&TE 


THE: 


maintains  a  bureau  of  reciprocity  for  the  exchange  of 
papers  among  the  clubs,  and  assists  in  the  making  of  club 
programs.  This  department  has  helped  a  number  of  clubs 
in  the  starting  of  small  libraries  through  the  State  and  has 
interested  itself  in  the  matter  of  library  legislation. 

In  a  state  so  new  as  New  Mexico  the  department  of 
education  and  child  welfare  has  a  work  of  the  greatest  im- 
portance. Most  of  the  city  schools  have  already  received 
help  from  the  clubs,  and  the  department  is  now  making  an 
effort  to  give  the  same  assistance  to  the  rural  districts.  The 
matter  of  women  voting  at  school  elections  and  the  election 
of  women  to  the  school  boards  also  receives  attention. 

The  first  work  of  v  the  department  of  home  economics 
was  the  effort  for  the  creation  of  a  supervisor  of  industrial 
education  in  the  State  and  for  the  including  of  all  forms 
of  industrial  training  in  the  curricula  of  the  schools.  This 
has  been  so  successfully  accomplished  that  the  department 
is  now  turning  its  attention  to  cooperating  with  the  State 
Agricultural  College  in  its  extension  work  among  the  women 
of  the  State. 

The  public  health  department  makes  a  specialty  of  the 
campaign  against  tuberculosis  and  is  planning  a  systematic 
campaign  of  education  on  the  subject  of  child  hygiene  and 
diet. 

The  music  and  art  department  assists  clubs  in  preparing 
programs  and  in  planning  to  aid  substantially  in  the  musi- 
cal and  artistic  development  of  the  State. 

A  committee  on  conservation  is  working  for  the  creation 
of  national  parks  in  the  State,  for  the  preservation  of  his- 
toric places  and  for  the  building  and  maintenance  of  good 
roads:  while  a  history  committee  is  planning  to  recover  and 
publish  some  of  the  very  interesting  though  unwritten  his- 
tory of  New  Mexico  homes  and  families. 

The  activities  of  the  individual  clubs  are  so  many  and 
varied  that  it  is  difficult  to  select  from  them,  but  a  few 
may  be  mentioned  here.  A  number  of  clubs  have  started 
and  maintain  public  libraries;  others  have  parks,  play- 
grounds, rest  rooms  for  strangers  and  care  for  otherwise 
neglected  cemeteries.  Several  clubs  own  their  own  build- 


ings which  are  centers  of  civic  and  social  life  in  the  various 
towns.  The  intellectual  life  of  the  community  is  in  many 
places  enriched  by  the  classes  in  art,  music,  archaeology  or 
literature  offered  by  the  clubs  which  often  bring  also  the 
opportunity  for  hearing  high-class  lectures,  concerts  and 
entertainments.  Almost  every  federated  club  does  some- 
thing along  civic  lines.  Cleaning  up  the  town,  killing  the 
flies,  disposing  of  garbage,  inspection  of  foods,  tree  plant- 
ing, etc.,  show  the  interest  of  the  women's  clubs  in  the  ma- 
terial side  of  city  government,  while  their  efforts  for  police 
women  and  against  saloons  and  "segregated  districts" 
show  that  their  interest  in  the  moral  side  is  no  less  keen. 
In  many  of  the  towns  of  the  State  manual  training  and 
domestic  science  were  placed  in  the  schools  because  of  the 
demand  of  the  women,  and  the  same  is  increasingly  true  of 
physical  education.  Many  mothers'  clubs  work  with  the 
teachers  in  their  efforts  to  better  the  schools  and  some  are 
now  reaching  out  to  the  country  schools  and  aiding  the 
teachers  in  the  poorer  districts  by  gifts  of  books,  pictures, 
equipment  and  even  clothing  for  the  children  who  might 
otherwise  be  prevented  from  attending  school  in  cold 
weather. 

A  number  of  "better  baby  shows"  were  held  last  year, 
"municipal  Christmas  trees"  will  gladden  many  towns  in 
New  Mexico,  the  "Belgian  relief  commission"  and  the 
"Red  Cross"  have  been  generously  assisted,  not  to  mention 
many  purely  local  activities  which  have  received  a  helping 
hand  from  the  clubs. 

The  motto  of  the  New  Mexico  State  Federation  is, 
"And  the  desert  shall  bloom  as  a  rose".  The  women 
who  compose  the  membership  of  the  clubs  in  the  State  feel 
that  as  the  men  of  the  great  Southwest  have  brought  smil- 
ing orchards  and  fields  of  waving  grain  from  the  seemingly 
barren  sands  of  the  desert,  so  their  women-folk  are  doing 
their  part  by  cultivating  in  this  new  State  just  emerging 
from  her  pioneer  period,  the  flowers  of  the  intellectual, 
artistic  and  social  life.  So  shall  men  and  women  working 
together  carry  New  Mexico  to  that  high  state  of  develop- 
ment both  material  and  spiritual  which  is  the  goal  of  all 
civilization. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  57  — 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  NEW  MEXICO'S  HIGHWAY 

SYSTEM 


BY  D.   R.  LANE 


,  T  TOOK  the  stimulus  cf  the  transcontinental 
automobilist  to  awaken  the  good  roads  spirit 
in  New  Mexico  and  set  the  community  to 
work  building  highways  that  should  make 
accessible  the  State's  many  scenic  resources  as 
well  as  satisfy  the  demands  of  the  farmers  for 
better  hauling  facilities.  The  influence  of  the  automobile 
is  strongly  felt  still  and  will  be  for  many  years,  as  is  evi- 
dent in  the  great  number  of  trunk  roads  the  State  is  build- 
ing as  compared  to  the  few  laterals. 

Ever  since  the  legislators  of  territorial  days  were  in- 
fected with  the  goad  roads  germ  and  authorized  the  build- 
ing of  El  Camino  Real  from  Raton  on  the  north  to  the 
Texas  line  on  the  south,  that  great  road  has  been  the  back- 
bone of  all  real,  practical  or  tentative  highway  systems  in 
the  State.  This  is  fitting,  for  as  the  Rio  Grande  divides 
the  State  from  north  to  south  and  provided  the  conquista- 
dores  with  an  avenue  of  entrance,  so  should  the  main  artery 
of  traffic  do  likewise.  El  Camino  Real,  or  the  Royal 


Road,  to  put  in  into  English,  will  be  open  to  traffic  along 
its  entire  length  early  in  1915.  It  if  at  present  open  for 
all  but  a  few  miles  of  the  way,  where  traffic  is  detoured 
over  a  very  good  parallel  road.  This  great  highway  enters 
the  state  through  the  Raton  pass,  a  region  of  great  alti- 
tude, splendid  mountain  scenery  and  wonderful  road 
building.  The  road  winds  about,  in  and  out,  twisting 
and  turning  through  the  pass,  following  closely  the  old 
toll  road  set  up  by  the  W cottons  in  the  early  days,  when 
every  wagon  that  went  through  the  pass  on  the  road  to 
Santa  Fe  had  to  pay  tribute.  Then  for  half  its  length 
it  follows  the  Santa  Fe  trail,  the  first  real  highway  of  the 
west,  to  Santa  Fe.  Down  from  the  mountains  it  comes 
and  southward  across  the  lower  reaches  of  Colfax  County 
until  in  Mora  County  it  reaches  the  hills  again,  and  in  San 
Miguel  County  is  once  more  in  the  mountains,  though  not 
such  high  ones  as  the  Raton  range.  However,  they  are 
high  enough.  Along  the  crests  of  some  of  them  runs  a 
scenic  highway  the  like  of  which  is  not  to  be  found  in  any 


Illl      -«    I    M<       IIM.II\\    \t      Ill.TUIIN 


\\HMOIlMltnrr 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTTIgS_OF^TTE  SUNSHINE  STATED 

—  58  — 




THE    LAND 


JVIEXICO 
OF^ 


of  the  famed  districts  mentioned  in  the  guide-books.  For 
miles  this  road  progresses  at  an  altitule  of  6,000  feet,  with 
a  whole  wide  New  Mexico  valley  full  of  timber  below 
and  the  pine-clad  slopes  of  the  eternal  hills  above.  Valley 
and  canyon,  rolling  plain  and  valley  glen,  they  open  to 
the  inspection  of  the  tourist  motoring  along  comfortably 
above  them  and  each  appeals  to  the  visitor  to  stay  awhile 
until  the  very  number  and  variety  of  beauties  gluts  the 
sense  of  the  traveler  and  he  no  longer  appreciates. 

Into  Santa  Fe  County  the  road  winds,  through  the  Glo- 
rieta  pass,  scene  of  a  famous  running  fight  in  Civil  War 


T 


IN   CIMAIUiON   CANYON 


days  and  locale  of  many  an  Indian  battle  in  those  days 
and  earlier  ones.  Past  the  once  vast  pueblo  of  Pecos  it 
comes,  through  the  town  of  Canyoncito  and  into  the  ancient 
city  of  Santa  Fe,  capital  of  New  Mexico  and  the  oldest 


ON   THE   CAMJNO   REAL 

Upper  and  Lower  Stretches  on  the  Scenic  Highway  Near 
Las   Vegas 

seat  of  government  in  the  territory  occupied  by  the  United 
States.  From  Santa  Fe  there  are  side-trips  almost  without 
number  to  be  taken:  to  the  cliff  dwellings  in  the  Canyon  de 
los  Frijoles,  to  the  Pajarito  cliff  dwelling  ruins,  to  Puye 
canyon,  to  the  pueblos  of  Taos,  Tesque,  San  Juan,  San 
Ildefonso  and  a  dozen  others,  each  lemarkable  in  its  own 
way;  to  the  typical  old  Mexican  town  of  Agua  Fria,  to 
Chamita,  scene  of  the  first  white  settlement  in  the  United 
States,  down  to  San  Cristoval  to  see  the  ruins  of  the  pueblo 
the  Comanches  destroyed  in  1  680  and  to  examine  the  pic- 
tographs  which  the  Indians  chiseled  into  the  rocks  above 
the  pueblo,  to  dozens  of  other  places,  including  the  famous 
turquoise  mine  near  Los  Cerrillos. 

From  Santa  Fe  the  road  crosses  the  mesa  south  to  the 
famous  La  Bajada,  where  it  descends  630  feet  in  a  mile 
and  three-fifths,  giving  at  every  turn  along  the  way  a  new 
view  of  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  then  seen  for  the 
first  time,  and  the  mountain  ranges  which  bound  it.  Some 
of  these  rartges  located  as  far  south  as  Socorro  can  be  seen 
from  La  Bajada's  crest  on  -a  clear  day.  Thence  the  Royal 
Road  runs  south  and  east  past  the  pueblos  of  San  Domingo 
and  San  Felipe,  over  the  hills  and  mesas  into  the  real 
Rio  Grande  valley,  the  irrigated  section,  and  so  south  to 
Albuquerque,  the  State's  metropolis. 

It  was  near  Albuquerque  that  Coronado,  on  his  mem- 
orable trip  in  search  of  the  seven  cities  of  Cibola,  spent  the 
winter  of  1  540. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  59  — 


___ 

THE    L-ArviD 


JWEX3CO 
OF"    QFPORTUNITV 


From  Albuquerque  the  official  route  of  the  road  is 
south  on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  but  because  there  is  still 
a  small  section  to  be  graded  and  topped  between  Albu- 
querque and  Los  Lunas.  a  detour  is  made  nowadays  to 


TVIT.  or  uo.\i>  <  < >\-.i  1:1  <  TKI>  HY  TIII.  IOKKST 
SERVICE 

the  east  and  the  run  taken  down  over  the  great  mesa  which 
borders  the  eastern  side  of  the  Rio  Grande  for  two-thirds 
of  its  length  to  "the  cut-off"  or.  if  one  likes,  to  Carthage. 
oldest  coal  camp  in  the  West,  and  so  to  Socorro  over  a  new 
bridge  and  a  splendid  road,  or  else  to  San  Antonio  by 
an  older  bridge  and  fair  road.  From  Socorro  one  goes 
south  to  San  Martial,  where  the  new  bridge  allows  a  cross- 
ing to  the  eastern  side  again,  and  then  on  down  the  east 
bank  of  the  river  to  the  state  line,  passing  through  Rincon. 
Las  Cruces  and  several  smaller  towns,  each  remarkable  for 
some  historic  or  scenic  attraction,  as  it  goes. 

At  San  Marcial  one  has  a  choice  of  another  route,  that 
through  the  Cuchillo-Monticello  cut-off,  which  affords 
some  wonderful  scenery  of  canyons,  mountains  and  daring 
road  engineering.  The  road  in  some  of  the  canyons  of  this 
cut-off  is  said  to  excel  La  Bajada  and  the  scenic  route  over 
Raton  Pass  for  daring  and  grandeur. 

In  Sierra  County,  a  dozen  miles  west  of  Flngle,  is  the 
site  of  the  Elephant  Butte  dam',  the  largest  of  the  govern- 
ment's reclamation  projects.  There  is  a  good  road  from 
F.ngle.  which  is  on  the  Camino  Real,  to  the  dam  and  the 
i  np  is  well  worth  making.  This  dam  is  impounding  waters 
for  a  reservoir  which  will  ultimately  be  forty  miles  long. 
A  fine  road  is  being  constructed  along  the  edge  of  the 
reservoir. 

Closely  connected  with  the  Camino  Real,  and  partly  in 


it,  is  the  highway  system  of  Dona  Ana  County,  an  ex- 
ceptionally good  series  of  roads  which  lead  all  through 
the  most  populous  and  prosperous  irrigated  valley  of  the 
State.  These  roads  lead  to  many  points  of  interest,  the 
Organ  mountains,  the  old  Mexican  towns,  the  State  Agri- 
cultural College,  and  elsewhere  in  the  county. 

There  are  other  routes  which  may  be  taken  in  prefer- 
ence to  the  direct  line  of  El  Camino  Real,  for  after  all,  a 
main  road  must  be  built  for  speed  and  ease  in  traffic,  but 
detours  may  be  built  entirely  with  an  eye  to  the  beauties 
of  nature.  These  begin  almost  as  soon  as  the  highway 
enters  the  State.  In  Colfax  County,  detours  may  be  made 
to  the  famous  Elk  Park  region,  west  of  the  Camino  Real, 
to  Red  River,  or  to  Cimarron,  and  thence  on  through 
rugged,  majestic,  mountainous  Taos  County,  past  the 


ON  THE  OCEAN -TO-OCKAN   HIGHWAY  WEST  OF 
ALBUQUERQUE 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


_  60  — 


JVIEXICO         ^^^~ 
THE  L-AFSID  OF"  QPRORTUNITV* 


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RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTFflES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  61  — 




"THE    LA  NIP  QF~    OF* F»ORTUT> HTV" 


ancient  pueblo  and  through  the  oldest  cultivated  fields  any- 
where in  the  West  to  Santa  Fe,  where  the  main  route  may 
be.  regained. 

Near  Cimarron,  and  passed  through  by  a  part  of  the 


IX    OOIIKKTIIKW   CANYON 
Near  Kocorro,  on  the  o«-.-aii-t<>-o,  ran   i:»ui<- 

great  scenic  route  south  parallel  to  the  Camino  Real.  i« 
Cimarron  canyon,  perhaps  the  finest  single  piece  of  natural 
grandeur  in  the  State..  This  canyon  is  many  hundred  feet 
in  depth,  its  rocky  side-walls  rise  perpendicularly  and  in 
places  are  broken  and  eroded  to  form  "palisades"  which 
excel  in  beauty  those  famous  features  of  the  Hudson  river 
valley.  The  broad  floor  of  the  valley  is  carpeted  with 
splendid  growths  of  pine,  except  where  the  land  is  being 
farmed,  though  there  are  numberless  little  parks  and  glens 
all  through  the  region.  The  Cimarron  canyon  is  rapidly 
becoming  known  as  one  of  the  State's  greatest  assets  in  the 
line  of  beauty. 

Or  a  trip  may  be  made  to  the  east  from  Raton,  over 
into  Union  County,  and  so  down  the  Gulf-Colorado  main 
route,  which  passe*  through  Clayton,  into  Texas.  Though 
a  splendid  road,  the  scenic  and  historic  attractions  are  not 
so  marked  on  this  as  upon  some  others,  though  at  the  north- 


ern end  of  the  road,  that  portion  which  is  in  New  Mexico, 
they  are  quite  noteworthy. 

From  Las  Vegas,  the  Meadow  City,  one  may  swing  off 
to  the  southeast  from  the  backbone  highway  and  run  down 
to  Santa  Rosa,  or  to  Vaughn,  or  even  to  Roswell,  if  one 
so  desires,  over  very  good  roads.  Some  good  mountain 
scenery  is  available  along  this  route,  especially  in  the  Es- 
tancia  valley  and  near  Santa  Rosa. 

At  Santa  Fe  a  diversion  may  be  taken  to  old  Galisteo, 
a  typical  old  Mexican  town.  Thence  the  main  road  may 
be  rejoined  or  the  diversion  may  be  continued  to  Roswell, 
the  road  for  part  of  the  way  being  the  same  as  that  from 
Las  Vegas. 

Northwest  from  Las  Vegas  runs  the  road  to  Mora, 
which  is  entirely  practical  for  automobiles  and  is  well 
worth  taking  if  there  is  a  desire  to  see  a  Mexican  agricul- 
tural community  in  process  of  Americanization.  Also 
from  Las  Vegas  side-trips  may  be  taken  into  the  nearby 
mountains,  to  Las  Vegas  Hot  Springs,  to  El  Porvenir,  over 
into  the  Pecos  national  forest,  the  great  playground  of  the 
State,  which  is  also  accessible  from  Santa  Fe,  and  to  many 
little  fishing  streams  not  too  far  away. 

At  Albuquerque  begin  the  series  of  east  and  west  shoots 
from  the  parent  stem  which  are  main  travelled  roads, 
though  of  course  there  are  minor  cross  country  highways  all 
along.  Eastward  from  Albuquerque,  through  the  canyon 
of  Tijeras  .or  "scissors."  so-called  because  in  shape  it  re- 
sembles an  open  pair  of  scissors,  and  south  through  the 
Manzano  range,  goes  the  first  leg  of  the  Panhandle-Pacific 
route,  a  road  intended  to  link  up  Texas  and  Oklahoma 


i:o\n  ON    \N   INIU  \N    HI  -i  i:\  \  i  ION 

<  oii-lriK-lril    l>)    Ilic-    I', |, -nil    <«>M-riiiiii-li( 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-  62  — 


____ 

HTHE:  LAND 


A1EX3CO 

OF" 


ON   THE   SILVER   CITY-IIL'liJ.KY    IJOAD 
A  Fine  Type  of  County  Highway 

with  a  main  road  to  California.  This  it  does,  for  if  the 
Ocean-to-Ocean  route  ends  officially  at  Santa  Fe,  at 
Albuquerque  is  located  its  real  ending,  its  first  digression 
from  the  Santa  Fe  Trail  or  El  Camino  Real. 

The  Panhandle-Pacific  route  follows  the  general  line 
of  the  Santa  Fe  railway's  Belen  cut-off  eastward  from  Wil- 
lard,  where  it  debouches  from  the  mountains,  to  Vaughn, 
then  north  to  avoid  the  bad  crossing  at  Fort  Sumner  (this 


THE   SOCORRO-MAGDALENA   ROAD 
Seen  From  the  Highest  Point  in  Blue  Canyon 


northward  swing  will  be  eliminated  early  in  1915,  when 
the  new  bridge  is  completed  at  Fort  Sumner)  and  south 
again  to  Clovis,  whence  it  follows  the  general  line  of  the 
Santa  Fe  railroad  to  Amarillo,  Texas. 

The    Ocean-to-Ocean    route    leads    from   Albuquerque 
along  the  eastern  mesa  of  the  Rio  Grande  valley  to  a  point 


WHITE   ROCK    CANYON 

A  Picturesque  Spot,  Near  Santa  Fe,  Reached  Over 
II   Camino  Real  and  Other  Routes 

opposite  Socorro,  where  it  crosses  the  river,  passes  through 
Socorro  and  swings  up  the  long  grade  toward  the  continen- 
tal divide.  It  passes  through  the  beautiful  Blue  canyon 
in  the  mountains  just  west  of  Socorro,  continues  past  the 
Mount  Magdalena,  where  a  natural  rock  outcropping  por- 
trays the  face  of  the  Virgin,  or  so  the  Spaniards  said,  on 
through  the  Datil  mountains  and  the  Datil  national  forest 
to  the  San  Augustine  plains,  which  are  crossed,  past  Que- 
mado  and  so  to  Springerville,  just  over  the  line  in  Arizona. 
There  is  another  through  route  westward  which  has 
found  some  favor  with  motorists  and  which  deserves  a  great 
deal  of  attention.  This  is  the  "Northern  Arizona  Route," 
the  "Grand  Canyon  Route"  or  the  "Western  Extension  of 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  63  — 


the  Camino  Real".  It  is  called  by  all  three  names.  This 
route,  which  will  be  ready  for  use  January  1,  1915,  leaves 
the  Camino  Real  at  Los  Lunas  and  runs  almost  directly 
west  to  the  State  line.  The  difficult  sands  of  the  Rio 


<xiM  1:1  M     r.KMM.i     \i    <  IM  \I:I;I>N 

<>t  tin1  «»|ilrinllil   '  IMI-II  iiciioii    Dune  In  New 

Mi   \iifi    >ilH'i-    tin-    (..MM!    linail-     \\Ulkl-lling. 

Puerco,  where  many  cars  have  been  stopped  for  hours,  are 
crossed  on  a  modern  steel  bridge.  The  general  route  is 
that  of  an  old  right-of-way  of  the  Santa  Fe  line,  abandoned 
years  ago.  The  maximum  grade  is  two  per  cent.  This 
route  leads  past  the  pueblos  of  Laguna  and  Acoma, 


through  the  very  interesting  Navajo  Indian  country  at  Tho- 
reau  and  Gallup  and  is  the  route  for  many  of  the  interest- 
ing southwestern  pueblos,  Zuni,  Hopi,  Moqui  and  others. 

A  few  miles  from  Gallup,  and  easily  reached  by  a  short 
detour  from  this  road,  is  the  famous  Inscription  Rock,  or 
El  Morro,  whereon  are  to  be  found  the  names  of  most  of 
the  conquistadores,  some  of  these  dating  from  the  very 
earliest  days  of  Spanish  occupation.  This  rock  is  now  a 
national  monument  and  is  protected  from  the  acts  of  van- 
dalism which  a  few  years  ago  defaced  some  of  the  in- 
scriptions. 

Though  the  road  also  ends  at  Santa  Fe,  Albuquerque  is 
the  practical  terminus  of  the  Gran  Quivira  highway,  a 
route  which  perhaps  has  more  of  historic  interest  to  offer 
than  any  other  in  the  State.  This  highway  leads  southeast 
from  Albuquerque  through  the  Manzano  mountains,  past 
Tajique,  where  stands  a  mound  of  adobe,  the  only  remains 
of  an  ancient  pueblo,  the  only  one  in  the  region  which  was 
not  built  of  stone;  past  Manzano,  where  there  are  apple 
trees  two  centuries  old  that  are  still  bearing,  and  past 
the  great  ruins  of  the  Gran  Quivira  and  Cuarai,  from 
which  it  takes  its  name.  These  are  huge  piles  of  stone, 
built  no  man  knows  when  and  abandoned  in  1670  or  so. 
The  sole  survivors  of  their  once  numerous  population  are 
now  living  in  the  State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  to  all  in- 
tents and  purposes  Mexican  though  really  they  are  the  la.«t 
of  the  Piro  Indians.  This  road  continues  down  through 
the  old  cattle  country  of  Lincoln  County,  through  gloomy 


i\    -\\   .11  \N   CM  \TY 

Mumlng    tin-    I   Hi  Ili-iii    Highway*  of  Till*  Itrjflmi 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE          Jj 

—  64  — 


.MEXICO 

LAISID  OF"    OPPORTUNITY 


THE   SOUTHERN    NATIONAL   AND    GRAN    QU1VIRA  HIGHWAYS  BETWEEN   CAR1UZOZO  AND   ROSWELL 

1.   On   the   Road   to  Roswell   from  Carrlzozo.      2.   In   the  Pines.      3.    The    Highway    Winds    Beside    the    Ruidoso. 

4.  Every  Variety  of  Scenery  Abounds  Along  the  Highway.     5.  Along  the  Hondo. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  65 


THE    LANID  OF'    OR RORTUN1T  V 


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canyons  lit  at  the  bottom  by  sparkling  streams  and  over 
slopes  clad  in  giant  pines  and  spruces,  until  it  comes  to  Car- 
rizozo.  And  then  it  turns  east  to  Roswell.  where  it  joins 
the  Borderland  route  and  the  Southern  National  Highway. 

The  Borderland  route  enters  the  State  in  the  southwest 
corner,  passes  into  Texas,  re-enters  again  in  Luna  County 
and  continues  across  to  the  Arizona  line,  passing  through 
Deming  and  Lordsburg.  It  is  in  general  use,  especially  in 
the  winter  by  transcontinental  tourists. 

The  splendid  roads  of  the  Pecos  Valley,  which  are  in- 
cluded in  this  route,  uphold  New  Mexico's  fair  name  as  a 
good  roads  state  well.  Roswell  and  Carlsbad  are  touched 
by  this  route. 

The  Southern  National  highway  is  a  comparatively  re- 
cently organized  route  which  makes  use  of  the  lately  devel- 
oped highways  which  cross  southern  New  Mexico.  Some 
of  these  roads  are  very  fine.  From  Roswell  to  Carrizozo 
there  is  a  splendid  road  and  from  Alamogordo  to  Roswell 
there  is  one  which  is  almost  beyond  praise  as  a  scenic  route. 
This  road  is  very  well  built,  with  good  grades  and  wide 
curves  and  on  it  one  can  enjoy  the  unusual  sensation  of  fast 
driving  actually  above  the  clouds.  There  are  points  on 
this  route  where  a  downward  look  reveals  a  sea  of  fleecy 
cloud.  The  Southern  National  route  passes  through  Ala- 
mogordo, the  Mescalero  Indian  reservation,  where  some 
wonderful  roads  have  been  built  by  the  government,  and 
on  to  Las  Cruces.  This  section  of  the  road  is  also  very 
fine.  Thence  the  route  goes  west  through  Deming  and 
Lordsburg. 

From  Alamogordo  extends  one  of  the  finest  roads  in  the 
State.  This  is  the  scenic  highway  to  Cloudcroft.  which  is 
in  truth  a  city  within  the  clouds,  being  located  at  the  top 
of  the  Sacramento  mountains.  This  road  cost  over  $60.- 
000  and  is  a  splendid  asset  to  the  community,  not  only  as  a 
scenic  highway,  in  which  capacity  it  excels,  but  as  a  com- 
mercial road,  many  farmers  using  it  to  bring  their  produce 
down  to  market.  This  road  runs  through  canyons  and 
along  cliffs,  around  curves  and  up  tangents,  but  always  up. 
up.  and  always  amid  the  smell  of  the  pines.  The  engineer- 
ing work  on  it  is  very  fine  but  is  lost  to  the  ordinary  person 
because  of  the  vast  beauty  of  the  surroundings.  Splendid 
views  of  mountain  and  valley  are  obtained  from  almoM 
every  point  along  it. 

The  roads  of  San  Juan  County  are  more  or  less  isolated 
from  those  of  the  rest  of  the  State  but  will  shortly  be  con- 
nected both  at  Gallup  and  through  central  and  northern 
New  Mexico.  The  road*  in  this  county  are  very  good. 

Considerable  road  improvement  i«  under  way  by  the 
Sute.  the  counties  and  the  fomt  service. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

^^^^^•VM^^M^MM 

66  - 


ORIGIN  OF  GOOD  ROADS  MOVEMENT 


BY  FRANCIS  E.  LESTER 


HE  effect  of  New  Mexico's  good  roads 
awakening  has  been  wide  and  has  reached 
every  man,  woman  and  child  in  the  State, 
either  directly  or  indirectly.  Though  actual 
road  building  on  a  scale  commensurate  with 
the  dignity  of  the  State  has  been  going  on 
for  only  a  few  years,  much  less  than  a  decade,  the  country 
had  good  natural  roads  at  the  start.  Improvement  was  not 
an  expensive  matter,  mainly  consisting  of  grading  and 
drainage  rather  than  the  installation  of  expensive  top  sur- 


be  state-built,  the  counties  generally  confine  themselves  to 
lateral,  county  seat,  or  other  minor  highways.  Much  of 
the  heavy  state  work  is  done  by  convicts  under  the  honor 
system,  which,  all  other  claimants  to  the  contrary  notwith- 
standing. New  Mexico  originated.  The  roads  built  by 
state  funds  are  mainly  gravel,  with  substantial  bridges  and 
culverts,  well  drained,  laid  out  on  the  best  possible  grades. 
The  county  roads  are  frequently  gravel  but  more  often 
sand-clay,  are  usually  well  laid  out  and  drained  and  often 
have  just  as  goad  bridges  as  the  state  roads.  The  quality 


COL.  R.   K.  TWITCHELL 

I'rcsident  of   the  New  Mexico 
Good   Roads  Association 


FRANCIS   E.   LESTER 

President     New    Mexico    State 
Highway  Officials'  Association 


faces.  The  native  gravel,  the  native  clays  and  sands,  have 
been  used  with  marked  success  in  gravel  and  sand-clay 
roads,  of  which  there  are  many  miles  in  New  Mexico. 

Gravel  roads  are  the  best  in  the  State,  but  where  the 
traffic  is  light,  sand-clay  roads  have  been  very  successful. 
The  only  large  general  improvement  has  been  on  the 
Camino  Real,  the  main  north  and  south  road,  but  there  are 
numberless  pieces  of  isolated  road  improvement,  in  moun- 
tain districts,  along  scenic  routes,  and  elsewhere.  Road 
improvement  m  the  State  is  done  largely  through  the  State 
road  board,  though  many  counties  are  doing  some  of  the 
work.  However,  as  the  sentiment  is  that  state  roads  should 


of  county  roads,  of  course,  varies  in  the  different  counties. 
Probably  the  county  roads  are  best  in  Dona  Ana  County, 
the  first  subdivision  of  the  State  to  vote  a  county  road  bond 
issue.  This  is  not  saying  that  individual  pieces  of  other 
roads  are  not  as  good  or  better  than  Dona  Ana  county's 
general  system  average. 

At  present,  the  Camino  Real  is  an  improved  road  from 
end  to  end.  And  lest  the  mere  statement  that  it  is  im- 
proved but  construed  to  mean  that  it  has  merely  been 
dragged  a  few  times,  it  is  well  to  add  that  the  State  has  had 
from  three  to  seven  convict  gangs  at  work  on  it  for  nearly 
five  years.  Also  it  is  well  to  note  that  a  road  in  New 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  67  — 


THE    L-A1SID 


A1EX1CO 

QF3  RORTUNITVr 


Mexico  has  not  the  tremendous  traffic  of  a  densely  popu- 
lated region  to  sustain  and  that  if  some  means  are  provided 
for  draining  off  the  torrential  but  rare  rains  which  are  char- 
acteristic of  the  country,  it  requires  only  a  small  amount  of 
maintenance  to  keep  it  in  first-class  condition.  There  are 
mile  after  mile  of  New  Mexico  roads  where  forty  miles  an 


board  has  full  jurisdiction  over  state  road  funds.  It  also 
appoints  county  road  boards,  of  three  members  each,  in  all 
the  state's  subdivisions.  These  county  boards  are  in  con- 
trol of  the  county  road  funds  but  cannot  make  tax  levies, 
that  important  duty  being  allotted  to  the  county  commis- 
sioners, an  elected  body. 

The  county  roads  are  in  direct  control  of 
all  road  matters  in  their  respective  counties, 
may  open,  close,  condemn  and  otherwise  ac- 
quire or  dispose  of  highways,  and  have  the 
responsibility  of  collecting  and  expending  the 
per  capita  road  tax,  which  usually  goes  for 
maintenance  wcrk.  The  State  Board  has 
the  power  to  declare  certain  roads  state  high- 
ways and  to  do  work  on  them,  to  handle  the 
state  road  funds  and  to  appoint  or  remove 
county  road  board  members.  So  far  as  high- 
ways are  concerned,  it  is  the  supreme  author- 
ity of  the  community. 

In  many  instances  State  and  county  au- 
thorities work  together  on  one  piece  of  road 
and    there    are   cases    on    record    where    the 
county  commissioners  have  levied  special  road 
"K     i.i  ii  HIM.     «. I:\MI.     iioxn*    IN    \n>\\     \\\    iiuvn        taxes  to  be  expended  by  the  State  Board. 

I    \KMIK*     ll\ll       IIIIIII      TIMIS    TIIK    LOAD 

TIIKY  DID  I  <  »i :  MI.  III.Y  There  is  a  State  Good  Roads  Association, 

numbering  1 .200  members.  This  organization  is  mainly  a 
publicity  and  "boosting"  one.  The  State  Highway  Offi- 
cials' Association,  composed  of  the  state  and  county  road 
authorities,  with  the  county  commissioners  who  make  the 
levies,  is  an  active  force  in  obtaining  needed  road  legisla- 
tion and  in  standardizing  practices  and  methods  and  gather- 
ing cost  data. 


hour  in  a  touring  car  is  comfortable  riding — if  one  cares  to 
ride  too  fast  to  get  the  beauties  of  the  scenery. 

Road  building  in  New  Mexico  is  directly  in  the  hands 
of  the  State  Highway  Commission,  a  body  created  by  the 
first  State  Legislature.  This  is  composed  of  the  Governor, 
State  Engineer  and  Commissioner  of  Public  Lands.  This 


Till     <>l 


i  it  \n 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STftTC 

—  68  — 


NEW  MEXICO— SPORTSMAN'S  PARADISE 


T.  C.  DEBACA.  STATE  GAME  WARDEN 


|  PAGEOTERO.  DEPUTY  GAME  WARDEN 


OR  the  benefit  of  sportsmen  and  tourists  who 
may  care  to  visit  New  Mexico  I  have  con- 
cluded to  give  a  little  general  information  as 
to  the  hunting  and  fishing  grounds  in  the 
State  and  the  routes  to  be  taken  in  order  to 
reach  them. 

The  entire  country  on  the  northern  line  of  New  Mexico, 
from  Union  County  in  the  northeast  to  San  Juan  County, 
in  the  northwest,  is  one  continuous  chain  of  mountains. 
Tourists  from  the  eastern  states  usually  come  over  the 
Santa  Fe  system  through  Trinidad,  Colorado,  though  many 
travel  over  the  Rock  Island  railroad.  There  is  very  little 
in  the  way  of  hunting  and  fishing  to  be  found  in  Union 
County  except  in  the  northern  part  where  there  are  a  few 
blacktail  deer  and  an  occasional  bear.  This  country  may 
be  reached  by  taking  the  Colorado  and  Southern  railroad 
from  Trinidad. 

From  Trinidad,  Colorado,  to  Raton,  New  Mexico  is 
only  about  twenty-six  miles. 

The  St.  Louis,  Rocky  Mountain  &  Pacific  railroad  runs 
trains  from  Raton  to  Ute  Park  and  at  the  latter  station 
the  tourist  or  sportsman  finds  himself  in  Taos  County  at 
the  gate  of  one  of  the  finest  hunting  sections  in  the  State. 
A  stage  or  sled  line  is  operated  between  Ute  Park  and 
Elizabethtown,  a  distance  of  twelve  miles  and  from  Eliza- 
bethtown  to  Red  River,  a  distance  of  sixteen  miles.  At 


Red  River  City  the  heart  of  the  game  country  is  reached. 
Mr.  C.  B.  Ruggles,  famous  in  that  country  as  guide,  hun- 
ter and  all  round  good  fellow,  lives  at  Red  River  and  it 
has  yet  to  happen  that  hunting  parties  in  his  care  have  not 
had  splendid  sport  and  have  failed  to  bring  home  either 
bear,  lion  or  deer.  Mr.  Ruggles  has  the  finest  pack  of 
bear  and  lion  dogs  in  the  Southwest,  and  is  always  pre- 
pared to  furnish  saddle  horses  and  pack  animals  for  hunt- 
ing parties.  Red  River  itself  is  a  well-known  trout  stream 
and  has  always  furnished  excellent  sport.  This  country 
may  also  be  reached  by  coming  to  Santa  Fe  and  from 
there  to  either  Barranca  or  Servilleta  stations  over  the  Den- 
ver &  Rio  Grande  railroad.  At  the  latter  station  arrange- 
ments for  transportation  may  be  made  with  Mr.  J.  H. 
Dunn,  who  has  fine  livery  and  auto  service. 

Rio  Arriba  County  lying  next  to  Taos  County  on  the 
northern  line  has  many  attractions  in  way  of  sport.  From 
Chama,  the  principal  town  on  the  Denver  &  Rio  Grande 
railroad,  the  hunting  grounds  and  trout  streams  are  easily 
accessible.  L.  M.  Gilliland,  who  resides  in  Chama,  is  a 
famous  bear  hunter  and  to  all  those  who  desire  a  sure 
enough  bear  rug,  I  would  advise  them  to  interview  "Doc" 
as  he  is  familiarly  known.  The  Brazos,  Los  Pinos  and 
the  Chama  and  tributaries,  are  ideal  trout  streams.  In 
years  gone  by,  native  trout,  some  weighing  as  much  as 
eight  pounds  each  have  been  taken  out  of  the  Brazos  river. 


GROUP  OF  NEW  MEXICO  PEAKS 

Hamilton  Mesa,  East  of  the  Pecos,   10,000  Feet;  Lake  Peak,   13,000  Feet;  The  Trnchas  Peaks,   13,400  Feet; 

Santa  Fe  Baldy.   12,«61   Feet. 


BT       RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  69  — 


but  at  the  present  time  a  three  or  four  pounder  gives  the 
angler  a  record.  In  the  northeastern  portion  of  this  county 
are  a  chain  of  lakes.  Boulder  lake.  Horse  lake  and  Stink- 
ing lake,  the  latter  having  a  shore  line  of  seventeen  miles. 
Fine  duck  shooting  may  be  enjoyed  on  these  lakes.  In 
the  southern  portion,  wild  turkey  are  to  be  found  in  greater 
numbers  than  in  any  other  section  of  the  State.  In  the 
adjoining  county  of  Sandoval,  excellent  sport  may  be  had, 
as  bear,  deer  and  turkey  are  fairly  plentiful  in  the  Jemez 
mountains.  Here  are  located  the  celebrated  Hot  Sulphur 
and  Jemez  springs.  Many  wonderful  cures  have  been  ef- 
fected by  the  use  of  the  baths  and  drinking  the  waters  of 
these  springs.  The  waters  are  especially  beneficial  in  cases 
of  rheumatism  and  kidney  troubles. 

In  the  counties  in  the  central  part  of  the  State,  San 
Miguel,  Santa  Fe,  Bernalillo  and  Torrance  many  differ- 
ent species  of  game  animals  and  birds  are  found.  The 
Pecos  range  in  San  Miguel  and  Santa  Fe  Counties  is  con- 
sidered to  be  about  the  greatest  game  country  in  New  Mex- 
ico. Several  resorts  have  been  established  along  the  beau- 
tiful Pecos  river  so  that  parties  desiring  an  outing  will  find 


\   -Mill      I    VI   I  «.     I'M.   Ill      Mil      Ml   I    II  I  I   l»l     OK 

i.i   \i  i  ^ 


good  accommodations  within  a  short  distance  of  the  hunt- 
ing grounds.  Tents,  saddle  horses  and  pack  animals,  and 
camp  outfits  can  be  obtained  at  reasonable  rates  at  these 
resorts  by  those  wishing  to  spend  a  few  days  and  nights  in 


(..M.I.    (.KOlsl.   rOfXTUY 

the  open.  There  are  probably  more  bear,  lion,  bobcats 
and  lynxes  to  be  found  in  these  mountains  than  in  all  other 
portions  of  the  State  combined.  Many  silvertip  or  grizzly 
bear  have  been  killed  during  the  past  few  year*  and  there 
are  some  left.  Blacktail  deer  and  grouse  are  abundant  and 
wild  turkey  are  plentiful  at  intervals.  The  Pecos  river  is 
probably  the  best  known  trout  stream  in  this  part  of  the 
Southwest.  This  stream  is  regularly  stocked  each  year  and 
now  contains  four  varieties  of  trout:  blackspotted.  rainbow, 
eastern  brook  and  German  brown.  To  persons  desiring  to 
enjoy  an  outing  in  this  magnificent  and  picturrsqu?  coun- 
try. I  will  advise  that  the  Atchison,  Topeka  ftc  Santa  Fe 
trains  always  stop  at  Glorieta  station.  By  notifying  Mr. 
J.  W.  Harrison  in  time  at  Pecos,  N.  M.,  comfortable 
wagons,  splendid  teams  and  careful  drivers  will  be  on  hand 
to  convey  parties  to  their  destinations  in  the  hunting  country. 

In  Torrance  County  quail  are  found  on  the  flat  lands 
while  a  few  blacktail  deer  and  an  occasional  flock  of  wild 
turkey  may  be  seen  in  the  hills. 

Outside  of  ducks  along  the  Rio  Grande  river,  there  it 
nothing  in  the  way  of  outdoor  sport  in  Bernalillo  County. 
The  eastern  counties  of  the  State  are  barren  of  game  with 
the  exception  of  a  few  quail  and  prairie  chickens.  The 
latter,  however,  are  protected  indefinitely  by  the  game 
law*.  The  entire  southern  portion  of  New  Mexico,  from 
Grant  County  in  the  southwest  to  Eddy  County  in  the 
toutheait.  is  an  ideal  country  for  game  of  all  species.  Of 
the  limited  number  of  antelope  in  the  State,  most  of  them 
arc  found  in  thr  flat  plains  country  in  the  counties  of  Si- 


RESOURCES  AND  jNDUSTfTICS  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

70 


____ 

THE    LA1SID 


.MEXICO 
OF"    OPPORTUNITY 


erra  and  Dona  Ana.  Shooting  antelope  is  prohibited  in- 
definitely. The  only  band  of  mountain  sheep  existing  in 
this  section  of  the  Southwest  is  located  in  the  Guadalupe 
mountains  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Eddy  County.  The 


CAMP  SITE  IX  BOX   CANYON 

band  numbers  about  200  and  they  always  have  been,  and 
are  at  present,  given  the  closest  protection  by  the  laws. 
Native  crested,  Gambel  and  Mearns  quail  are  plentiful  in 
all  the  southern  counties.  Silvertip,  black  and  brown  bear, 


lions,  lynxes,  bobcats,  wolves,  coyotes  and  foxes  furnish 
exciting  sport  for  the  trophy  hunter  in  all  the  ranges,  while 
blacktail  and  whitetail  deer,  turkey  and  grouse  are  plenti- 
ful enough  to  keep  the  larder  well  supplied.  In  Socorro 
County  and  certain  parts  of  Grant  County  a  few  specimens 
of  the  "Sonoran  deer"  have  been  observed.  This  small 
species  of  the  deer  family  is  a  recent  arrival  from  Mexico 
and  will  doubtless  be  given  special  protection  in  order  that 
it  may  increase  and  become  permanent.  Conditions  in 
Grant  County  are  all  that  could  be  desired.  Owing  to 
the  splendid  protective  system  of  the  Sportsmen's  Associa- 
tion of  the  Southwest,  with  headquarters  at  Silver  City, 
N.  M.,  the  different  species  of  game  animals,  birds  and 
fish  are  plentiful.  Every  trcut  stream  in  the  county  has 
recently  been  generously  stocked  with  fish.  Almost  every 
section  which  has  been  described  can  be  conveniently 
reached  by  railroad.  At  all  stations  along  the  different 
lines  in  the  State,  supplies  and  outfits  may  be  obtained  and 
good  roads  leading  into  the  mountains  make  such  trips 
easy  and  pleasant.  At  no  time  of  the  year  will  weather 
conditions  prevent  the  sportsman  from  getting  into,  or  out 
of,  good  hunting  country.  In  all  the  National  Forests,  the 
officers  are  constantly  in  the  field.  The  Ranger  stations 
are  located  at  different  points  in  the  reserves  and  the  trails 
are  kept  open  during  the  entire  year. 


NATIONAL  FORESTS  OF  NEW  MEXICO 


BY  A.  C.   RINGLAND 


HERE  are  nine  national  forests  in  New  Mex- 
ico, comprising  a  gross  area  of  approximately 
ten  million  acres  and  bearing  a  timber  stand 
of  fifteen  billion  board  feet  of  lumber  and 
other  forest  products.  These  areas  are  set 
aside  and  administered  by  the  government 
with  the  purpose  of  insuring  a  permanent  timber  supply 
and  to  prevent  the  destruction  of  forest  cover  which  regu- 
lates the  flow  of  streams.  The  national  forests  of  New 
Mexico  provide  for  a  permanent  lumbering  industry;  sup- 
ply material  for  the  development  of  ranches,  farms,  and 
cities;  protect  the  watersheds  essential  to  agricultural  de- 
velopment; add  stability  to  the  livestock  industry;  pro- 
mote the  development  of  facilities  for  transportation  and 
communication  on  the  forest  areas,  and  contribute  through 
the  receipts  derived  from  their  administration  to  the  road 
and  school  funds  of  the  counties  in  which  they  are  situated. 
Mining,  agriculture,  and  all  other  uses  of  the  forest  areas 


not  incompatible  with  their  primary  purpose  are  encouraged 
by  the  forest  service. 

The  timber  resources  of  the  New  Mexico  national  for- 
ests, under  forest  management,  are  estimated  to  have  a 
present  annual  productive  capacity  of  about  eighty  million 
board  feet  of  lumber,  sufficient  to  build  each  year  8,000 
homes  for  the  people  of  New  Mexico,  without  diminishing 
the  stand  or  forest  capital.  This  annual  production  may 
be  confidently  expected  to  increase  largely  with  the  prac- 
tice of  better  methods  of  management.  The  watersheds 
which  the  forests  protect  affect  the  flow  of  most  of  the 
important  streams  in  the  State,  and  all  of  the  larger  irri- 
gated districts  derive  a  large  part  of  their  water  supply 
from  the  national  forests.  The  greatest  enemy  of  the  tim- 
ber and  water  supply  of  New  Mexico  is  fire.  Before  the 
creation  of  the  national  forests,  forest  fires  destroyed  mil- 
lions of  feet  of  timber  annually  in  New  Mexico.  But  now, 
with  its  system  of  lookout  towers,  telephone  lines,  and 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


-  71   — 


1VIEIW  MEXICO 

"THE    LA  NIP  OF"    QPPORT-UMITV 


trails,  the  forest  service  is  enabled  to  detect  and  reach 
all  fires  with  great  promptness  and  over  ninety  per  cent 
are  extinguished  before  they  have  covered  terujffes. 

The  forest  ranges  of  New  Mexico  are  a  large  factor  in 
the  livestock  industry  of  the  State;  98.761  head  of  cattle 
and  horses  and  829,729  head  of  sheep  and  goats  were 
grazed  during  the  season  of  1914  for  a  nominal  fee  per 
head.  The  grazing  regulations  of  the  forest  service  pro- 
tect the  small  stockmen  and  are  aimed  to  produce  an  equit- 
able distribution  of  grazing  privileges  and  a  permanent 
grazing  industry.  Under  scientific  management  the  pro- 
ductive capacity  of  the  forest  ranges  is  increasing  each  year 
through  the  development  of  watering  places,  the  construc- 
tion of  range  improvements,  and  the  improvement  of  the 
forage  crop. 

» 

The  forest  service  is  rapidly  improving  transportation 
and  communication  facilities  on  the  New  Mexico  forests. 
It  has  built  1,000  miles  of  telephone  lines,  64  miles  of 
roads,  and  960  miles  of  trails  for  the  purpose  of  facilitat- 
ing administration  and  protection  of  the  forest  areas.  Its 
annual  receipts  are  at  present  about  $135,000  for  New 
Mexico,  and  twenty-five  per  cent  of  this  fund,  or  $33,- 
750  is  turned  into  the  county  funds  for  roads  and 
schools.  An  additional  ten  per  cent  has  by  law  been  made 


l.i  ll  i 


available  to  the  forest  service  for  use  in  constructing  addi- 
tional roads  and  trails.  This  fund  now  amounts  to  about 
$13,500  per  year,  and  47  miles  of  road  have  been  con- 
structed with  it  on  the  forests  of  the  State  during  the  two 
years  for  which  it  has  been  available.  With  the  steadily 
increasing  receipts,  these  funds  which  accrue  directly  to 
the  benefit  of  the  State  will  increase  correspondingly  from 
year  to  year. 

The  national  forests  of  New  Mexico  offer  excellent 
business  opportunities  to  stockmen  and  lumbermen  who  are 
seeking  a  location  for  their  business.  With  the  general  de- 
velopment of  the  State,  new  bodies  of  timber  are  becoming 
marketable,  concerning  which  the  forest  service  furnishes 
definite  information  to  prospective  purchasers.  On  some 
of  the  New  Mexico  forests  are  found  extensive  areas  of 
excellent  summer  range  for  which  the  forest  service  is  de- 
sirous of  issuing  grazing  permits  to  settlers  who  meet  the 
requirements  of  the  regulation  for  the  allotment  of  grazing 
privileges. 

In  addition  to  the  purely  economic  resources  of  the  New 
Mexico  forests,  they  have  a  large  and  increasing  value  in 
the  attractions  which  they  offer  to  travelers,  sportsmen, 
and  healthseekers  and  in  their  increasing  popularity  with 
the  people  of  New  Mexico  and  adjacent  states  as  a  location 
for  summer  homes.  This  value  for  travel,  sport  and  re- 
creation is  largely  dependent  on  a  proper  preservation  of 
their  scenic  beauty,  the  development  of  roads  and  trails  to 
make  them  accessible  to  the  public,  the  protection  of  their 
historical  and  archaeological  monuments  and  ruins,  and  the 
conservation  of  their  fish  and  game.  It  is  the  definite  aim 
of  the  forest  service  to  accomplish  these  ends,  and  to  en- 
courage the  full  use  of  the  forests  for  purposes  of  recrea- 
tion and  public  health.  Few  people  are  aware  of  the  de- 
lightful climate,  the  extraordinary  scenery,  the  wealth  of 
historical  and  archaeological  interest,  and  the  facilities  for 
sport,  rest,  and  recreation  which  are  offered  them  in  the 
mountains  of  New  Mexico.  In  fact,  many  people  who 
have  seen  New  Mexico  only  from  the  transcontinental 
trains  have  the  impression  that  it  is  largely  desert  and  quite 
without  forests  of  any  description.  This  is  because  the 
railroads,  in  order  to  avoid  grades,  naturally  avoid  the 
mountain  ranges  and  seek  the  lowest  elevations. 

The  future  will  see  a  greater  appreciation  of  the  possi- 
bilities of  the  New  Mexico  forests  at  a  summer  play- 
ground, and  together  with  their  steadily  developing  econ- 
omic resources,  will  enable  them  to  contribute  an  increasing 
share  of  the  well-being  and  prosperity  of  the  State.  The  Ala- 
mo, Gila,  Lincoln.  Datil.  Manzano.  Carson.  Jemez,  Peco* 
and  Chiricahua  rompnw  thr  national  forest*  of  New  Mexico. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

72  


MOUNTAINAIR  CHAUTAUQUA 

BY  JOHN  W.  CORBETT 

D 

EW  MEXICO  owns  and  maintains  a  regular 
Chautauqua  assembly,  the  only  one  in  all 
the  great  Southwest  and  this  is  no  mean  asset. 
It  is  located  at  Mountainair,  near  the  center 
of  the  State,  where  it  holds  its  annual  sessions 
in  a  beautiful  park  at  an  altitude  of  6,500 
feet  above  sea  level  and  where  climatic  conditions  are 
ideal.  The  Mountainair  State  Chautauqua,  although 
founded  in  a  village  of  less  than  1 00  inhabitants  and  in  a 
new  and  sparsely  settled  country,  has  held  regular  annual 
sessions  since  1 908  with  an  up-to-date  platform,  depart- 
ment work  equal  to  many  of  the  older  Chautauquas  and 
has  taken  care  of  the  creature  comforts  of  its  guests  as 
none  of  the  eastern  Chautauquas  can. 

The  location  from  every  viewpoint  is  ideal.  The  cli- 
mate is  unexcelled,  the  location  is  central;  it  is  located  on 
the  Belen  cut-off  of  the  A.  T.  &  S.  F.  railway,  the  best 
built  road  west  of  Pennsylvania,  with  splendid  connections 
in  all  directions  and  is  a  radiating  point  to  more  places  of 
historic  and  prehistoric  interest  than  most  any  other  place 
in  all  the  romantic  southwest  country.  Two  automobile 
highways  cross  at  this  point  also,  making  ingress  and  egress 
easy  and  convenient  from  any  point  of  the  compass. 
Among  these  places  of  interest,  easy  of  access  from  Chau- 
tauqua Park,  are  the  historic  Mission  ruins  at  the  prehis- 
toric towns  of  Chilili,  Tajique,  Cuarai,  Abo  and  La  Gran 
Quivira.  These  missions  were  built  by  the  Franciscans  in 
the  sixteenth  century  and  were  destroyed,  with  the  cities  in 
which  they  were  located  and  from  which  they  are  named, 
in  the  general  uprising  of  the  Apache  Indians  about  I  680, 
leaving  at  Cuarai,  Abo  and  Gran  Quivira  imposing  stone 


structures  with  walls  four  feet  thick  as  silent  sentinels  of  a 
mysterious  civilization  that  flourished  before  the  landing 
of  Columbus  and  has  passed  into  almost  complete  oblivion, 
but  indicating  a  degree  of  civilization  and  development 
equal  to  and  possibly  greater  than  that  contemporary  Euro- 
pean attainments.  The  Museum  of  New  Mexico  now 
owns  the  land  upon  which  are  located  the  ruins  of  Cuarai 
and  La  Gran  Quivira  and  the  work  of  systematic  develop- 
ment of  Cuarai  was  commenced  in  1913,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Dr.  Edgar  L.  Hewett;  in  connection  with  Chautau- 
qua and  enough  has  been  done  alrady  to  demonstrate  that 
this  interesting  Tigua  city  may  be  thousands  of  years  old, 
for  the  base  of  the  old  church  building,  like  all  the  rest, 
built  in  the  form  of  a  cross,  is  built  upon  and -above  pre- 
vious buildings  which  may  have  been  partially  under 
ground  but  certainly  terraced,  several  stories  high  with  no 
entrance  ways  below  the  second  story.  From  the  study  of 
pottery,  skeletons  and  other  evidence  being  brought  to  light 
by  excavation  it  is  hoped  to  form  some  idea  of  the  age  and 
history  of  this  wonderful  people  now  practically  extinct. 
Of  the  once  great  Tigua  race  there  are  now  left  about  a 
half  dozen  people  located  a  few  miles  below  El  Paso, 
Texas,  who  have  become  so  Mexicanized  that  even  the 
language  is  forgotten  except  by  one  man  whose  age  can 
only  be  conjectured  and  who  can  be  induced  to  speak  his 
native  tongue  on  rare  occasions.  The  work  of  preserving 
and  developing  these  priceless  relics  of  a  race  that  has 
passed  will  be  continued  as  rapidly  as  available  funds  will 
permit. 

The  real  wealth  of  a  state  cannot  be  measured  wholly 
by  its  material  resources. 


TABKRNACbK  AT  MOUNTAINAIR  CHAUTAUQUA 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  73  — 


NEW  MEXICO'S  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  HIGHER  AND 
SPECIAL  EDUCATION 


BY    M.  L.  FOX 


,  HE  institutions  of  higher  learning  in  New 
Mexico  are  efficient  to  a  remarkable  degree, 
considering  sparseness  of  the  population  by 
which  they  are  supported.  The  Carnegie 
Foundation,  after  careful  investigation, 
classed  the  University  of  New  Mexico  as 
one  of  the  three  educational  institutions  of  the  southern 
half  of  the  United  States  maintaining  standards  sufficiently 
high  to  entitle  them  to  the  pension  fund  for  teachers.  The 
United  States  commisioner  of  education  ranks  the  New 
Mexico  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts  as 
one  of  the  six  most  efficient  agricultural  colleges  of  the 


The  University  of  New  Mexico,  located  at  Albuquer- 
que, has  more  than  one  hundred  students  doing  actual  col- 
lege work,  and  the  graduating  class  of  1914  numbered 
eighteen.  While  the  enrollment  and  the  number  of  grad- 
uates are  not  nearly  so  large  as  in  the  average  state  uni- 
versity, the  showing  is  an  excellent  one  when  it  is  consid- 
ered that  the  total  population  of  New  Mexico  is  little  more 
than  300.000,  and  that  the  Agricultural  College  and  two 
of  the  normal  schools  also  have  liberal  arts  courses. 

The  State  University  has  a  teaching  force  of  more  than 
twenty,  all  of  the  teachers  having  taken  degrees  in  the 
large  universities  and  most  of  them  having  taught  in  the 


nation.  The  New  Mexico  Military  Institute  is  rated  by 
the  War  Department  as  one  of  the  four  best  military 
schools  for  boys  in  the  United  Slates.  The  two  normal 
schools  are  rated  as  among  the  best  in  the  West,  the  nor- 
mal University  at  Lai  Vegai  having  the  largest  enrollment 
and  the  greatest  actual  average  attendance  of  any  normal 
school  in  the  Southwest. 


schools  from  which  they  were  graduated,  or  in  other  schools 
of  equally  high  rank. 

Students  able  to  take  the  required  examinations  of  the 
University  of  New  Mexico  can  enter  the  next  higher 
classes  in  Harvard,  Yale  or  Princeton. 

But  students  of  the  University  of  New  Mexico  have  the 
additional  advantage  of  close  acquaintance  with  all  of 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  Tig:  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-  74  — 


HTHE    LAIMD 


A1EXICO 
OF"    QF»  RORTUNITV 


the  members  of  the  faculty,  an  advantage  that  is  coming 
to  be  more  and  more  understood  in  this  country,  as  it  long 
has  been  understood  in  Oxford  University. 

The  New  Mexico  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic 
Arts  has  a  faculty  of  more  than  fifty  highly  trained  experts. 
It  is  fortunately  located  in  the  Mesilla  Valley,  the  center 
of  the  great  Elephant  Butte  dam  irrigation  project,  where 
all  of  the  phases  of  irrigated  farming,  orcharding  and 
truck  growing  are  encountered  by  the  student. 

All  that  is  found  in  the  best  agricultural  colleges  is 
found  in  the  Agricultural  College  of  New  Mexico. 

New  Mexico  has  three  normal  schools — The  New  Mex- 
ico Normal  University  at  Las  Vegas,  the  New  Mexico 
Normal  School  at  Silver  City  and  the  New  Mexico 
Spanish-American  Normal  at  El  Rito. 

The  training  given  at  all  of  these  schools  is  of  high 
order  and  the  combined  attendance  of  the  Normal  Uni- 
versity and  the  New  Mexico  Normal  is  far  higher,  in  pro- 
portion to  the  number  of  teachers  in  the  public  schools, 
than  is  the  attendance  in  the  normal  schools  of  any  other 
state  in  the  Union.  One  reason  for  this  fact  is  that  hun- 
dreds of  students  go  to  each  of  them  for  the  purpose  of 
securing  academic  education,  but  with  no  thought  of  en- 
gaging in  teaching  as  a  vocation. 

"Although  the  New  Mexico  Military  Institute  offers  all 
the  studies  which  lead  to  entrance  into  the  best  universities 
in  the  United  States,  its  chief  object  is  to  prepare  boys  for 
the  great  battle  of  life,  and  the  responsibilities  of  American 
manhood." 

In  these  words,  which  are  taken  from  the  catalogue  of 
the  New  Mexico  Military  Institute,  there  is  expressed  the 
ultimate  ideal  of  every  educational  institution  which  has 
any  claim  upon  the  favor  of  the  people.  To  prepare  boys 
for  the  battle  of  life  and  the  responsibilities  of  American 
manhood  is  indeed  a  noble  aim.  The  natural  inquiry  fol- 
lows— how  well  does  the  institution  fulfill  this  aim? 

To  answer  this  question  it  is  only  necessary  to  call  atten 
tion  again  to  the  fact  that  the  New  Mexico  Military  Insti- 
tute is  officially  recognized  as  one  of  the  first  four  military 
academies  in  the  United  States.  Its  graduates  attain  rank 
only  second  to  those  of  West  Point  in  Uncle  Sam's  army. 
It  has  received  the  highest  possible  praise  from  military 
experts  of  international  reputation.  Its  standard,  physical- 
ly, mentally  and  morally,  is  the  very  highest.  Any  young 
man  who  can  measure  up  to  its  requirements  is  fully  equip- 
ped for  the  responsibilities  of  American  manhood. 

From  both  the  State  and  the  United  States  the  institute 
has  received  liberal  appropriations.  Its  equipment  is  equal 
to  that  of  any  military  academy  in  the  United  States  out- 


side of  West  Point.  Its  discipline,  under  the  management 
of  Col.  James  W.  Willson,  the  superintendent  of  the  in- 
stitute, can  not  be  excelled  by  that  of  any  institution  in  the 
world.  Its  alumni  have  taken  high  rank  in  every  walk  of 
life  and  have  reflected  the  greatest  credit  upon  the  insti- 
tution. 

With  each  succeeding  year  the  usefulness  of  the  institute 
has  increased  and  by  the  same  token  its  popularity  has 
grown  until  it  is  now  recognized  as  second  to  none  in  the 
Southwest  in  the  training  of  young  men.  A  new  swimming 
pool  and  gymnasium  are  among  the  most  attractive  features 
of  the  institution  which  have  recently  been  installed. 

The  New  Mexico  Military  Institute  is  justly  proud  of 
the  records  that  are  being  made  by  its  graduates.  Its  di- 
ploma has  been  accredited  and  admits  the  holder  to  most 
colleges  without  examination.  Graduates  have  been  ad- 
mitted to  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  the 
Colorado  School  of  Mines,  Leland  Stanford  and  Harvard 
Universities,  Williams  College,  Colorado  College  and 
Washington  and  Lee  University.  The  last  two  colleges 
offer  a  scholarship  for  the  ensuing  year  to  be  awarded  by 
the  faculty  to  members  of  the  graduating  class  of  this  in- 
stitution. 

Located  at  Roswell,  in  the  heart  of  the  rich  Pecos  Val- 
ley, with  surroundings  tending  to  the  growth  of  the  moral 
and  cultural  side  of  life,  the  New  Mexico  Military  Insti- 
tute makes  a  strong  appeal  to  all  who  desire  well  rounded 
growth  in  the  young  man. 

When  it  is  considered  that  New  Mexico  is  one  of  the 
great  mining  states  of  the  Union,  that  the  entire  world  is  in 
large  part  dependent  upon  the  wealth  that  is  locked  within 
the  New  Mexico  hills  and  that  the  surface  of  those  hills 
has  barely  been  scratched  by  the  picks  of  the  pioneers  who 
have  worked  over  them,  it  does  not  require  any  argument 
to  show  that  a  college  which  turns  out  trained  mining  en- 
gineers, equipped  with  brain  and  brawn  to  exploit  the  mar- 
velous riches  of  the  State,  is  an  institution  which  appeals 
in  a  peculiar  manner  to  those  who  are  interested  in  the  ma- 
terial development  of  New  Mexico. 

Such  an  institution  is  the  New  Mexico  School  of  Mines, 
located  at  Socorro  in  the  heart  of  one  of  the  richest  mining 
sections  of  the  State.  To  turn  out  young  men  fitted  to 
meet  the  problems  that  will  confront  the  builders  of  the 
State  for  the  next  half  century — young  men  who  can  make 
two  blades  of  grass  grow  where  only  one  grew  before — 
young  men  who  can  see  beyond  the  bleak  rocks  that  line  the 
highway  and  discern  the  precious  metal  that  is  hidden  from 
the  gaze  of  the  untutored  man — is  the  mission  of  the  School 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STAT 


—  75  — 


1VIE3 W 

THE    LAISlDOfr 


of  Mines,  and  that  it  is  performing  its  mission  well  is  shown 
by  the  record  of  its  graduates  all  through  the  West. 

Under  the  presidency  of  Dr.  Fayette  A.  Jones,  one  of 
the  most  skilled  geologists  and  metallurgists  in  the  United 
States  and  a  man  of  international  reputation  as  an  educa- 
tor, the  New  Mexico  School  of  Mines  has  made  rapid 
strides.  The  growth  of  the  institution  and  the  increase  in 
its  attendance  are  a  tribute  to  his  executive  ability  and  the 
intelligent  manner  in  which  he  has  conducted  the  affairs  of 
the  college. 

"The  ideal  to  which  the  New  Mexico  State  School  of 
Mines  tenaciously  holds  is  the  practical  directing  of  young 
men  to  take  active  part  in  the  development  of  the  mineral 
wealth  of  the  world."  Such  is  the  avowed  purpose  of  the 


institution,  and  those  who  have  had  an  opportunity  to  ob- 
serve its  work  will  readily  concede  that  this  purpose  is  being 
accomplished. 

Courses  in  mining  engineering,  metallurgical  engineering, 
geological  engineering  and  civil  engineering  are  given  at 
the  college.  The  best  educational  talent  available  is  em- 
ployed to  teach  the  several  branches  mentioned  and  the 
facilities  offered  the  students  for  original  research  are  such 
that  no  young  man  attending  this  institution  who  has  a 
mind  to  learn  and  a  will  to  accomplish  the  objects  for 
which  he  attends  college  can  justly  say,  after  he  has  fin- 
ished his  course,  that  he  has  not  had  the  best  possible  ad- 
vantages in  the  line  which  he  is  pursuing. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE_SUNSHINE  STATED 

—  76  - 


THE  CARLSBAD  PROJECT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
RECLAMATION  SERVICE 


BY    FRANCIS    G.    TRACY 


RRIGATION  in  a  large  way  in  Eddy 
County  had  its  origin  under  what  is  now 
called  the  Carlsbad  Project  in  1888,  whei 
a  corporation  founded  by  Charles  B.  Eddy, 
who  was  then  engaged  in  the  cattle  business 
with  headquarters  near  Seven  Rivers  on  the 
Pecoi  nver,  took  out  a  small  diversion  ditch  from  the  east 
side  of  the  river,  a  few  miles  above  the  present  Avalor* 
dam,  and  began  to  cultivate  and  prove  up  on  lands  in  the 
present  La  Huerta;  and  by  means  of  wooden  flumes  car- 
ried the  water  across  the  river  to  the  site  of  the  present 
town  of  Carlsbad  (at  first  called  Eddy),  and  beyond 
Dark  Canyon,  covering  the  river  lands  as  far  south  as  the 
rocky  bluff  above  the  present  site-  of  the  Public  Utilities 
Company's  dam. 

At  that  time  Roswell's  supplies  and  mail  were  brought 


Torres'  Lake,  were  the  only  signs  of  habitation  in  the  more 
than  1 50-mile  stretch  between  the  settlement  at  Roswell 
and  Pecos  on  the  Texas  &  Pacific.  All  cattle  watered  at 
the  streams  and  surface  lakes;  and  east  of  the  Pecos,  ex- 
cept for  Clayton  Wells,  there  was  practically  nothing. 

The  vision  of  two  men  gave  the  needed  impulse  to  start 
the  development  which  has  created  two  of  the  banner 
counties  of  New  Mexico, — Chaves  and  Eddy;  and  has 
made  the  Pecos  Valley  a  household  word  throughout  the 
United  States.  The  nucleus  of  all  this  modern  develop- 
ment was  at  Carlsbad. 

Charles  W.  Greene,  then  editor  of  the  Santa  Fe  New 
Mexican,  making  a  trip  for  his  paper  through  veritable 
terra  incognita,  alone  in  a  one-horse  cart,  became  deeply 
impressed  with  the  wonderful  possibilities  cf  this  fertile  wil- 
derness. A  night  at  Eddy's  Ranch,  where  these  two  en- 


LAKE    MCMILLAN    STORAGE    RESERVOIR — CARLSBAD  PROJECT 


from  Las  Vegas  largely  by  Mexican  freighters  with  ox 
teams.  Roswell  consisted  of  a  dozen  houses  and  a  couple 
of  stores.  The  nearest  railway  was  the  Texas  &  Pacific, 
eighty-nine  miles  south  of  "Eddy".  A  sheep  camp  at 
Screwbeam,  a  postoffice  and  two  or  three  dwellings  at 
Lookout  on  Black  river,  and  the  same  at  Seven  Rivers; 
"Bob  Gilbert's"  house  on  the  Penasco;  and  a  house  at 


thusiasts  swapped  dreams,  exchanged  air  castles  and  be- 
came mutually  enamoured  of  each  others*  capabilities,  a 
compact  was  formed  for  the  full  development  of  the  en- 
tire irrigation  possibilities  of  the  Pecos  watershed  from 
Roswell  to  the  Texas  line,  and  beyond  to  Pecos. 

A  corporation  was  fprmed  with  Eddy,  Greene  and  Pat 
Garrett  as  the  chief  directors  and  shareholders.     Eddy  and 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATED 

—  77  — 


"THE:  LAND 


Garrett  were  to  furnish  promotion  funds  and  obtain  the 
necessary  land  filings;  Greene  was  to  be  general  manager, 
and  went  to  Chicago  to  find  wherewithal  to  fill  the  treasury 
and  pay  for  the  construction  necessary  to  start  the  "boom" 
which  was  confidently  expected  to  meet  all  contingencies 
and  bring  unlimited  fortunes  to  the  promoters. 

It  was  soon  found  that  the  expense  of  development  was 
far  greater  than  anticipated  and  James  J.  Hagerman  of 
Colorado  Springs,  then  in  the  zenith  of  his  financial  power, 
became  interested  in  the  work  and  assumed  control  of  the 
company  in  1890,  and  had  entire  direction  of  the  de- 
velopment. 

In  1 893  Mr.  Greene  failed,  and  shortly  afterwards  both 
he  and  Mr.  Eddy  disposed  of  their  interests  in  the  Pecos 
Valley. 

Through    the    following   years   of   financial   stress   and 


Financial  embarassment,  coupled  with  flood  disaster  to 
Avalon  dam.  necessitated  the  sale  of  water  rights  and  irri- 
gation works  at  Carlsbad  to  the  United  States  Reclamation 
Service  in  1906.  The  price  paid,  $150,000,  was  ap- 
proximately ten  cents  on  each  dollar  of  original  construc- 
tion expenditure.  Since  then  the  Reclamation  Service  has 
already,  or  will  in  the  near  future,  have  expended  $1 ,250,- 
000  in  repairs,  betterments  and  extensions  of  the  work  to 
make  what,  when  completed,  will  undoubtedly  represent 
the  most  perfect  irrigation  system  that  the  art  of  man  can 
provide.  The  Carlsbad  Project  as  it  now  stands  com- 
prises two  storage  reservoirs,  formed  by  dams  thrown 
across  the  Pecos  river;  the  larger.  Lake  McMillan,  ca- 
pacity 70,000  acre  feet,  twelve  miles  north  of  Carlsbad, 
and  the  smaller.  Lake  Avalon,  capacity  7,000  acre  feet, 
half  that  distance.  From  the  latter  is  taken  the  main 


\<  1:1  1 1     \«..i  i  in  i  -i    M  icnss  i-i:<  os  i:i\  1:1:— <  \m.sii\i>   1-1 


physical  disasters,  through  flood  and  personal  ill  health, 
Mr.  Hagerman  stood  undaunted  by  the  valley.  He  com- 
pleted the  construction  works  as  planned,  and  by  building 
the  railroad  from  Pecos  to  Amarillo  assured  the  perman- 
ence and  safety  of  every  individual  investment  in  the  val- 
ley, and  undoubtedly  brought  about  by  his  tale  to  the 
Santa  Fe  the  early  construction  of  the  Belen  cut-off. 

It  is  a  curious  coincidence  that,  in  spite  of  the  tremen- 
dous natural  resources  of  this  entire  region  and  the  wonder- 
ful development  that  has  taken  place,  creating  fortunes  for 
many  individuals  and  furnishing  livelihood  for  many  thou- 
sands, there  has  never  been  a  profitable  promotion  scheme 
in  the  entire  main  program  necessary  to  attain  this  success. 


canal,  starting  on  the  east  bank  of  the  river  and  crossing 
to  the  west  side  three  miles  below  in  an  enormous  concrete 
flume,  consisting  of  four  arches  each  100-foot  span  by  25- 
foot  spring  in  the  clear,  the  intermediate  supports  each  with 
a  contact  of  25  by  8  feet  upon  the- concrete  rock  of  the 
river  bed,  with  massive  approaches  at  each  end  resting  upon 
the  same  rock,  and  a  waterway  above,  20  feet  wide  by 
1 8  feet  deep  in  the  clear,  and  500  feet  long,  with  railway 
iron  reinforcements  every  four  feet  in  the  floor,  sides  and 
across  the  top.  The  piers  and  arches  are  not  monolithic; 
but  the  forms  were  built  and  the  concrete  poured  in  upon 
the  principals  of  masonry  arch  construction  with  a  "key- 
stone" at  the  top  of  each  arch,  and  are  without  reinforce- 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  78  — 


ment  of  any  description,  except  that  the  keystone,  forming 
part  of  the  floor  of  the  waterway,  contains  its  proportion 
of  the  rails  above  referred  to. 

This  unique  and  impressive  structure,  standing  in  close 


miles,  passing  Carlsbad,  Otis  and  Loving,  crossing  Black 
river,  and  terminating  a  few  miles  beyond  Malaga. 

Embraced  under  this  system  are  20,000  acres  originally 
watered    by   the    Reclamation    Service    and    about    5,000 


TUNNEL  SPILLWAY-OUTLET — CARI.SHA  l> 
PROJECT— LAKE  AVALON 

proximity  to  one  of  the  great  natural  wonders  of  the 
Pecos  Valley — the  famous  Carlsbad  Spring,  from  which 
the  town  and  project  both  take  their  names — affords  one 
of  the  most  popular  attractions  for  visitors  and  sight-seers, 
and  is  a  favorite  resort  for  the  people  of  Carlsbad,  two 


SYSTEM  OF  HEAD-GATES  USED  ON  MAIN 
LATERALS — CARLSBAD   PROJECT 

miles  away.      From  here  the  main  canal  as  now  in  use 
extends  on  the  west  side  of  the  river   for  about  twenty 


TUNNEL  SPILLWAY-INTAKE — CAHLSBAD 
PROJECT— LAKE  AVALON 

acres   recently   alloted   water   which   will   be   delivered   in 
1915. 

The  McMillan  Dam,  a  rock  structure  with  earth  apron 
1686  feet  long,  and  raised  by  the  government  to  55  feet 
in  height,  has  withstood  every  onset  of  the  Pecos  river 
since  originally  constructed  in  1893  and  is  felt  to  be  im- 
pregnable. It  impounds  the  most  extensive  and  beautiful 
body  of  water  to  be  found  in  the  State  of  New  Mexico, 
and  will  only  be  exceeded  in  size  by  the  Elephant  Butte 
reservoir. 

The  Avalon  dam  is  a  rock  fill  structure  similar  to  Mc- 
Millan, but  owing  to  location  necessitating  spillways  at 
each  end  of  the  dam,  is  strengthened  with  a  concrete  and 
sheet  pile  core  wall  and  furnished  with  two  spillways  of 
unique  and  different  types.  On  the  west  is  a  concrete  curved 
overflow  wall  400  feet  long  with  a  concrete  spill  base.  On 
the  east,  two  massive  tunnels  through  solid  rock  discharge 
into  the  river  bed,  when  open  a  seething  torrent  comparable 
only  to  the  Horse  Shoe  Rapids  of  Niagara,  and  well 
worth  a  special  trip  across  the  continent  to  see. 

From  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Avalon  nightly  may  be 
seen  one  of  the  wonders  of  the  universe,  constantly  recur- 
ring but  never  repeated, — the  magnificent  New  Mexico 
sunset,  painted  in  the  flaming  colors  of  God's  palette  upon 
the  sky  above  the  rugged  foothills  of  the  Guadalupe  moun- 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  79  — 


LAND 


A1EXICO 

or* 


tains,  and  reflected  in  a  thousand  softer  hues  from  the  placid 
waters  of  the  lake  below. 

The  main  canal  following  the  necessary  contour  of  the 
valley,  affords  not  only  interesting  examples  of  engineering 
skill  and  different  types  of  concrete  structures,  among 


SECTION    OF    MAIN    CANAL    CAItI.SHAI>    l'ICO.1l.(   I 

which  may  be  mentioned  an  inverted  syphon  400  feet 
long  and  6  feet  in  diameter  passing  the  entire  water  supply 
under  a  typical  torrential  dry  canyon;  but  many  pretty 
water  scenes  are  found  and  from  its  elevation  extended 
views  of  the  irrigated  section  between  it  and  the  river  in 
sharp  contrast  with  the  desert  plain  upon  the  other  side. 

Cementing  of  this  canal  is  rapidly  proceeding  and  this 
and  a  complete  drainage  system  for  the  entire  project  are 
among  the  more  immediate  plans  of  the  Reclamation  Ser- 
vice for  the  comfort  and  security  of  the  settlers. 

The  skillful,  substantial  and  permanent  character  of  all 
the  government  engineering  structures  at  once  attracts  and 
holds  the  interested  attention  of  the  prospective  settler. 
When  he  reflects  that  this  work  is  done  not  for  profit  of 
some  corporation,  but  for  the  sole  benefit  of  the  irrigator 
himself,  and  that  the  re-payment  is  required  in  annual  in- 
stallments covering  a  total  period  of  twenty  years  without 
interest  charge,  he  can  at  once  appreciate  the  scope  of  op- 
portunity offered  by  his  government  to  the  man  who  will 
make  two  blade*  of  grass  grow  where  none  has  grown 
before. 

It  is  possible  that  some  of  the  work  done  might  be  done 
more  cheaply  by  private  enterprise;  but  when  one  consider* 
that  the  payment*  required  average  only  five  per  cent  upon 
the  total  cost  annually,  and  that  the  only  limit  placed  upon 
the  loan  is  the  amount  necessary  to  do  whatever  will  pro- 
duce the  be*t  results,  there  can  be  no  question  of  the  im- 


mediate and  permanent  superiority  of  the  settler's  conditions 
and  prospects  under  government  irrigation  as  compared 
with  the  best  of  private  enterprises  offering  only  equal 
acreage  and  equivalent  climatic  and  marketing  conditions. 
The  Carlsbad  Project  without  fear  of  successful  con- 
tradiction claims  to  offer  the  best  inducements  of  any  of 
the  government  projects  in  the  following  particulars: 

1 .  Climate  and  Health :    The  best  in  New  Mexico  and 
the  best  all  year  in  the  United  States. 

2.  Diversity  of  Crops:     The  greatest  of  any  govern- 
ment project  not  even  excepting  the  Rio  Grande. 

3.  Closer  proximity  to  market,  owing  to  geographical 
situation  and  railway  connections. 

4.  The  highest  prices  for  staple  products,  such  as  al- 
falfa, grains  and  fruits. 

5.  The  most  favorable  conditions  for  profitable  live- 
stock production  for  either  breeder  or  feeder.     A  perfect 
climate  for  winter  feeding  without  shelter. 

6.  A  most  abundant  water  supply  constantly  increas- 
ing.    A  friable  and  easily  tilled  soil,  whose  large  potash 
content  is  continually  replenished  from  the  irrigating  water, 
whose  nitrogen  is  drawn  by  alfalfa  from  the  atmosphere, 
and   which   requires  only   occasional   light   application   of 
phosphoric  acid  and  wise  husbandry  to  increase  steadily  in 
productive  capacity. 

7.  All  crops  produced  are  above  the  average  in  quality. 


MI   iii"|.  or  lltltK.  \  i  ION     MII  M.  oiuilAKI) — 
<    \  KI.SII  \l>    IMIO.IF.CT 

I  his  applies  not  only  to  fruits  and  garden  products  but 
to  the  staples  such  a*  alfalfa,  cotton  and  corn. 

A  brief  explanation  of  these  claims  may  reasonably 
be  demanded. 

Situated  in  the  southeast  corner  of  the  State,  and  pro- 
tected on  the  west  by  the  Guadalupe  range  of  mountains, 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE 


—  80  — 


9,500  feet  high,  and  less  than  30  miles  distant,  while  their 
foothills  run  down  to  Carlsbad  and  cross  the  Pecos  on  the 
north,  forming  a  sheltering  barrier  14  miles  wfde  to  divert 
every  threatening  Texas  norther,  the  Carlsbad  Project  has 
the  lowest  altitude  and  mildest  climate  in  the  "Sunshine 
State".  For  the  same  climatic  reason  every  known  crop 
suited  to  any  portion  of  the  temperate  zone  may  be  pro- 
duced: Cotton,  out-grading  any  of  the  Texas  districts; 
Indian  corn,  as  good  as  the  corn  belt  and  as  productive; 
winter  oats,  wheat,  barley  and  rye,  alfalfa,  peaches  that 
top  the  markets  anywhere  in  the  states;  winter  apples,  to- 
matoes, celery,  cantaloupes,  watermelons,  Denia  onions, 
sweet  potatoes,  asparagus  in  March, — the  list  is  practically 
unlimited.  Where  can  it  be  duplicated? 

Situated  upon  the  Santa  Fe  railway  which  runs  through 
the  entire  project  from  north  to  south,  and  connects  with 
the  Texas  &  Pacific  at  Pecos,  Texas,  the  markets  of  the 
whole  country  are  open  to  the  Carlsbad  project,  while  no 
farm  is  distant  over  three  miles  from  a  shipping  point.  We 
are  nearer  the  East  than  any  other  government  project  by 
many  miles,  while  the  South  right  at  our  door  is  the  great- 
est alfalfa  market  of  the  United  States;  and  the  great  and 
growing  state  of  Texas  after  August  1  st  each  year  is  al- 
ways in  a  state  of  drought,  offering  a  market  for  everything 
we  can  produce. 

Unlimited  range  production  of  livestock  on  all  sides  of 
the  project  maintains  a  high  local  market  for  grains  and 
cotton-seed,  and  furnishes  abundant  opportunity  for  the 
purchase  of  livestock  for  feeding  purposes,  while  the  con- 
stant sunshine  and  dry  winters  do  away  with  need  of  shelter 
and  reduce  the  maintenance  rations  of  livestock  from 
33  1  -3  per  cent  to  50  per  cent  of  those  required  by  north- 
ern feeders. 

The  same  condition  reduces  largely  the  cost  of  living 
during  the  winter  months. 

The  topography  of  the  Pecos  Valley  is  such  thai  no 
reservoir  site  is  available  from  McMillan  north  for  nearly 
200  miles.  The  entire  run-off  of  the  Pecos  flood  waters  is 
therefore  available  for  storage  for  use  of  the  Carlsbad 


Project;  another  reservoir  site  between  Avalon  and  Mc- 
Millan reserved  for  the  use  of  the  project  will  doubtless  be 
utilized  for  a  large  increase  in  the  irrigable  area.  The 
supply  has  been  estimated  as  ample  for  75,000  acres.  It 
is  confidently  expected  that  50,000  to  60,000  acres  will 
soon  be  reclaimed.  Meanwhile  an  extensive  area  of  flow- 
ing artesian  wells  extending  from  Lakewood  to  Roswell, 
about  sixty  miles,  is  constantly  increasing  the  return  flow 
into  the  Pecos  river  above  Carlsbad,  without  expense  or 
risk  to  our  water  users. 

In  every  acre  foot  of  irrigating  water  applied  to  our 
lands  is  contained  fifty  pounds  of  available  potash — not 
made  in  Germany!  For  the  full  use  of  this  potash  the 
phosphoric  acid  must  be  replenished  in  our  soils,  either  by 
manuring,  stock-feeding  or  by  applying  high-grade  acid 
phosphate. 

The  great  supply  of  sunlight  and  high  mineral  content 
of  the  soil,  coupled  with  the  ability  to  furnish  just  the 
proper  amount  of  moisture  required  by  every  crop,  together 
assure  the  highest  quality  of  all  products.  This  has  been 
repeatedly  demonstrated  by  market  returns. 

At  the  National  Irrigation  Congress  at  Albuquerque, 
Eddy  County  won  the  Hearst  trophy  for  best  county  ex- 
hibit, not  only  in  competition  with  the  New  Mexico  coun- 
ties, but  with  the  leading  counties  of  Arizona,  California, 
Colorado,  Idaho,  Oregon,  Utah  and  Washington.  The 
great  counties  of  Los  Angeles,  Fresno  and  Maricopa  com- 
peted and  were  beaten.  Eddy  County  won  chiefly  because 
of  great  variety  of  products ;  secondly,  because  of  the'  high 
quality  of  everything  shown.  While  the  whole  county  was 
represented  in  this  exhibit  the  great  proportion  of  products 
came  from  the  Carlsbad  Project  itself. 

Under  the  Carlsbad  Project  is  a  good  place  to  live 
because  of  climate  and  natural  advantages,  because  of  op- 
portunities offered,  because  of  its  people,  its  churches, 
schools,  roads,  telephones,  electricity  for  lights  and  power. 
Because  of  its  past  achievements,  its  present  opportunities 
and  its  future  prospects.  Come! 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  81  — 


THE  ELEPHANT  BUTTE  DAM 

UNITED  STATES  RECLAMATION   SERVICE'S  LATEST  TRIUMPH 

BY  JOHN  LFISK  TAIT 


HE  keystone  of  the  Elephant  Butte  reclama- 
tion project,  and  the  most  gigantic  thing  of 
its  kind  ever  undertaken  by  the  United  States 
government,  is  the  Elephant  Butte  dam. 

This  huge  monolith  of  cyclopean  concrete 
is  located  at  Elephant  Butte,  New  Mexico, 
fourteen  miles  west  of  Engle,  on  the  Rio  Grande.  It  is 
1 ,200  feet  long  on  top.  It  is  2 1  5  feet  wide  at  the  bottom. 
It  rises  304.5  feet  from  its  bed  upon  the  solid  rock,  85 
feet  below  the  bed  of  the  river  to  the  top  of  the  parapet 
wall.  It  is  surmounted  by  a  roadway  sixteen  feet  wide. 


From  solid  rock  in  the  east  wall  of  the  canyon  to  solid 
rock  in  the  west  wall  of  the  canyon,  it  knits  across  and 
down  to  the  solid  rock  far  below  the  bed  of  the  river — an 
immovable,  imperishable  door  against  which  all  the  wrath 
and  caprice  of  the  great  stream  will  be  forever  exerted  in 
vain.  It  is  pierced  by  twelve  openings,  and  these  openings 
are  controlled  by  gates  which  the  cunning  of  man  has  com- 
pelled the  river  itself  to  operate  for  him  at  his  will.  The 
formidable  stream  is  bound  and  haltered.  It  is  bitted  and 
hobbled,  and  henceforth  must  obey  as  a  well-broken  steed 
obeys  his  master's  behests. 


i   i  I   III  \s  I      I  '.I   n  I      l>  \M 


I  <  M.KIM,     NOKTH  FROM   KAST  lt\\H  -  NOTI     M.I  i<  i     i  I  x  M  I 
•.MI~.    \M.   I.XMIIM.    IT  \TPORM 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  82  — 


L-A1SID 


MEXICO 
OF" 


There  are  550,000  cubic  yards  of  concrete  in  this  tre- 
mendous dam.  Reduced  to  avoirdupois,  this  means 
2,200,000,000  pounds  of  made  stone.  And  this  enormous 
mass  of  manufactured  rock  is  set  upon  foundations  grouted 
to -a  depth  of  40  feet  below  the  base  of  the  dam  through 


THE  BIG  FLUMES  (NOW  CLOSED)  HY  WHICH  THE 

1:10  GRANDE  WAS  CONDUCTED  PAST  THE  DAM 

WHILE  THE  LATTER  WAS  BEING  BUILT 

drilled  holes  ten  feet  from  center  to  center.  Grout  is  a 
cement  soup.  This  has  been  forced  at  high  pressure  down 
into  holes  bored  40  feet  below  the  surface  on  which  the 
dam  rests,  and,  permeating  all  cracks  in  the  natural  rock 
foundation,  has  bound  it  into  one  unbroken  and  unbreak- 
able mass. 

Every  possible  precaution  has  been  taken  to  guard  against 
damage  to  the  big  dam,  from  whatever  source.  The  chief 
source  from  which  damage  is  to  be  apprehended  in  a  struc- 


THE  ELEPHANT  BUTTE  DAM  IS  NOW  ABOUT 
80  PER  CENT  COMPLETED 


ture  of  this  sort  is  the  undue  absorption  of  water.  This, 
in  time,  weakens  the  concrete — lessens  its  cohesiveness. 
Two  measures  have  been  taken  to  prevent  this. 

The  first  of  these  consists  of  a  double  line  of  drainage 
holes  running  the  whole  length  of  the  dam  and  emptying 
into  a  spacious  drainage  chamber  which  discharges  near 
the  base  of  the  dam  on  its  lower  side.  These  drainage 
holes  are  eight  feet  from  center  to  center.  They  vary  in 
diameter  from  eight  to  twelve  inches. 

The  second  is  an  inch-thick  coating  of  grout  on  the  up- 
stream face  of  the  dam.  This  is  applied  at  high  pressure 
by  a  "cement  gun".  The  cement  gun  is  merely  an  air- 
brush on  a  gigantic  scale.  It  uses  compressed  air  to  drive 
a  thin  spray  of  liquid  cement  mixture  hard  against  the 
surface  of  the  dam.  The  great  force  with  which  this  is 
applied  renders  it  so  solid  that  when  once  it  has  dried  it  is 
practically  water-proof.  It  is  a  great  protection  to  the 
concrete  fabric  lying  behind  it. 


TWO    OF    THE    BIG     BALANCE    VALVES    BY    WHICH 

THE    FLOW    OF   WATER   WILL   BE   REGULATED 

FOR   IRRIGATION    PURPOSES 

Another  menace  to  the  dam  is  found  in  the  alternate  ex- 
pansion and  contraction  induced  by  changing  temperature. 
This  has  been  provided  against  in  tongue-and-grcove  ex- 
pansion joints  placed  at  adequate  intervals  along  the  whole 
length  of  the  dam. 

Piercing  the  dam  at  varying  elevations  are  six  penstocks. 
These  are  intended  to  be  used  in  connection  with  a  larg; 
hydro-electric  plant  in  converting  the  water  power  devel- 
oped when  the  water  stored  behind  the  dam  is  released  for 
irrigation  purposes  into  electricity.  This  electricity  is  to  be 
used  to  run  various  machinery  in  the  valleys  below,  as  well 
as  to  pump  water  for  irrigation  upon  the  adjacent  mesas. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  83 


The  Elephant  Butte  dam  will  create  the  largest  artificial 
lake  of  its  kind  in  the  world.  This  lake  will  have  a  shore 
line  of  200  miles  and  an  average  depth  of  66  feet.  It  will 
store  862.200.000.000  gallons  of  water.  This  is  water 
enough  to  spread  more  than  two  feet  deep  over  the  whole 
state  of  Delaware.  It  is  water  enough  to  perfectly  irrigate 
the  whole  180.000  acres  of  land  included  in  the  Elephant 
Butte  project  for  nearly  three  years  without  a  single  drop 
added  to  it.  In  other  words,  if  the  river  should  dry  up 
and  no  rain  fall  for  nearly  three  years,  there  would  be  no 
water  famine  in  the  lands  under  the  Elephant  Butte  project. 

This  great  dam  is  now  so  near  completion  that  water  is 
already  being  stored  behind  it,  and  this  water  will  be  avail- 
able for  irrigating  the  1915  crops.  In  addition  to  this, 
work  is  in  full  swing  on  the  construction  of  the  system  of 
canals  and  ditches  and  diversion  dams  by  means  of  which 
this  water  is  to  be  delivered  to  the  lands  under  the  project. 
The  Elephant  Butte  dam  itself  will  cost,  when  complete. 
$7,200,000.  The  diversion  dam  at  Leasburg,  already 


finished,  is  a  fine  piece  of  concrete  construction.  Another 
diversion  dam  is  being  built  a  few  miles  below  Las  Cruces. 
This  will  cost  $100,000  and  will  be  topped  with  a  per- 
manent roadway  across  the  Rio  Grande.  The  Franklin 
diversion  dam  just  above  El  Paso  is  already  completed. 
By  means  of  these  several  diversion  dams,  the  channel  of 
the  river  will  be  utilized  as  a  main  canal  over  much  of  the 
project,  thus  vastly  reducing  the  excavation  which  would 
otherwise  be  necessary. 

Some  conception  of  the  relative  size  and  importance  of 
the  Elephant  Butte  dam  may  be  had  from  the  fact  that  it 
will  store  more  than  twice  as  much  water  as  the  celebrated 
Roosevelt  dam.  It  will  store  fifty  per  cent  more  water  than 
the  great  dam  built  by  the  British  government  at  Assouan, 
in  Egypt.  It  is  the  greatest  triumph  of  the  Reclamation 
bureau,  not  only  as  an  engineering  feat  but  because  of  the 
actual  service  it  will  render — a  service  which  is  at  once 
augmented  and  made  possible  by  the  character  of  the  lands 
which  it  is  to  serve. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

84 


PART   TWO 


The  Counties  and  Cities 
of  New  Mexico 


THEIR  INDUSTRIES,  RESOURCES  AND  THE 
MANIFOLD  OPPORTUNITIES  OFFERED  THE 
INVESTOR,  HOMESEEKER,  HEALTHSEEKER 
TOURIST,  RANCHER  AND  MINER  ^  ^ 


NEW  MEXICO'S  ERA  OF 


I.I  M  KM 

COLONIZATION 

AGENT 


PROSPERITY 

BY  C.  L.  SEAGRAVES 


ATCHISON.  TOPEKA 

AND  SANTA  Fb 

RAILWAY 


HE  war  in  Europe  will  make  a  difference  in 
the  Southwest,  where  it  will  put  a  premium 
upon  every  remaining  untilled,  arable  acre 
of  its  five  great  valleys,  extensive  plains  and 
mesas.  The  reason  is  that  more  kinds  of  pro- 
ducts can  be  raised  in  greater  abundance  in 
this  section  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  countrry.  The 
long  growing  seasons,  the  deep,  rich  soils,  incomparable 
climate,  abundance  of  water  where  needed  for  irrigation 
the  absence  of  necessity  for  expensive  buildings  for  the 
protection  of  stock,  and  unexcelled  railway  facilities,  make 
it  the  dependable  source  from  which  may  be  drawn  the 
big  demands  of  home  and  foreign  markets. 

New  Mexico  has  secured  a  three-ply  guarantee  from 
Uncle  Sam.  Within  its  borders  are  three  government  irri- 
gation projects, — the  Hondo,  Carlsbad  and  Rio  Grande. 
The  Elephant  Butte  dam  of  the  Rio  Grande  project  im- 
pounds water  from  the  Rio  Grande  river,  forming  a  reser- 
voir forty  -  five  miles  long  that  averages  one  and  three- 
quarter  miles  wide  and  sixty-six  feet  deep.  The  computed 
capacity  of  the  reservoir  is  2,642,292  acre  feet.  The 
project  embraces  about  155,000  acres  of  land,  lying  in 
south-central  New  Mexico  and  extreme  southwest  Texas. 
The  cost  of  the  project  approximates  $8.000,000.  With 
the  exception  of  tropic  fruits,  practically  every  requirement 
of  the  markets  of  the  world  could  be  supplied,  at  least 
partially,  from  this  great  valley,  providing  its  acres  all 
were  under  cultivation. 

The  Mimbres  Valley  of  today  it  a  shining  example  of 
the  wonderi  wrought  by  the  magic  of  the  pump  when  con- 
ditions are  right.  In  the  Deming  district  of  the  Mimbres 
Valley  of  New  Mexico  we  find  an  erstwhile  cattle  range 


converted  into  innumerable  truck  gardens,  producing 
orchards,  alfalfa  and  grain  fields,  where,  as  in  other  sec- 
tions of  New  Mexico,  much  is  being  done  to  assist  the  new- 
comer and  make  straight  his  path  in  the  direction  of 
prosperity. 

The  Carlsbad  project  embraces  the  southern  section  of 
the  Pecos  Valley  that  forms  the  southeastern  part  of  New 
Mexico.  This  project  is  comparatively  small  when  con- 
trasted with  that  of  the  Rio  Grande,  but  is  of  relative  im- 
portance to  the  community  whose  lands  it  reclaims  and 
causes  to  produce  in  abundance  practically  everything  and 
anything  not  of  the  tropic*. 

Alfalfa  and  apples,  peaches  and  pears,  have  long  made 
the  Pecos  Valley  famous.  There  is  a  shallow  water  and 
an  artesian  belt  included  in  the  territory  known  as  the 
Pecos  Valley  of  New  Mexico.  This  territory  is  attract- 
ing many  who  desire  assured  returns  on  their  investment  of 
money  and  labor. 

In  northeastern  New  Mexico,  all  the  way  from  Springer 
to  and  including  Las  Vegas  territory,  there  is  a  prosperous 
general  farming  and  stock-raising  country.  A  number  of 
private  irrigation  projects  have  been  developed  successfully 
and  a  particularly  promising  future  is  foretold  by  a  pros- 
perous present. 

Although  its  resources  are  scarcely  more  than  tapped, 
New  Mexico  is  recognized  as  rich  in  mineral  wealth.  It 
also  has  a  wool  producing  record  to  be  proud  of. 

Therefore,  on  the  strength  of  its  ability  to  deliver  the 
goods  to  uncle  Sam.  who  already  has  begun  his  gigantic 
task  of  feeding  the  world.  New  Mexico  invites  to  share 
its  increasing  prosperity  every  energetic,  progressive  farmer 
who  has  an  ambition  to  better  his  circumstances. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


MIMBRES  HOT  SPRINGS 


RY  SAMUEL  T.  CLARK 


OMPARATIVELY  little  is  known  to  the 
outside  world  are  New  Mexico's  many  hot 
and  medicinal  springs,  of  which  one  of  the 
most  interesting  groups  are  the  Membres  Hot 
springs,  thirty-eight  miles  from  Deming,  the 
seat  of  Luna  County.  These  springs,  acces- 
sible as  they  are  to  a  railroad  center  where  three  transcon- 
tinental systems  meet,  and  easily  reached  over  a  goad  au- 
tomobile road,  parts  of  which  approximate  a  boulevarde, 
are  rapidly  becoming  better  and  more  widely  known, 
though  it  would  be  difficult  to  praise  them  more  highly 
than  they  are  being  praised  at  present. 

The  reason  is  not  far  to  seek,  for  the  waters  of  the  two 
score  and  more  springs  which  have  temperatures  of  150  de- 
grees or  more  have  demonstrated  a  wonderful  curative 
value  in  the  treatment  of  rheumatism,  gout,  anaemia,  ve- 
nereal diseases,  nervous  troubles  and  affections  of  the 
bowels  and  kidneys.  That  this  curative  value  is  real  is 
evidenced  by  the  residence  of  a  physician,  not  financially 
interested  in  the  exploitation  of  the  springs,  in  the  settle- 
ment centered  around  them  for  the  last  seven  years.  This 
physician,  who  has  employed  the  curative  waters  of  the 
springs  in  the  treatment  of  many  cases,  is  a  strong  advocate 
of  their  use  because  of  the  success  which  he  has  attained 
through  them. 

The  Mimbres  Hot  springs  are  located  amid   the  most 


SAN  JUAN   HIM,  AT  MIMBRES  HOT  SPRINGS 

picturesque  surroundings,  at  an  altitude  of  6,000  feet. 
The  temperature,  however,  is  warmer  than  would  be  ex- 
pected at  such  an  altitude  because  the  heat  from  the 
springs  affects  the  whole  basin  in  which  they  lie.  Some- 


times this  effect  is  so  great  that  plants  and  shrubs  growing 
along  the  stream  which  flows  from  the  springs  remain  green 
through  bitter  frosts.  The  springs  are  near  the  thickly 
wooded  slopes  of  Mount  Sawyer  in  the  Blanck  range. 


, 


MIMBRES   HOT    SPRINGS,    SHOWING    LOCATION 
OP    HOTEL, 

close  enough  to  the  mountain  country  to  make  hunting  easy 
and  yet  not  too  far  from  a  modern  community  for  easy 
access. 

The  route  to  the  Mimbres  Hot  springs  runs  for  the  first 
half  of  its  length  along  the  beautiful  highways  of  the 
Mimbres  Valley,  crossing  the  bridge  over  the  dry  bed  of 
the  Mimbres  near  that  city  and  then  heading  straight  for 
Mount  Cook.  When  this  river  is  next  crossed  it  is  at 
Dyer,  where  it  is  bankful  of  cool,  crystal-clear  mountain 
water,  busily  on  its  way  to  the  fertile  fields  of  the  valley 
below.  Then  the  road  lies  through  the  alfalfa  fields  and 
the  famous  orchards  of  the  upper  Mimbres,  sheltered  on 
either  side  by  the  hills  that  sometimes  close  up  to  form  al- 
most a  gorge  that  is  barely  wide  enough  for  the  river  and 
the  road.  Thence  to  Old  Town,  where  the  old  Butterfield 
Trail  is  crossed,  and  the  remains  of  a  pioneer  days  stage 
station  are  to  be  seen,  and  so  beyond  Schwartz  to  the 
mouth  of  Hot  Springs  canyon  winds  the  road. 

In  Hot  Springs  canyon  begins  the  real  climb  which 
takes  the  highway  from  the  4,300-foot  level  of  Deming  up 
to  the  6,000-foot  altitude  of  the  springs.  With  motor 
panting  and  passengers  entranced  by  the  changing  pano- 
rama of  mountain  and  valley,  the  automobile  twists  and 
turns  around  curves  and  up  grades,  up,  up,  to  the  last  final 
rise  whence  the  first  glimpse  of  the  springs  settlement  is 
obtained.  The  upper  road  is  worked  by  the  management 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


of  the  springs  and  19  in  good  condition  all  the  time,  but  re- 
quires careful  driving  and  a  steady  hand  for  there  is  a 
precipice  on  the  canyon  side  more  than  200  feet  deep. 
At  the  end  of  the  trip,  which  takes  about  two  hour:  and 


\    HIT   <>l     I.  \Mivi    \|'i:   AT   MI.MHKKS    HOT   SI»ltlX«;s 

a  half,  are  the  buildings  of  the  springs,  some  of  them  so 
old  that  no  one  knows  when  or  by  whom  they  were  built. 
Among  them  is  an  old  Mexican  ranch  house,  with  towered 
corners  and  loop-holed  walls,  built  for  defense  against  the 
Indians  when  the  Apaches  were  a  menace  to  all  the  settlers 
of  the  Southwest.  Near  the  group  is  the  ruin  of  an  ancient 
bath  house,  built  by  the  Indians  so  long  ago  that  even  the 
adobe  walls  have  crumbled  and  fallen.  It  is  even  thought 
that  this  bath  house  may  have  been  built  by  the  prehistoric 
peoples  who  left  their  records  carved  and  lined  into  the 
white  faces  of  the  cliffs  along  the  canyon. 

The  office  stands  at  the  end  of  a  shaded  drive,  and  be- 
fore it  is  a  beautiful  clear  pool,  around  which  the  shrubs 
and  grasses  remain  green  all  the  year  because  of  the 
warmth  of  the  water.  The  other  buildings  are  detached 
and  stand  at  the  brink  of  the  canyon  facing  an  enclosure 
which  is  given  over  to  an  alfalfa  field  and  the  hotel  gar- 
dens. At  the  upper  end  of  this  enclosure  the  waters  for 
irrigating  the  few  acres  between  the  houses  and  the  opposite 
canyon  wall  are  impounded  in  another  pool.  The  hills 
which  surround  the  place  provide  shelter  from  every  possi- 
ble wind  and  serve  to  confine  the  warmth  of  the  waters. 

I  K-  springs  are  now  under  the  management  of  Milliard 
Brothrri  and  J.  G.  Cooper,  who  plan  numerous  great  im- 
provements. Among  these  is  an  artificial  lake  ten  acres  in 
extent  where  Hot  Springs  canyon  and  Cold  Springs  can- 
yon join,  a  new  modern  hotel — though  the  present  one  is 
verry  comfortable — a  pavilion,  a  new  outdoor  jwimminR 
pool.  •  conservatory  warmed  by  the  flowing  water,  where 
fruits  and  vegetables  for  the  hotel  table.<  will  be  raited  in 
winter,  as  well  as  flowers  for  decorative  purposes:  a  mod- 


ern bath  house,  a  stadium,  rifle  range,  tennis  courts  and  all 
the  other  adjuncts  to  a  first-class  tourist  and  health  resort. 
The  lake  is  to  be  stocked  with  trout  and  other  game  fish 
and  motor  boats  will  be  placed  on  it.  From  the  waste 
water  which  escapes  over  the  dam  at  the  foot  of  this  lake 
electricity  will  be  generated  to  furnish  light  and  power  to 
the  community.  As  the  flow  from  the  warm  springs  is  es- 
timated at  500  gallons  a  second,  and  the  cold  spring  flow 
at  least  equals  this,  it  will  be  seen  readily  that  there  is  am- 
ple power  at  hand  for  this  project. 

At  present  the  hotel  has  its  own  dairy  and  poultry  plants. 
When  the  newer  structure  is  erected  these  will  be  enlarged. 
One  notable  feature  of  the  present  establishment  is  that 
warm  water  from  one  of  the  springs  up  the  canyon  is  piped 
to  the  hotel  and  there  used  for  heating  purposes,  thus  ef- 
fecting a  considerable  fuel  economy.  A  cold  spring  only  a 
few  feet  distant  from  this  one  supplies  water  for  domestic 
purrposes. 

To  date,  only  about  forty  of  the  hot  springs  have  been 
walled  up  and  their  flow  analyzed.  Almost  all  of  them 
are  now  running  freely  down  the  canyon,  their  waters  go- 
ing to  waste  so  far  as  their  thermal  or  curative  properties 
are  concerned.  This  waste,  however,  is  soon  to  be  stopped, 
for  as  the  resort  increases  in  patronage  it  is  expected  that 
more  and  more  waters  will  be  utilized. 

It  is  expected  that  the  proposed  additions  will  render  the 
spnngs  suitable  for  a  large  general  patronage  not  only  from 
New  Mexico  people  but  from  those  outside  the  Stale.  The 
natural  beauties  of  their  location,  the  easy  accessibility  of 
the  mountains  with  their  game  and  the  streams  with  their 
fish,  the  wonderful  properties  of  the  waters  from  the  springs, 
the  convenient  arrangement  of  the  hotel  and  bath  facilities 
and  many  other  features  are  believed  to  be  strong  factors  in 
support  of  the  development  and  exploitation  of  these  springs 
and  the  attendant  resort. 


i  \M    <>\    mi    <.i:oi  M>X  01    >,.MIIKIS  HOT 

Nt.-      MOM    | 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


LUNA  COUNTY 

ONE  OF  THE  MOST  IMPORTANT  IN  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

BY  WILLARD  E.  HOLT,  Secretary  Deminj  Chamber  of  Commerce 


.HE  New  Mexico  Bureau  of  Immigration  had 
a  very  practical  idea  of  the  fitness  of  things 
when  in  speaking  of  Luna  County  the  fol- 
lowing language  was  used: 

"A  land  of  promise  for  the  homebuilder, 
offering  every  condition  of  climate,  soil, 
water  and  successful  agriculture.  Known  for  many  years 
as  the  cattleman's  paradise,  and  with  tremendous  mineral 
resources." 

Further  reference  to  die  county  is  made  by  the  Bureau 
concerning  its  soil,  climate,  etc.  Concerning  its  climate 
the  Bureau  speaks  as  follows:  "A  climate  without  equal 
in  the  world  for  the  alleviation  of  diseases  of  the  throat 
and  lungs,  and  at  the  same  time  adapted  to  the  successful 
maturing  of  almost  every  crop  grown  in  the  temperate 
zone." 

Speaking  of  the  soil  the  Bureau  has  this  to  say:  "A 
soil  that  is  rich,  deep,  enduring,  easy  to  work  and  highly 
productive." 

Luna  County  was  formed  the  first  year  of  the  present 
century,  and  because  of  its  agricultural  possibilities  and 


vast  mineral  wealth  it  required  a  good  deal  of  energy  and 
well  directed  effort  to  induce  Grant  and  Dona  Ana  to  let 
go  of  this  domain  that  took  in  by  far  the  largest  and 
richest  portion  of  the  Mimbres  Valley.  A  good  many 
prominent  citizens  of  this  region  took  part  in  the  fight,  but 
to  Mayor  John  Corbett,  J.  A.  Mahoney  and  Judge  Ed- 
ward Pennington  should  be  given  the  credit  of  pulling  the 
cord  that  unveiled  fair  Luna.  The  county  is  one  of  the 
smallest  in  the  State  and  is  fast  developing  into  one  of  the 
wealthiest.  Its  chief  city  and  county  seat  is  Deming.  The 
outlying  towns  and  villages  include  Columbus,  Hondale, 
lola,  Hermanas,  Mimbres,  Waterloo,  Arena,  Cambray, 
Akela,  Myndus,  Miesse,  Came,  Luxor,  Whitney,  Parma, 
Tunis,  Mongola,  Gage,  Quincy,  Wilna,  Fayv.-ood,  Spald- 
irsg,  Mirage,  Florida,  Cooks,  Nutt  and  Easley. 

The  county's  chief  governing  body  is  composed  of  three 
Commissioners  elected  by  the  people  at  large.  There  is 
also  a  full  quota  of  county  officers  including  a  County 
School  Superintendent.  The  general  topography  of  the 
county  makes  it  very  attractive,  the  towering  mountain 
peaks  on  every  side  and  the  vast  level  plain  covering  by  far 


DEMING  HIGH   SCHOOL 
Highest  Salaried  Teachers  in  State 


ELECTRIC  PUMPING   PLANT 

1800   Gallons  per  Minute 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE>UNSraNESTATg_ 


__ 

THE!     L-A1MD 


A4EX1CO 
OF* 


the  greatest  area.  Beautiful  mountains  are  in  sight  it 
every  point  in  the  county.  Rich  minerals  abound  in  great 
value,  and  are  as  yet  practically  untouched.  Great  herds 
of  cattle  feed  on  the  mesas  and  bring  great  wealth  into  the 
country.  Agriculture,  stock  raising,  fruit  raising  and  every 
desirable  pursuit  of  the  husbandman  may  be  followed  in 
this  delightful  region  from  the  first  day  of  January  to  the 
Ust  day  of  December.  It  is  a  region,  in  fact,  which  be- 
cause of  its  exceptionally  productive  soil,  mild  climate  and 
abundant  water  supply,  produces  practically  every  product 
that  farm  and  garden  and  orchard  grow  in  the  temperate 
zone,  with  the  one  exception  of  citrus  fruits,  and  it  is  a 
source  of  much  satisfaction  that  the  seasons  are  all  plainly 
marked,  which  is  far  more  desirable  than  the  raising  of 
citrus  products. 

The  average  annual  rainfall  is  about  nine  inches,  and 
comes  largely  at  the  time  crops  are  growing. 

The  Bureau  of  Immigration  in  its  official  publication 
says: 

"With  fewer  cloudy  days  than  any  other  section  of  the 
land  of  sunshine,  with  the  winter  temperature  cool  enough 
to  be  bracing,  but  never  severe,  Luna  County,  particularly 
in  the  valleys  where  they  have  such  altitude  as  4,000  feel, 
offers  the  ideal  climate  for  the  health  seeker  and  at  the' 
same  time  presents  the  most  favorable  conditions  for  the 
successful  growing  of  almost  every  crop  known  to  the  tem- 
perate zone.  The  soil  varies  from  a  light  sandy  loam  to 
heavy  adobe.  It  is  easy  to  work  and  responds  with  mar- 
velous readiness  to  cultivation.  The  presence  of  adobe  in 
the  soil  renders  it  particularly  satisfactory  in  irrigation,  in 
that  the  soil  once  saturated  will  carry  water  with  little  loss 
from  percolation." 

Concerning  the  market  conditions,  the  Bureau  speaks 
as  follows: 

"Luna  County  comes  very  near  to  furnishing  ideal 
conditions  as  to  market,  chiefly  because  of  the  exceptional 
transportation  facilities  and  close  connection  with  the  larg- 
est markets  of  the  Southwest.  The  county  is-  literally 
surrounded  with  prosperous  mining  camps  where  popula- 
tion and  demand  are  increasing  very  rapidly.  These 
camps  consume  thousands  of  tons  of  provisions  annually 
and  the  demand  for  fresh  foods  is  enormous,  it  being  dif- 
ficult to  supply  them  with  vegetables  and  poultry  even 
during  (he  most  favored  seasons.  The  prices  paid  are  al- 
ways the  highest.  But  in  addition  to  the  mining  camps 
the  railroad  lines  which  cross  the  county  in  all  direction? 
give  immediate  access  to  the  larger  mining  towns  of  South- 
ern Arizona,  to  El  Paso  and  to  the  towns  along  (he  Santa 
Fe  to  the  north.  It  is,  in  fact,  a  location  as  to  markets 
that  is  absolutely  ideal  and  every  pound  of  grain  and  for- 


age, of  produce  and  fruit  that  the  county  can  produce  will 
be  in  eager  demand." 

This  great  valley  with  its  rich  lands  and  matchless  cli- 
mate would  be  of  comparatively  little  value  without  water, 
and  after  four  years  of  practical  demonstration  there  is  no 
possibility  of  a  doubt  concerning  the  matchless  purity  of 
the  water  and  its  never-ending  abundance. 

Referring  again  to  the  State  Bureau  of  Immigration,  it 
has  this  to  say  concerning  the  water  supply:  "It  is  a 
water  supply  that  is  positively  inexhaustible,  in  so  far  as 
geological  and  engineering  experience  can  demonstrate, 
and  all  experience  in  pumping  from  this  flow  proves  that 
the  harder  a  well  is  pumped  the  stronger  becomes  the  flow 
and  the  capacity.  With  such  a  water  supply  the  valley 
has  a  source  of  irrigation  water  that  is  both  dependable, 
cheap  and  easy  to  handle." 

Other  reliable  information  concerning  our  inexhaustible 
water  supply  is  given  by  Mr.  A.  J.  Wells,  a  noted  author 
and  writer  on  irrigation  farming,  who  in  speaking  of  the 
Mimbres  Valley  says: 

"In  this  arid  land  this  is  fundamental  and  the  farmer 
and  the  investor  want  to  know  the  facts.  They  want  to 
know  the  source  of  supply,  its  abundance  and  its  perman- 
ence. If  the  water  is  not  in  sight,  how  can  we  be  certain 
that  the  supply  is  inexhaustible?  Let  us  try  to  make  the 
situation  clear.  It  is  not  difficult,  it  is  not  guess  work,  it 
is  not  theory:  it  all  comes  down  to  tangible  figures  and 
evidences  which  are  conclusive  and  can  be  grasped  readily. 

The  Mimbres,  or  sunken  river,  heads  in  the  Black 
Range  in  the  northwest.  It  flows  in  a  southeasterly  direc- 
tion, and  under  normal  conditions  keeps  on  top  of  the 
ground  for  about  forty  miles.  In  flood  times  it  flows 
much  farther  and  passes  ten  to  twelve  miles  southeast  of 
Doming,  a  distance  of  about  ninety  miles  from  its  source. 

The  drainage  area  of  the  river  from  its  source  to  the 
point  where  the  Government's  engineer  made  his  observa- 
tions is  about  500  square  miles.  The  drainage  area  be- 
low this  point  is  much  larger,  the  watershed  of  the  Silver 
City  Draw  having  a  drainage  area  nearly  twice  that  of 
the  Upper  Mimbres,  so  that  the  total  is  figured  at  1400 
square  miles.  The  rainfall  in  the  mountains  near  the 
source  of  the  river  is  averaged  at  twenty  inches  annually 
and  the  normal  discharge  of  the  river  in  the  upper  valley, 
the  flood  water  and  the  underflow  are  placed  at  something 
over  nine  billion  cubic  feet,  or  224.710  acre  feet.  An 
acre  foot,  you  will  remember,  is  the  amount  of  water  which 
would  cover  an  acre  of  land  one  foot  deep. 

This,  observe,  is  the  annual  flow  of  the  Mimbres  River 
at  a  point  about  thirty  miles  north  of  Deming.  The  link- 
ing river  carries-  into  the  valley  about  Dernmg — into  its 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


underground   sands   and   gravels  —  water   sufficient   every 
year  to  cover  more  than  224,000  acres  one  foot  deep. 

The  drainage  with  which  the  Government  Report  deals 
is  of  the  upper  reaches  of  the  river  only,  and  is  estimated 
at  500  square  miles.  But  the  watershed  of  the  Silver  City 
Draw  has  a  drainage  area  nearly  twice  as  large  as  shown 
by  official  maps,  and  comes  into  the  Mimbres  at  a  point 
below  King's  Ranch,  where  the  engineer's  measurements 
were  made.  This  would  double  the  underflow,  or  make 


no  difference  in  volume  during  different  seasons  of  the 
year,  or  different  years,  indicating  a  constant  and  uniform 
underflow.  Pumps  in  use  here  throw  from  600  to  1500 
gallons  per  minute,  and  the  testimony  is  that  the  harder  a 
well  is  pumped  the  stronger  is  the  flow  and  the  capacity, 
and  that  wells  improve  from  the  first.  One  prominent 
farmer  says  that  on  a  72-hour  continuous  test  the  water  in 
his  well  was  not  lowered  an  inch  after  the  first  head  had 
been  lifted  off,  and  that  the  seepage  head  of  thirteen  feet 


, 


COUNTY    COURT    HOUSE 
Deming,   New  Mexico 

a  total  of  about  450,000  acre-feet  feed  annually  into  the 
reservoir  underlying  the  Mimbres  Valley. 

But  this  is  not  all.  Here  are  the  flood  waters  of  the 
Cooks  Range,  of  the  lower  Burro  Mountains  and  of  the 
mountain  ranges  at  the  southern  end  of  the  basin  which 
diain  into  the  underflow  of  the  lower  Mimbres. 

This  all  means  vast  subterranean  strata  of  sand  and 
gravel  under  this  entire  valley,  and  when  precipitation  is 
greatest,  and  water  appears  in  the  river-bed  and  comes  by 
Deming,  it  is  an  indication  that  the  underground  river  is 
full  to  overflowing.  As  the  Government's  engineer  says, 
'The  surface  water  is  only  the  surplus  appearing  after  the 
underground  channel  is  surcharged.'  It  is  water  out 
of  sight,  but  it  is  there.  It  cannot  evaporate  in  our  con- 
stant sunshine;  it  cannot  leak  out,  and  we  are  daily  dem- 
onstrating that  it  cannot  be  pumped  out,  and  that  it  is 
practically  inexhaustible. 

A  few  wells  have  been  here  more  than  twenty  years. 
They  have  been  largely  increased  in  number  in  recent 
years.  Some  of  them  are  tested  by  pumps  of  large  ca- 
pacity. They  all  seem  to  be  inexhaustible.  They  show 


DEVELOPING  A    NEW 

Near  Deming,  New  Mexico 

is  restored  in  fifteen  seconds  after  the  pump  stops." 

It  is  the  experience  of  a  number  of  our  farmers  this 
year  that  the  water  in  their  wells  is  from  six  inches  to  two 
or  three  feet  higher  than  it  was  a  year  ago,  and  it  is  the 
universal  experience  that  the  wells  that  are  two  or  three 
or  more  years  old  are  giving  a  much  better  flow  than  they 
did  when  they  first  started.  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that 
the  sand  is  all  cleared  out  and  there  is  nothing  to  obstruct 
the  underflow.  Another  important  fact,  that  when  two 
big  wells  are  operating  two  or  three  hundred  feet  apart, 
as  in  the  case  of  the  city  waterworks,  the  pumping  of  one 
has  no  effect  on  the  other.  Throwing  all  theories  to  the 
winds,  these  are  facts  that  cannot  be  controverted. 

The  Victorio  District  in  the  western  part  of  the  country 
has  produced  about  two  millions  in  gold,  silver  and  lead. 

Nearly  all  of  the  mountain  ranges  in  the  county  are  very 
rich  in  minerals  and  at  the  present  time  it  may  be  truth- 
fully said  "the  ground  has  hardly  been  touched". 

Mimbres  and  Faywood  Hot  Springs,  near  Deming,  are 
among  the  very  best  health-making  places  in  America. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


THE     LAND 


AAEXICO 
OF' 


DEMING  SETS  THE  PACE^SSF 

;>F  ANYONE  doubts  the  statement  that  Dem- 
ing  sets  the  pace,  let  him  visit  that  hustli.-.g, 
bustling  city  that  has  grown  from  an  un- 
pretentious village  to  a  commercial  center  in 
four  year*. 

Four  years  ago  the  Mimbres  Valley  be- 
gan to  attract  some  of  the  hard-headed  farmers  of  other 
Slates  in  the  Union,  and  by  a  system  of  intelligent  pub- 
licity conducted  by  a  live  commercial  body  that  number 
has  been  steadily  augmented  from  week  to  week  and  month 
to  month  until  today  no  better  class  of  husbandmen  can 
be  found  in  this  great  commonwealth. 

For  counties*  years  this  great  valley,  or  more  properly 
speaking,  level  plain,  surrounded  by  towering  mountains, 
has  been  blessed  with  an  inexhaustible  supply  of  under- 
ground water,  pronounced  by  government  chemists  to  be 
as  pure  as  water  in  its  natural  state  can  be.  Numerous 
windmills  here  and  there  watered  vast  herds  of  fattening 
cattle,  but  no  one  supposed  that  science  and  American 
genius  would  devise  ways  and  means  to  bring  this  water 
lo  the  surface  in  quantities  sufficient  for  large  irrigation 
project*,  and  at  a  price  within  the  reach  of  profitable 
farming.  The  first  pumping  plants  installed  and  the  first 
large  wells  constructed  cost  a  good  many  dollars  in  ex- 
perience, but  today  the  intelligent  farmer  consults  other 
intelligent  farmers  and  know*  just  what  to  do  to  make  a 
lucceu. 

Another  fact  that  is  becoming  more  and  more  patent  is 
that  small  farm*  are  the  most  profitable  ones,  and  that 
intense  cultivation  of  a  small  area  produces  much  greater 
proportionate  profit  than  larger  areas  farmed  in  a  hap- 
hazard manner. 

When  people  first  came  to  settle  on  farms  in  this  great 
rich  valley  they  were  entirely  without  experience  in  irri- 
gation methods  and  rather  imagined  that  they  needed  a 
vast  acreage.  They  toon  learned,  however,  the  folly  of 
their  first  idea,  and  it  cost  tome  of  them  very  bitter  ex- 
perience. They  have  since  become  acquainted  with  exact 
condition*  and  are  now  reaping  the  reward  of  knowing 
how  lo  do  things. 

The  thing  thai  appeal*  to  people  who  come  from  all 
over  the  country  to  the  Mimbre*  Valley  i*  that  the  pub- 


licity sent  out  does  not  in  any  manner  seek  to  overdraw 
conditions  or  make  them  appear  better  than  they  are.  In 
fnct,  it  has  become  a  very  common  thing  for  people  com- 
ing here  to  drop  into  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  say 
that  things  are  far  better  than  they  really  anticipated  from 
the  information  that  had  been  given  them.  The  Chamber 
of  Commerce  ha*  never  given  its  endorsement  to  anything 
but  absolutely  straight  methods  in  the  handling  of  real 
estate,  and  can  say  with  a  good  deal  of  satisfaction  thai 
there  are  no  real  estate  "sharks"  allowed  (o  operate  in  ihi> 
vicinity. 

Irrigation  by  pumping  has  long  ceased  to  be  an  experi- 
ment in  the  Mimbres  Valley,  improved  machinery  and  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  how  lo  dig  the  wells  and  install  the 
pumping  plants  have  made  farming  conditons  here  such 
that  there  can  be  no  such  thing  as  failure  when  the  simplest 
rules  of  irrigation  pumping  are  followed.  Farmers  are 
learning  all  the  time  that  cultivation  is  one  of  the  elements 
that  makes  success  certain. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  since  the  beginning  of  the 
present  year  every  state  in  the  Union  and  an  even  dozen 
foreign  governments  have  contributed  of  their  population 
to  the  Mimbres  Valley.  Sensible  people  are  quick  to  un- 
derstand that  there  can  never  be  another  land  crop  in  the 
United  States,  and  they  are  equally  quick  to  observe  that 
this  country  is  increasing  in  population  at  the  rate  of  mil- 
lions each  year.  They  also  realize  that  the  old  settled 
states  afford  no  opportunity  for  advancement,  that  is,  op- 
portunity has  long  since  ceased  to  knock  at  the  door  in 
communities  that  have  been  established  for  a  century  or 
more.  They  realize,  by  experience,  that  the  little  old 
village  back  in  New  England  and  in  many  of  the  northern 
slate*,  is  smaller  today  than  it  was  ten  or  twenty  years  ago. 
They  are  also  not  slow  in  observing  that  many  of  the 
counties  have  the  same  or  a  smaller  population  than  they 
had  a  decade  ago,  and  that  the  same  is  true  of  a  state  now 
and  then.  The  father  gel*  lo  talking  it  over  with  his  tons 
and  they  arrive  at  the  conclusion  that  there  i*  very  little 
room  for  expansion  in  the  old  home  community,  and  that 
if  they  are  ever  going  lo  make  a  success  that  is  always  de- 
tirable  on  the  part  of  progrewive  people,  they  must  go  to 
some  place  where  opportunity  offer*  better  advantages. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATED 

—  8  — 


THE    LA1SID  OF" 


Many,  many  years  they  have  lived  in  the  rain  belt  and 
have  figured  every  spring  whether  or  not  their  crops  were 
likely  to  amount  to  anything  that  season.  Experience  has 
taught  them  that  about  one  season  out  of  every  three  or 
four  gives  them  the  worst  of  it,  and  they  are  likewise  cog- 
nizant of  the  fact  that  it  takes  six  months  of  any  year  to 
make  arrangements  to  live  for  the  other  six  months.  It 
doesn't  take  any  argument  to  convince  them  that  these 
facts  are  true,  for  they  have  been  experienced  all  their  lives. 

Usually  some  one  of  a  neighborhood  figures  out  that  he 
isn't  getting  a  square  deal  in  life  and  strikes  out  into  the 


BLUE  ITALIAN  PRUNES 
Hubbard  Farm,  Near  Deming,  New  Mexico 

"boundless  west,"  or  more  modernly  speaking,  into  the 
"Greater  Southwest".  He  has  had  some  correspondence 
with  commercial  bodies  or  some  friend  or  relative  and  has 
acquired  a  very  limited  knowledge  of  what  he  will  see 
when  he  arrives  at  his  destination.  If  he  comes  to  New 
Mexico,  naturally  his  ticket  is  bought  for  Deming,  as  that 
is  the  chief  railway  center  of  the  State,  and  by  reason  of 
its  unexcelled  natural  environment  is  a  great  commercial 
and  business  center.  At  the  present  time  it  requires  little 
or  no  argument  to  convince  any  intelligent  citizen  of  the 
United  States  that  New  Mexico  has  the  edge  over  all  sec- 
t'ons  of  the  country  when  it  comes  to  a  delightful  climate. 
Experts  from  two  continents  have  published  this  fact  to 
the  world,  and  when  our  own  government  sent  out  its 
trained  experts  to  determine  the  best  place  to  establish  a 
military  sanitarium  for  the  treatment  of  invalid  soldier 
boys,  it  was  only  the  natural  thing  for  them  to  locate  the 
gigantic  enterprise  under  the  turquoise  sky  of  the  Sunshine 


State.  There  was  no  coercion  about  it  or  any  influence 
brought  to  bear.  It  was  a  straight  case  of  the  survival  of 
the  fittest.  That  is  why  Fort  Bayard  Military  Sanitarium 
was  established  and  is  maintained  a  short  distance  north- 
west of  Deming.  It  is  the  largest  military  sanitarium  in 
the  world. 

Pure  water  is  another  very  important  factor  in  the 
selection  of  a  permanent  home,  and  that  is  where  Deming 
and  the  Mimbres  Valley  excel  any  other  portions  of  the 
Union.  The  water  underlying  these  great  rich  plains  is 
as  pure  as  any  water  that  can  be  found  in  all  the  world. 
It  is  used  for  every  purpose  inside  or  outside  of  the  house- 
hold with  no  chemical  treatment  whatever.  The  house- 
wife doesn't  find  it  necessary  to  maintain  two  kinds  of 
water  in  the  home,  hard  and  soft,  as  it  is  all  soft. 

Naturally  the  farmer  looking  around  is  deeply  con- 
cerned in  the  richness  of  the  soil  and  the  lay  of  the  land, 
so  to  speak,  and  when  he  arrives  in  the  Mimbres  Valley  he 
finds  things  very  much  to  his  liking.  He  is  also  concerned 
and  very  vitally,  too,  concerning  the  class  of  people  who 
are  to  be  his  neighbors,  and  the  neighbors  of  his  friends 
who  will  follow  after,  and  it  is  a  matter  of  supreme  im- 
portance that  he  finds  in  this  progressive  city  of  the  oldest- 
newest  state  in  the  Union  people  very  much  like  himself, 
who  were  not  satisfied  with  the  narrow  environment  of  ill? 
old  home  and  had  struck  out  for  better  things  and  had 
found  them.  It  is  very  pleasing  to  him  to  find  a  better 
class  of  stores,  better  schools,  a  larger  number  of  churches 
and  social  conditions  unsurpassed  in  any  portion  of  our 
commonwealth.  This  is  somewhat  of  a  revelation  to  him, 
and  when  he  writes  back  home  or  returns  to  make  arrange- 
ments to  settle  here  permanently,  his  friends  really  find  it 
hard  to  believe  what  he  says  about  this  great  country  and 
its  opportunities.  His  friends  appear  to  believe  that  he  has 
become  infected  with  the  booster  spirit  of  the  Southwest, 
and  it  is  only  when  they  come  down  here  themselves  that 
they  become  fully  convinced  that  his  statements  are  abso- 
lutely true. 

When  the  farmer  finds  he  can  raise  anything  here  that 
can  be  raised  in  any  semi-tropical  region  on  the  globe,  it  is 
altogether  natural  that  he  should  make  inquiries  about  the 
markets,  and  right  here  is  where  the  Mimbres  Valley  is 
strong  again.  Within  easy  radius  of  the  valley  and  con- 
nected with  it  by  a  network  of  railroads,  is  a  min- 
ing population  and  a  string  of  sanitariums  going  into  the 
tens  of  thousands  that  cannot  raise  as  must  as  a  peanut 
shuck,  and  it  is  certain  that  their  food  products  must  be 
either  supplied  by  the  Mimbres  Valley,  or  shipped  through 
Deming,  as  this  is  the  gateway  to  the  greatest  mineral  belt 
in  the  whole  country.  There  is  also  an  outlet  for  our 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


LAND 


MEXICO 

OF' 


products  east  or  west  on  the  great  trans-continental  rail- 
ways, that  you  will  note  by  any  United  States  map, 
radiating  in  all  directions. 

The  farmer  finds  here  the  ideal  place  for  dairying, 
poultry  raising,  fruit  raising  and  general  all  around  farm- 
ing. He  works,  at  his  pleasure,  twelve  months  in  the  year 
and  is  in  close  proximity  to  the  greatest  natural  play- 
ground on  this  continent.  The  Switzerland  of  America  is 
at  his  very  door.  Within  a  day's  automobile  drive  he 
can  strike  the  great  Gila  National  Forest,  where  he  finds 


states,  and  particularly  at  this  altitude,  that  it  is  really  a 
pleasant  change  for  the  whole  family  after  having  existed, 
because  their  father  and  mother,  and  perhaps  their  grand- 
father did,  where  life  is  scarcely  worth  while,  as  com- 
pared with  the  health-giving  ozone  with  which  this  country 
is  always  blessed. 

More  than  a  passing  notice  is  due  to  our  splendid  sys- 
tem of  public  schools,  and  the  hearty  support  given  edu- 
cational matters  by  the  people.  A  single  instance  is  given 
to  show  the  perfect  unanimity  of  action.  Recently  the 
county  voted  to  establish  the  county  high  school  at  Dem- 
ing.  This  entailed  on  the  entire  county  an  ad- 
ditional tax  of  two  mills,  and  yet,  every  precinct 
in  the  county,  with  the  ladies  all  voting,  came 
up  with  a  unanimous  ballot  favoring  the  pro- 
ject, with  the  exception  of  two,  who  either  mis- 
understood the  method  of  casting  the  ballot  or 
else  had  the  unenviable  distinction  of  being  the 


D.\II:Y  FAIIM 

Viiir   !>'  nun-.    Ni'M    Mrxiro 

big  and  little   game,   fishing  and  hunting  in   a 
region  that  is  almost  like  paradise  itself. 

The  general  attractiveness  of  this  region  and 
the  knowledge  of  its  marvelous  opportunities, 
the  certain  return  for  money  invested  and  the 
splendid  character  of  its  citizenship  have  induced 
large  capitalists  to  put  into  development  vast 
area*  in  this  valley.  One  company  is  now  de- 
veloping close  to  100.000  acres  in  5.000-acre  units 
Another  company  has  already  developed  ten  to  twelve 
thousand  acres,  and  still  another  company  has  purchased 
upward  of  30.000  acres  and  has  taken  options  on  70,000 
acres  additional  which  will  be  put  into  developed  farms 
for  the  people  who  are  coming  to  this  valley  to  make 
their  permanent  homes.  Still  another  company  is  develop- 
ing in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Deming  37  forty-acre 
farms,  all  ready  for  the  thrifty  farmers  of  the  north  and 
east  to  occupy  and  begin  the  dual  process  of  coining  dol- 
lars and  enjoying  life. 

The  idea  of  living  in  the  open  and  making  the  body 
strong  and  vigorous  and  the  mind  quick  and  active  is 
something  that  appeals  with  great  force  to  humanity.  The 
hot.  stuffy,  humid  climates  of  the  north  and  coast  coun- 
tries are  Mich  a  contrast  to  the  dry.  pure  air  of  the  mountain 


STOCK   FARM 
Nrar  I>omlnic,  Xew  Mexico 

only  two  undesirable  citizens  in  the  county. 

Nearly  all  of  the  great  men  of  the  Nation  have  paid 
Deming  a  visit  at  various  times  and  never  one  has  failed 
to  give  us  the  seal  of  his  approval. 

There  has  just  been  established  in  Deming  a  factory 
for  the  manufacture  of  a  scientifically  constructed  iceless 
refrigerator,  that  bids  fair  to  be  one  of  the  great  industries 
of  the  country.  By  scientific  evaporation  of  water  and 
circulation  of  air  refrigeration  is  maintained  without  cost. 

The  community  spirit  of  Deming  and  the  Mimbres 
Valley  has  made  the  region  famous  throughout  the  coun- 
try, and  it  is  a  matter  of  great  importance  that  the  railroads 
and  all  public  utilities  have  caught  the  spirit  of  cooperation 
and  are  working  in  harmony  for  the  general  good  of  the 
region.  These  are  tremendous  factors  in  the  upbuilding 
of  any  community,  and  go  far  toward  emphasizing  the 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-  10  - 


welcome  that  here  awaits  the  intelligent  man  who  seeks  to 
better  his  condition  and  make  the  most  of  his  opportunities. 

The  sentiment  of  a  prominent  farmer  of  Wisconsin  will 
certainly  be  of  interest,  and  we  are  copying,  verbatim,  the 
letter  of  Hon.  R.  B.  Dean,  formerly  of  Orange,  Wiscon- 
sin, for  one  of  his  home  papers,  a  few  weeks  after  his  ar- 
rival here  to  make  his  home  in  the  Mimbres  Valley: 

"We  were  prepared  to  see  a  truly  wonderful  country  in 
New  Mexico,  which  is  not  inappropriately  named  "the 
land  of  Sunshine".  Our  two  sons,  Harry  and  Harvey, 
have  been  living  here  for  four  years,  and  we  have  been 
kept  posted  during  that  period,  but  when  we  say  this  Is  a 
wonderful  country  we  mean  every  word  of  it.  The  cli- 
mate is  the  most  delightful  in  any  part  of  the  United 
States.  Farmers  here  work  in  the  field  every  day  in  the 
year  if  they  so  desire,  and  as  they  don't  have  to  depend 
upon  rain  to  water  their  crops  there  can  be  no  such  thing 
as  crop  failure.  All  watering  is  done  here  by  means  of 
irrigation,  the  water  being  brought  from  below  the  sur- 
face at  an  average  depth  of  50  to  60  feet,  by  means  of 
powerful  pumps,  run  either  by  electricity  or  crude  oil 
engines.  There  are  at  present  operating  in  the  valley  three 
hundred  or  more  of  these  pumps,  delivering  from  500  to 
1  800  gallons  of  water  per  minute.  One  can  scarcely  ap- 
preciate this  great  volume  of  water,  which  in  the  larger 
size  pumps,  makes  a  river  in  the  course  of  a  few  seconds, 
and  by  means  of  which  the  thirsty  land  is  made  to  produce 
an  abundant  harvest. 

We  have  seen  a  good  many  splendid  fields  of  growing 
crops  in  good  old  Wisconsin,  but  we  never  saw  anything 
superior  to  what  we  have  seen  in  this  great  Mimbres  Val- 
ley of  New  Mexico.  We  call  it  a  valley,  when  it  is 
really  a  great  level  plain  with  only  just  enough  slope  to  be 
easily  and  properly  irrigated. 

We  had  the  pleasure  of  a  somewhat  extended  automo- 
bile drive  a  few  days  ago  with  State  Senator  C.  J.  Laugh- 
ren  and  Secretary  Holt,  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
who  took  us  to  both  the  electric  and  engine  driven  pump- 


ing plants,  and  when  we  say  that  we  were  surprised,  it  is 
putting  it  very  mildly.  We  were  simply  amazed  to  see  the 
volume  of  water,  pronounced  by  the  Government  to  be 
the  purest  in  all  the  world,  being  pumped  from  about  50 
feet  below  the  surface.  The  secretary  made  a  snapshot 
of  your  correspondent  standing  by  the  side  of  one  of  the 
main  ditches  and  in  alfalfa,  the  second  cutting  of  this 
year,  which  reached  fully  up  to  his  pockets.  As  proof 
of  this  I  am  going  to  mail  you  a  picture  as  soon  as  they 
can  be  developed,  and  you  can  put  it  up  in  the  office  to 
prove  to  people  that  I  am  not  exaggerating.  We  saw  one 
crude  oil  engine  in  particular  that  had  been  in  the  service 
for  a  period  of  four  years,  and  were  reliably  informed  that 
this  pumping  plant  often  ran  for  two  or  three  weeks  day 
and  night  without  lowering  the  water  plane  an  inch.  We 
speak  of  this  to  let  you  understand  what  a  perfectly  inex- 
haustible supply  of  water  underlies  this  great  valley. 

We  are  sure  you  will  be  interested  in  knowing  that 
everything  grows  here  that  can  be  grown  in  any  semi- 
tropical  climate,  and  because  of  the  great  richness  of  the 
soil  the  abundance  of  production  is  almost  beyond  com- 
parison. 

Deming  is  one  of  the  most  modern  and  progressive  cities 
of  4,000  inhabitants  that  it  has  ever  been  our  pleasure  to 
visit.  They  have  here  schools  that  would  be  a  credit  to 
any  State  in  the  Union,  every  modern  convenience  that 
can  be  found  in  any  city  of  its  size  in  America,  and  a 
cordial  hospitable  spirit  that  makes  one  feel  glad  he  came 
here.  The  growth  of  the  city  is  solid  and  sure;  the  north- 
ern man  finds  here  as  fine  stores  and  mercantile  establish- 
ments as  can  be  found  anywTiere.  There  are  In  this  city 
nine  churches,  and  the  social  life  of  the  town  cannot  be 
bettered  in  any  State  in  the  Union. 

Nearly  every  day  we  drop  into  the  office  of  the  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce,  and  note  the  fact  that  this  little  city 
and  country  supports  the  livest  body  of  its  kind  in  the 
whole  State.  We  note  with  particular  interest  the  fact 
that  on  the  daily  register  appear  names  from  all  parts  of 
this  country,  and  frequently  from  foreign  countries." 


«M~r^r'  ?^R3£3'^5 

^m^/'^^  y '^       .  ^1  '«i  v^ 

^t-'^^ffl     •  •••  '•  '-^  -**-<v,,xi>^-- .:^!.^JJLiLL££j 
v^&.'fc  Sir^S  L 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


Luna  County  has  the  largest  per  capita  wealth  of  any  For    further   information   regarding   Luna   County,   the 

county  in  the  Sunshine  State.     Here,  health  makes  wealth      Mimbres  Valley  and  Deming,  address  Willard  E.  Holt. 

Secretary,  Deming  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Deming.  N.  M. 


easier. 


£  0S3Gf£       ^^^ 


'DEMING 


ft<'^jj 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF 

12 


SUNSHINE  STATE 


ROOSEVELT  COUNTY 


-W.  E.   LINDSEY- 


HE  area  out  of  which  Roosevelt  County  was 
constructed  by  act  of  the  Legislature,  ap- 
proved February  28th,  1903,  began  first  to 
be  settled  in  the  year  I  898,  when  the  Pecos 
Valley  and  North-eastern  Railroad  was  built 
through  it,  connecting  Amarillo,  Texas,  with 
Carlsbad  in  Eddy  County,  New  Mexico.  In  the  first  in- 
stance, after  Territorial  government,  a  part  of  Lincoln 


County;  in  1903,  the  area  now  covered  in  Roosevelt 
County  was  known  as  Precinct  Number  One  of  Chaves 
County;  and  Portales,  the  County  Seat,  was  distant  more 
than  ninety  miles  from  each  of  the  two  most  approximate 
county  seats,  namely,  Roswell  and  Puerto-de-Luna. 

Location. — Roosevelt  County  is  a  middle  eastern  border 
county  of  the  State  and  as  now  constituted,  is  approxi- 
mately thirty-three  and  thirty-four  degrees  North  latitude 


VIEWS    AT   PORTALES,    ROOSEVEL/T   COUNTY 

1.  Santa  Fe  Depot.     2.  Roosevelt  County  Court  House,  Portales.     3.  High  School,  Portales. 

4.  Power  Plant  at  Portales. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


MEXICO 

LAND   OF" 


PRIVATE   LAKE—  ROOSKVEI.T    rol  NTY 

and  is  between  one  hundred  and  three  and  one  hundred  and 
four  West  longitude.  Its  altitude  is  approximately  four 
thousand  feet. 

Topography.  —  The  area  of  Roosevelt  County  it 
"Plains"  Country,  under  general  description,  but  definitely 
defined,  it  must  be  said  that  the  plains  surface  composes 
valleys  and  elevations  that  grade  from  one  to  the  other  -U 
an  almost  imperceptible  angle  of  elevation  or  depression. 
The  valleys  are  broad  and  level,  extending  gradually  into 
the  likewise  wide  and  level  mesas. 

Soil. — Generally,  the  soil  throughout,  is  a  sandy  loam, 
underlain,  at  varying  depths,  with  a  lime  formation  that 
contains  inexhaustible  elements  of  fertilization. 


i.KM'l-, 


I   \lltl\\T    l\     lt<M»-l  VKI/T 

c  .M    M\ 


Natural  Growth. — Mesquite,  grama  and  sedge  grasses 
abound  and  cover  the  surrounding  soil  in  its  natural  state. 
Occasional  natural  trees,  and  stumps  evidence  the  very 
probable  fact  that  in  earlier  times  the  area  supported  a  con- 
siderable forest  growth  which  was  destroyed  by  forest 
fires.  Each  year,  for  several  years  after  the  writer  settled 
at  Portalos,  wide  areas  of  the  country  was  burned  over  by 
fires,  destroying  the  abundant  accumulation  of  grasses  and 
all  new  tree  growth. 

Rainfall. — The  annual  rainfall  in  the  area  of  Roosevelt 
County,  during  the  years  measurements  have  been  taken, 
has  been  approximately  twenty  inches.  May.  July  and 
August  are  designated  as  the  "wet"  months  of  the  year. 
So  that  in  the  so-called  "dry  farming"  industry.  May  has 


«.i;<  M  \i;n    \M>  UXTST 


POHTM.I  - 


become  the  month  for  planting.  June  a  time  for  intense 
cultivation  then  the  rains  of  July  and  August  make  the 
crops.  Thus  usually,  abundant  harvests  of  maize,  kaffir 
corn,  feterita.  cane  and  broom-corn  are  made  in  brief  lime 
with  a  minimum  of  labor.  Climate  and  the  alleviation  of 
diseases  considered,  it  may  be  truthfully  said  that  Roose- 
velt County  i*  the  best  section  in  the  world. 

Settlement.  —  The  entire  area  of  the  county,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  probably  twenty  quarter  sections  which  had  al- 
ready been  entered  or  titled  by  purchase,  was,  as  late  as 
the  year  1900,  "free"  Government  land,  subject  to  Hom»- 
5lrad  Entry  in  tracts  of  160  acres.  In  the  nine  years, 
from  1900  to  1909  inclusive,  practically  the  whole  area 
of  the  county  was  filed  on  and  settled  under  the  provisions 
of  the  Government  Homestead  Laws,  so  that  the  census 
of  1910  found  a  population  of  more  than  12.000  in  the 


RESOURCES  AND  NDUSTfflCS  OF  THE  SUNSHIMEJTAT 


14  - 


A1E5CICO 
LAFMD   OF^    OPPORTUNITY 


OXION   FIELD — ROOSEVKI/T   COUNTY 

county.  In  this  comparatively  brief  time,  the  title  to  the 
lands  has  passed  from  the  General  Government  to  private 
individuals  and  are,  in  consequence,  practically  without 
complication. 

Development  Resources. —  (a).  Roosevelt  County  af- 
fords an  ideal  situation  for  "stock  farming"  and  dairying. 
Throughout  the  deeper  surface  water  areas,  that  industry 
is  fast  developing.  The  abundant  natural  growth  of  ex- 
ceptionally nutritious  natural  grasses,  affording  sustenance 
for  stock  during  the  entire  year.  Or  if  closer  grazing 


through  the  long  season  of  mild  weather,  is  practiced,  a 
minimum  of  feed  is  required  to  carry  the  stock  through  the 
brief  periods  of  colder  weather  or  when  the  ground  is 
covered  with  snow.  By  a  proper  regulation  of  the  location 
period,  for  the  greater  part  of  the  herd,  abundant  dairy 
product  may  be  obtained  through  consumption  of  the  nat- 
ural grasses  alone  and  at  a  minimum  cost.  It  has  already 
been  shown  how  abundant  forage  feed  crops  are  produced 
for  stock  feeding,  also  at  a  minimum  cost.  Anyone  desir- 
ing an  easy  living  has  here  and  in  this,  an  opoortunity  un- 
surpassed. 

(b).  In  the  "Portales  Valley"  of  Roosevelt  County, 
there  are  some  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  acres  of 
level,  fertile  land,  grading  scu:heasterly  at  about  the  rate 
of  five  feet  to  the  mile,  which  is  underlain  with  an  inex- 
haustible reservoir  of  the  purest  sand  filtered  water,  at 
depths  of  from  one  to  fifty  feet.  This  water  has  already 
been  tapped  by  power  wells  and  pumps,  and  development 
under  irrigation,  has  been  successfully  and  permanently  es- 
tablished. A  central  electric  power  plant,  with  more  than 
seventy  miles  of  power  transmission  lines,  carrying  pump- 
ing power  to  many  individual  farms,  has  been  in  operation 
since  1910.  Special  description  of  this  power  plant  and 
its  attendant  activities  may  be  seen  elsewhere  in  this  pub- 
lication. Besides  the  central  power  plant,  many  individual 
oil  and  gasoline  pumping  power  plants  are  in  successful 
operation  in  the  valley.  Yet  there  are  numerous  oppor- 


PORTAT,ES  VALLEY  ORCHARD 
Showing  How  Ground  Between  Trees  is  Utilized  for  Diyeriaifled  Farming 


RESOURCES  ANDlNDUSTFflCS  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  15  — 


A/1EXICO 
OF' 


(unities  for  further  development  along  this  line  that  may 
now  be  obtained  in  the  purchase  of  adjoining  lands  at  a 
relatively  low  cost.  The  waler-shed,  supplying  this  reser- 
voir of  water  has  been  definitely  determined  to  exceed  four 
thousand  square  miles.  In  the  irrigated  areas  thus  supplied 
with  abundance  of  water  profitable  crops  of  alfalfa,  canta- 
loupes, sweet  potatoes,  onions,  in  fact,  every  kind  of  crop 
that  can  be  grown  in  the  temperate  zone,  are  abundantly 
produced.  Because  the  natural  moisture  is  approximately 
twenty  inches  per  year,  a  minimum  only  of  additional  water 
for  irrigation  is  required  to  be  artificially  produced  on  the 
surface  in  order  to  insure  abundant  product.  This  area 


sinking  fund  for  this  account.  The  "Court  House  Block" 
is  noted  for  its  splendid  appearance,  being  set  with  blue- 
grass  that  is  always  kept  in  excellent  condition  and  the 
large  growing  trees  throughout  the  yard  are  in  striking  con- 
trast with  the  outlying  plains.  The  whole  block,  three 
hundred  feet  in  each  dimension,  is  surrounded  by  an  ex- 
cellent cement  sidewalk,  the  whole  making  an  improvement 
that  is  exceedingly  gratifying  and  of  which  the  citizens 
are  justly  proud. 

Public  Schools. — For  the  year  1913,  Roosevelt  County 
enumerated  more  than  2,500  pupils  of  school  age.     There 


PACKING     \M>     I'HWINR    CAXTAI-Ol'PFS 


affords  the  golden  opportunity  for  the  individual  with 
energy,  ambition  and  ability. 

Climate. — Like  all  of  the  "Sunshine  State,"  the  cli- 
mate of  Roosevelt  County  is  unsurpassed.  From  the 
"naked  plain"  in  a  few  short  years,  have  sprung  ideal  homes 
in  an  ideal  climate  made  by  the  choicest  people  sifted  from 
all  the  states  of  the  Union.  The  resident  population  is, 
without  a  single  exception,  "American". 

Public  Building*  and  Public  Debts. — Roosevelt  County 
is  equipped  with  commodious  court  house  and  jail  build- 
ings and  yet  has  the  least  amount  of  outstanding  bonded 
debt  of  any  county  ir  the  Slate;  the  same  amounting,  at 
this  time  to  but  $1  7,500.00.  with  some  $4.000.00  in  the 


are  about  60  school  districts  in  the  county  besides  the  town 
schools  in  the  towns  of  Elida.  Portales.  Taiban  and  La- 
Lande.  These  centers  of  population  maintain  graded 
schools  while  at  Portales,  the  county  seat,  a  High  School 
is  maintained  that  is  affiliated  with  the  State  University 
and  other  special  and  technical  schools  of  the  State.  At- 
tention is  called  to  the  special  article  on  Portales.  the 
county  seat  town,  in  this  publication. 

The  people  of  Roosevelt  County  are  generous,  free  and 
liberal.  They  stand  ready  to  welcome  any  and  all  who 
come  among  them.  The  local  field  is  wide  and  the  way 
to  fortune  and  independence  is  easy  in  Roosevelt  County. 
Come  and  see. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  16  — 


MEXICO 
THE    LA1SID   OF"    OF3 F>QRTUNITVr 


PORTALES— COUNTY  SEAT 


,  ORTALES  is  the  capital  city  of  Roosevelt 
County,  New  Mexico,  and  is  located  in  the 
center  of  the  famous  Portales  Valley.  Ama- 
rillo,  Texas,  lies  one  hundred  and  twenty 
miles  to  the  northeast,  and  Roswell,  New 
Mexico,  ninety  miles  to  the  southwest. 
Portales  is  a  town  of,  approximately,  eighteen  hundred 
inhabitants,  all  white,  neither  negroes,  Indians  or  native 
Mexicans  have  a  habitat  within  our  city  or  county  lines. 
The  citizenship  is  of  the  very  highest  order,  educated,  in- 
telligent and  progressive;  cosmopolitan,  broad  minded  and 
of  that  extreme  liberality  so  characteristic  of  the  great 
southwest.  It  has  a  municipal  water,  light  and  sewer  sys- 
tem which  was  installed  at  an  expense  of  $80,000.00. 
The  motive  power  consists  of  two  units  of  Fairbanks- 
Morse  producer  gas  engines,  high  grade  electricity  genera- 
tors and  the  very  highest  type  of  pumps.  The  Santa  Fe 
Railroad  Company  last  year  completed  a  new  $1  7,500.00 
passenger  depot,  which  is  said  to  be  the  finest  on  the  line. 
We  have  a  court  house  and  jail  that  can  not  be  duplicated 
anywhere  for  $25,000.00  and  a  public  school  building 
that  cost  $20,000.00.  The  churches  are  represented  by 
four  or  five  of  the  leading  denominations  and  all  have 
houses  of  worship  that  are  modern  and  commodious.  All 


the  usual  business  enterprises  are  represented  as  well  as  are 
the  various  secret  societies. 

Immediately  contiguous  to  Portales  is  an  enormous  area 
of  irrigated  and  irrigable  lands,  which,  when  fully  devel- 
oped, can  not  help  but  build  a  city  of  some  eight  or  ten 
thousand  people.  Of  this  matter,  more  will  be  found  un- 
der other  headings  following.  At  present  there  are  two 
very  strong  financial  institutions,  the  First  National  Bank 
and  the  Portales  Bank  and  Trust  Company,  which  ade- 
quately provide  for  the  needs  of  the  city  and  surrounding 
country. 

It  would  scarcely  be  doing  justice  to  our  little  city  not 
to  mention  the  splendid  public  schools.  Last  year  we  made 
the  best  record  of  any  institution  of  learning  in  the  State. 
We  graduated  double  the  number  of  students  from  the 
eighth  grade  of  any  school  in  the  State,  and  this  on  a 
state  examination  where  the  questions  were  prepared  by 
the  commonwealth  and  the  papers  graded  by  the  state  su- 
perintendent's office.  Our  students  met  those  of  other 
counties  and  cities  in  joint  debates  and  oratorical  contests 
and  always  came  home  with  honors,  all  of  which  goes  to 
show  that  we  are  not  backward  in  giving  the  youth  of  our 
community  every  educational  advantage  possible. 

While    Portales   is   a   comparatively   young  village,   yet 


RED  JERSEY   HOGS    NEAR    PORTALES 


AI.iFAL.FA    FIELD    NEAR    PORTAI/ES 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  17  — 


LAND 


A1E5CICO 

QF~ 


we  have  many  modern  residences,  splendid  lawns,  shade 
trees,  numerous  cement  sidewalks  and  permanent  brick 
business  houses,  and  the  tendency  is  always  forward  and 
onward  toward  greater  and  better  things.  The  morality 
of  our  people  is  excellent,  in  fact,  it  is  doubtful  if  there  is 
another  town  of  its  size  anywhere  which  enjoys  our  general 


reputation  for  a  high  plane  of  morality  and  integrity.  Its 
a  good  place  to  live,  a  good  place  to  bring  up  your  child- 
ren and  a  good  place  to  make  permanent  investments.  A 
cordial  welcome  is  always  extended  to  the  stranger  in  our 
midst,  who  comes  to  us  open-handed  to  make  his  home 
with  us. 


HI-TKK.N   in  M»I:I  i>  <.\I,I.ON 


-r\  IN  in  M»I:I  n  \M>  Firry  11.  i».  GAS  KXGIVK 


UTILITIES  COMPANY  AT  PORTALES 

A.  A.   ROGERS 


OUR  years  have  been  spent  in  development 
and  the  entire  Valley  is  now  ready  for  farm- 
ers. The  Company  knows  that  farmers  can 
make  a  profit  in  this  Valley  as  there  are  be- 
tween seventy  and  one  hundred  farmers  doing 
so  today.  As  evidence  of  their  faith  in  the 
land  they  are  telling  irrigated  farms  on  such  terms  that  the 
crop*  raised  will  pay  for  them. 

Irrigation  water  is  supplied  from  individual  motor-driven 
[  umping  plant*  on  each  farm.  There  i*  therefore  no  wait- 
ing for  water  from  the  other  fellow.  Each  farmer  own* 
hi*  own  equipment.  Electricity  is  delivered  at  hit  door  for 
lighting,  heating,  driving  tewing  machine,  washing  machine 
and  all  induttrial  and  hou*ehold  purpotet. 

Electricity  it  generated  and  told  at  a  cotl  which  it  le*i 


than  any  other  form  of  power.  This  is  made  on  the  largest 
central  station  of  its  kind  in  the  world  serving  irrigation 
exclusively.  This  station  and  the  seventy-five  miles  of 
transmission  line  were  constructed  and  fully  equipped  by 
the  Westinghouse  Companies  of  Pittsburgh  and  have  been 
operated  continuously  since  1910.  Therefore  the  gusu 
work  has  been  eliminated. 

1  he  Portales  Valley  is  not  a  barren  country,  there  being 
a  considerable  number  of  farmers  already  who  have  de- 
veloped their  farms,  with  trees,  orchards,  etc.,  surrounding 
them.  The  town  of  Portales  is  located  in  the  center  of  the 
tract;  hat  1500  inhabitants.  It  hat  itt  own  electric  light 
plant,  water  work*  and  sewerage  disposal  system.  The 
town  it  located  on  the  Pecot  Valley  Divition  of  the  Santa 
Fe  Railroad  which  runt  through  the  irrigated  valley.  There 


E 

RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

JH 

—  18  — 

THE     LAND 


A4EXICO 
OF" 


is  no  waiting  for  railroad  development.  All  through  Cali- 
fornia fruit  trains  pass  within  eighteen  miles  over  the  trans- 
continental line  of  the  Santa  Fe  Railroad.  Quick  de- 
livery of  all  material  raised  is  therefore  assured.  The 
.fastest  passenger  service  on  the  continent  will  be  inau- 
gurated on  this  line  in  October.  Twenty-five  thousand 
acres  is  waiting  for  farmers;  seven  thousand  acres  are  al- 
ready developed  and  ready  for  occupancy.  This  property 
is  developed  cheaper  and  operated  cheaper  than  any  other 
property  we  know  of  in  the  United  States  on  account  of 
the  low  pumping  head  and  no  clearing  necessary  on  the 
land.  The  Central  Station  is  operated  under  the  direction 
of  expert  machinists;  no  delay  to  pumping  on  the  farmer's 
land,  no  waiting  from  any  cause.  The  land  is  located  in 
the  center  of  the  largest  cattle  grazing  district  left  in  the 
United  States.  Ten  acres  of  Portales  Valley  land  will 
fill  a  one  hundred  ton  silo.  Conditions  ideal  for  finishing 
hogs,  cattle,  sheep,  raising  cantaloupes,  onions,  sweet  po- 
tatoes, alfalfa  and  all  kinds  of  grain  and  fruits  except 
tropical  fruits. 

No  healthier  place  in  the  world;  4,000   foot  altitude, 
long  growing  seasons,  cool  nights,  no  hot  days,  ideal  cli- 


mate. This  Company  is  selling  farms  on  terms  requiring 
less  cash  expenditure  than  rent  in  many  irrigated  districts. 
The  company  will  sell  you  these  farms  on  very  easy  terms, 
on  long  time  payments  and  a  moderate  rate  of  interest — 
the  renter  in  the  east  or  north  can  soon  own  his  own  farm 
in  this  valley  and  be  independent,  instead  of  depending 
upon  his  landlord.  It  is  their  endeavor  to  shut  out  specu- 
lators and  develop  the  country  with  good  bona  fide  farm- 
ers. They  are  building  a  community  of  homes.  No  need 
for  the  farmer  to  move  to  the  City  to  get  the  conveniences 
of  electric  lights,  telephone  and  electricity  in  the  home,  in 
this  Valley.  There  can  be  built  a  home  having  all  of  the 
conveniences  of  modern  civilization  in  the  cities,  with  the 
elimination  of  all  noise,  dirt  and  disease;  an  ideal  home 
located  under  the  turquoise  skies  of  New  Mexico  sur- 
rounded by  sunshine,  fruit  and  health-giving  climate. 

Developed  farms  with  water  on  them  are  selling  from 
$35  to  $80  an  acre. 

Information  can  be  obtained  by  addressing,  Portales 
Utilities  Company,  A.  A.  Rogers,  President,  Portales, 
New  Mexico. 


LA  LANDE,  NEW  MEXICO 


A  LANDE,  New  Mexico,  is  located  fifty- 
three  miles  west  of  Clovis,  on  the  through 
line  of  the  A.  T.  &  S.  F.  Ry.,  from  Gal- 
veston  to  San  Francisco,  and  in  the  valley  of 
the  Pecos  River,  near  where  said  railroad 
crosses  the  same.  The  land  in  this  section 
is  of  a  red  sandy  loam,  and  very  productive,  the  agricul- 
tural products  adapted  to  this  part  consists  of  wheat,  corn, 
oats,  sorghum,  cafe,  mais,  feterita  and  millet;  fruits,  such 
as  apples,  peaches,  pairs,  plums  and  grapes,  and  all  kinds 
of  vegetables,  grow  to  perfection.  It  is  the  stockman's 
paradise,  as  live  stock  of  all  kinds  winter  on  the  range 
without  feed  or  shelter.  The  altitude  is  4,200  feet,  snow 
seldom  falls  and  only  remains  on  the  ground  a  short  time. 
This  country  is  fast  being  adapted  to  small  stock  farming. 


the  dairy  business  being  one  of  the  principal  industries. 
Cows  do  well  for  this  purpose  eight  months  in  the  year  on 
the  native  grass,  then  with  the  help  of  silos  they  are  money 
makers  the  entire  year.  La  Lande  is  one  of  the  largest 
cream  shipping  points  in  eastern  New  Mexico,  pure,  soft 
water  can  be  had  from  wells  at  a  depth  of  from  fifteen 
to  one  hundred  feet. 

All  the  leading  religious  denominations  have  church  or- 
ganiaztions  here.  As  an  evidence  of  her  progressive  spirit 
and  splendid  citizenship  she  can  boast  of  having  one  of  the 
best  school  buildings  in  this  part  of  the  State,  in  which  are 
conducted  classes  nine  months  in  the  year,  carrying  all  the 
high  school  courses  taught  in  the  high  schools  of  the  State. 

La  Lande  is  a  desirable  place  to  live.  Come,  see  for 
yourself. 


RES  PURGES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  19  — 


ELIDA,  NEW  MEXICO 


,  LI  DA  is  situated  25  miles  from  the  county  An  unexcelled  climate,  with  a  soil  adapted  to  the  rais- 

seat,  Portales — on  the  line  of  the  Santa  Fe  ing  of  bumper  crops,  perfect  stock  raising  conditions,  make 

Railroad — a  pretty,  hustling  community  of  of   the   Elida   country   an   ideal   ranch   and  stock   raising 

comfortable,  pretty  homes,  with  all  modern  section. 

conveniences.      In   the  town  and   immediate  Prosperous  ranches  and  farms  adjoin  the  town.     In  and 

vicinity    are   about    500    people,    for   which  near    Elida    are    many    opportunities    for    the    prospective 
Elida  is  the  trading  center  and  shipping  market. 


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RESOURCES  AND  jNDUSTFflCS  OF  Tffi:  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  20  — 


COLFAX  COUNTY 

4> 

°|> 

ITS    WEALTH  OF  NATURAL  RESOURCES 

BY  WILLIS  G.  BROWN 

N  empire  in  itself."  We  ourselves  claim  it, 
others  have  claimed  it  for  us.  But  have  we 
the  proof?  Can  we  "make  good?"  Let 
us  see. 

Among  the  definitions  and  synonyms 
given  for  "empire"  by  the  lexicographers  we 
find:  "domain",  "supremacy",  "regality",  "kingliness", 
"a  realm";  all  of  these  appeal  to  our  people  as  particu- 
larly fitting  when  applied  to  Colfax  County — a  realm  of 
widespread  domain,  regal  and  supreme  in  its  wealth  of 
natural  resources,  kingly  in  situation  as  the  northern  gate- 
way to  the  State  and  in  its  nobility  and  comeliness  of  physi- 
cal feature. 

In  domain,  Colfax  County  possesses.  2,500,000  acres  of 
mountain,  valley  and  plain.     From  east  to  west  her  boun- 


Salvador.      Is   not   our   claim   of   empire   in   domain   well 
made? 

As  to  an  empire  in  resources — well!  Consider,  if  you 
please,  our  coal,  of  which  the  United  States  Geological 
Survey  reports:  "No  other  county  in  the  United  States 
has  an  equal  area.  It  is  perfect  coking  coal,  a  high-grade 
steam  coal,  and  superior  for  all  domestic  uses."  In  figures, 
the  Survey  estimates  the  Colfax  County  coal  deposits  to 
measure  870,000  acres,  whose  contents  total  thirty 
billion,  eight  hundred  and  five  million  tons,  with  a  total 
value,  even  at  low  prices,  in  excess  of  forty  billion  dollars. 
The  cost  of  mining  is  at  a  minimum,  since  the  veins  lie  hori- 
zontally above  the  earth  level  and  the  coal  is  delivered  by 
gravity  to  the  tipples.  The  tunnels  require  no  drainage. 
We  could  dig  a  million  tons  a  year  from  our  hidden  stores 


VIEW   OF  TTPPLF. — STIOAVIXG    SIIIPPIXG    FACILITIES  AT  KOETTLER  MIXE 


daries  extend  approximately  69  miles,  from  north  to  south, 
54  miles,  enclosing  3726  square  miles  of  agricultural, 
grazing,  mineral  and  timber  land— an  area  full  of  scenic 
splendor  and  blest  with  incomparable  climatic  delights. 
The  State  of  Rhode  Island  is  not  one-third  so  large;  Dela- 
ware measures  just  a  bit  more  than  half;  the  two  together 
do  not  equal  Colfax  County,  which  is  also  greater  than 
Porto  Rico  and  more  than  half  as  large  as  Hawaii  or 


of  coal  for  centuries,  without  exhausting  them.  The  opera- 
tors in  this  field  are:  The  Stag  Canyon  Fuel  Company,  at 
Dawson,  a  camp  of  over  3,000  population,  with  a  payroll 
of  $100,000  per  month.  The  St.  Louis,  Rocky  Moun- 
tain &  Pacific  Co.,  operating  mines  at  Brilliant,  Van 
Houten,  Sugarite,  Gardiner  and  Koehler,  with  extensive 
coke  ovens  at  the  two  last  named  camps.  The  capacity  of 
the  Rocky  Mountain  Company's  mines  is  1 0,000  tons  per 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-  21   — 


day.  and  of  it*  ovens  1,000  tons  per  day.  The  New 
Mexico-Colorado  Coal  &  Mining  Company  operates  at 
Yankee.  These  camps  are  all  highly  modernized,  espe- 
cially the  two  first  named,  and  are  maintained  and  oper- 
ated with  a  constant  view  to  the  comfort  and  safety  of 
the  workers,  as  well  as  to  the  production  of  a  highly  pre- 
pared high-grade  fuel. 

Ample  shipping  facilities  are  supplied  by  the  Santa  Fe, 
the  E.  P.  &  S.  W.,  and  the  Santa  Fe,  Raton  &  Eastern 
railroads. 

Do  you  grant  us  our  coal  resource?  Do  you  glimpse 
the  golden  stream  it  has  released  and  will  continue  to  re- 
lease for  uncounted  years  in  our  channels  of  trade? 

But  the  coal  is  not  all  we  have  of  minerals.  Our  moun- 
tains, comprising  nearly  two-thirds  of  the  county's  area, 
are  rich  in  gold,  silver,  copper  and  iron,  all  of  which  are 
as  yet  imperfectly  developed.  Elizabethtown  alone — 
historic  first  seat  of  government  for  New  Mexico — has  a 
record  of  five  million  dollars  in  gold  output.  The  Red 
River  district,  intermittently  worked  in  the  past,  is  just 
now  coming  into  its  own,  and  promises  to  become  a  second 
Cripple  Creek.  The  day  of  nuggets,  rich  pockets,  and 
dollar-a-pan  clean-ups  having  passed  into  picturesque  his- 
tory in  a  score  of  localities  in  the  county,  there  is  now 
well  begun  the  application  of  modern  scientific  methods  in 
the  development  of  both  placer  and  quartz  workings,  and 
Colfax  County  is  due  soon  to  be  heard  of  in  a  large  way  by 
the  mineral  world.  The  fact  that  for  over  thirty  years  gold 
has  been  panned  with  profit  by  the  crude  hand  process  in 
nearly  all  the  western  half  of  Colfax  County  is  in  itself 
evidence  of  the  rich  mineralization  that  prevails. 

These  vast  mountains,  whose  secret  mineral  treasures  are 
still  so  lightly  touched,  are  clothed  with  yet  another  source 
of  wealth — the  forests  of  lordly  pine  which  await  the  axe 
and  the  wheeli  of  transportation.  Inaccessibility  to  market 
accounts  for  the  comparatively  insignificant  lumbering 
operations  in  the  past.  There  is  one  important  company, 
however,  that  has  tapped  the  Ponil  Park  region,  22  miles 
northw-st  of  Cimarron.  and  handles  at  Cimarron  the  pro- 
duct of  three  mills.  This  is  the  Continental  Tie  ot  Lumber 
Company,  which  operates  a  planing  mill,  box  factory  and 
tie  creosoting  plant,  and  has  a  payroll  of  about  $10,000 
per  month.  The  rough  sawed  lumber  is  brought  down  over 
the  Cimarron  &  Northwestern  railroad.  Beside*  this  in- 
dustry, Cimarron  has  about  her  a  rich  agricultural  section, 
largely  under  irrigation,  producing  alfalfa,  grains  and  fruits, 
particularly  apples,  in  great  abundance.  Cimarron  is  also 
an  important  trading  point  for  the  stockmen  and  miners  to 
the  west,  north  and  south,  and  because  of  her  location  at 


-,%  i  \  \N    in  i  i.  IN  'i  111    I'M  iv\m:s  OF 

•   IM  XltltoN    <    \N 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  22  — 


THE    LAND  OF"    OPPORTUNITY 


the  eastern  end  of  the  Cimarron  canyon,  is  known  as  the 
Key  City. 

Cimarron  canyon — region  of  enchantment!  Cunningly 
wrought  storehouse  of  all  the  ravishing  color,  exquisite 
sculpture,  and  ethereal  and  majestic  architecture  wrought 
by  the  hand  of  Nature  in  all  the  ages!  To  enter  it  is  to 
view  a  picture  gallery  of  the  gods,  enchanting  the  eye  of 


roaring  alternately  from  the  teasing  of  the  obstructions  in 
its  rambling  course,  runs  the  sparkling,  joyous  stream — the 
Cimarron — hiding  in  its  pools  and  currents  many  a  wary 
trout.  Overhead,  the  calm  blue  of  the  sky — the  New 
Mexico  sky — which  alone  can  worthily  embellish  the  en- 
trancing whole. 

Can  you  see  it — just  a  little?     Then  you  will  register  a 


OOLFAX  COUNTY  APPLES  LEAD  THE  WORLD  IX  FLAVOR  AND  QUALITY 
1.  Wi'll-ljulc-n  Trees.     2.  Getting  Into  the  Hearing  Class.   8.  A  (.luster  of  Beauties.     4.  Oolfax  County  Apple  Cellar. 


the  mind  to  intoxication;  to  remain  a  while  is  to  profoundly 
worship  in  a  vast  cathedral  of  the  Almighty. 

The  centuries  have  cleft  this  vast,  tortuous  way  through 
the  very  backbone  of  the  Rockies.  The  precipitous  sides 
are  stupendously  high — here  merely  perilous  slopes,  other- 
where colossal  palisades — abrupt  precipices  reaching  more 
than  a  thousand  feet  skyward — pillared,  castellated,  oc- 
casionally grotesque,  always  awe-inspiring  and  incredibly 
beautiful.  The  mountain  slopes  are  adorned  for  the  most 
part  with  forest  growth  and  grassy  intervals,  offering  their 
own  form  of  delight  to  the  eye.  Down  a  tortuous  channel 
in  the  canyon's  bottommost  depth  tinkling,  laughing  and 


quiet  promise  to  yourself  to  see  it  in  its  full  reality,  some 
day. 

But  we  have  other  wondrous  sights  besides — miles  upon 
miles  of  them — along  the  South  and  North  Ponil,  the 
Vermejo,  the  Rayado,  the  Uracca,  the  Red  and  the  num- 
erous glorious  parks  scattered  through  the  timbered  coun- 
try— inspiring  views  of  snow-capped  peaks.  Old  Baldy, 
the  Sangre  de  Cristo — the  breath-taking  drive  over  the 
famous  scenic  highway  from  the  Colorado  line  to  Raton — 
all  the  western  half  of  Colfax  County  is  an  elysian  field 
to  the  lover  of  the  gorgeously  picturesque. 

In  the  mountains  and  valleys  and  on  the  plains  there 


RESOURCES  AND  JNDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSEHhE  STATE 

—  23  — 


-THE    LAND 


A1EXJCO 
OF" 


abound  game  animals  and  birds,  as  well  as  marauding 
beasts.  Deer,  bear,  mounta  n  lions,  coyotes,  beaver,  squir- 
rels, rabbits,  wild  turkey,  quail,  ducks  and  geese,  and  many 
others.  Trout  abound  m  nearly  all  the  mountain  streams, 
and  many  irrigation  reservoirs  scattered  over  the  plains  are 
well  stocked  with  bass  and  other  game  fish. 

Horticulturally.  the  conditions  in  Colfax  County  are  per- 
fect. Orcharding  is  very  extensive  and  steadily  advancing. 
Apples  of  many  varieties  are  grown  in  wonderful  perfection 
of  color,  form,  size  and  flavor.  In  thirty-five  years  one 
large  orchard  has  never  produced  a  wormy  apple  out  of 
thousands  of  bushels  grown — insect  pests  are  unknown. 
In  1893  the  exhibit  of  M.  M.  Chase,  taken  from  the 
orchard  on  the  old  Kit  Carson  ranch  near  Cimarron,  won 


and  the  demand  created  by  the  workers  in  the  mines,  has 
been  the  establishment  of  an  extensive  and  prosperous 
packing  house  at  Koehler  Junction.  Notwithstanding  this, 
the  county's  stock  shipments  annually  amount  to  approxi- 
mately 40.000  sheep  and  20,000  cattle,  and  her  wool 
shipments  reach  500,000  pounds. 

Notwithstanding  so  large  a  proportion  of  her  physical 
area  is  highly  mountainous,  Colfax  County  has  an  exten- 
sive and  comprehensive  system  of  roadways,  well  main- 
tained. Her  people  are  thoroughly  awake  to  the  value  of 
good  roads  as  a  means  of  quick  and  profitable  transporta- 
tion and  of  easy  communication  with  trading  centers. 
El  Camino  Real,  bisecting  the  county  from  north  to  south, 
is  a  state  road,  soundly  constructed  in  part  by  convict 


xri-ij    erne  n  xm>  \i  XK  < IM XKKON 

a  gold  medal  at  the  Chicago  World's  Fair.  Fine  apple 
orchards  are  growing  at  various  points  in  the  county — near 
Cimarron  (Uracca  and  Chase  ranches).  Springer.  French. 
Maxwell,  Miami,  Rayado.  Raton,  Dawson,  and  so  far 
as  it  known,  may  be  grown  anywhere.  Pears,  cherries  and 
plums  also  do  well,  and  all  the  small  fruits. 

Until  comparatively  recent  years,  Colfax  County  was  a 
vast  stock  range,  nearly  all  her  area  being  grazed  by  splen- 
did herds  of  cattle  and  sheep,  together  with  a  few  horses. 
Today  the  stock  interest  is  still  very  large,  and  the  products 
of  the  range  are  of  splendid  quality  and  immense  value, 
but  the  range  area  has  been  considerably  reduced  by  the 
encroachments  of  the  great  irrigation  enterprise*  and  the 
small  farms. 

One  result  of  the  great  meat  production  of  the  county 


xriM.K  oiu  HAiin  M  xi:    MIXMI 

labor.  This  highway  is  kept  in  prime  condition  at  practi- 
cally all  times,  and  will  have  increasing  attention  from  the 
state  as  part  of  the  main  stem  traversing  the  entire  state. 
The  Camino  Real  will  form  a  part  of  the  great  Ocean-to- 
Ocean  highway  from  east  to  west  across  the  United  States. 
The  old  Santa  Fe  Trail,  with  its  glamour  of  historic  ro- 
mance, is  included  in  the  modern  Camino  Real  for  a  large 
part  of  its  length  in  the  State.  A  branch  of  the  old  Trail 
extends  also  southwcstward  from  Raton  to  Cimarron  and 
thence  through  the  Cimarron  canyon.  Moreno  Valley  and 
the  Taos  Valley  to  Santa  Fe.  Besides  these  roads,  built 
and  maintained  by  the  county,  there  are  many  miles  of 
superb  driveway,  open  to  public  travel,  traversing  the  mag- 
nificent private  estate  of  over  200.000  acres  known  as  the 
Bartlett  ranch,  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  county. 


RESOURCES  AND  jNDUSTmCS  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

24  — 


JS4EXICO 


THE    LA1SID  OF"    QF3  F» QRTUNITV" 


I 


x- 

Hi 
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RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  25  ^ 


These  roads  have  been  built  by  the  owners  of  the  Bartlett 
property  for  their  own  comfort  and  convenience,  and  are 
models  of  road  construction. 

Col  fax  County  is  contemplating  the  issue  of  bonds  in  the 


Cimarron  &  Northwestern,  the  El  Paso  &  Southwestern, 
the  Santa  Fe.  Raton  ot  Eastern  and  the  Colorado  &  South- 
ern, excellent  facilities  are  afforded  for  rail  communication 
with  every  part  of  the  county  and  with  the  rest  of  New 


Tin-:  IIATON 

Union 


PASS  srKXir  HK;II\V\Y 

Natural  \Vnll  Near  Itaton 


sum  of  $100,000  at  an  early  day  for  the  improvement  of 
the  laterals  connecting  with  her  two  main  lines  of  travel 
and  for  the  betterment  of  the  main  highway  leading  south- 
eastward into  Texas.  The  county  roads  are  under  the 


Mexico  and  her  sister  states.  There  can  be  no  doubt  but 
that  within  a  very  few  years  a  direct  connection  will  be 
made  by  the  Santa  Fe  railroad  with  the  Gulf  at  Calves- 
ton,  whereby  a  fuller  outlet  will  be  provided  for  the  im- 


Illll:!     I-    \S    I   \l  IMI  I  I   I.  si  I'IM.V  OF  \\  M  I   i:    I  MI:    IICIIK.  \TION    IS    <  Ml. PAX    OOVXTV 

Mm-    ..f    II InxU    i.f    Mnriixi-    llOM-rvoIr* 


excltuive  control  of  a  county  road  board  of  threr  efficient 
men,  into  whose  handt  are  placed  the  road  funds  collected 
by  taxation. 

Through  the  main  line  of  the  Santa   Fe  and  its  con- 
nections, the  St.   Louis.  Rocky   Moun'ain  ot  Pacific,   the 


menu  coal  production  of  our  county  and  a  return  haul  of 
the  cheap  food  products  of  Texas  be  secured,  to  the  great 
advantage  of  both  States. 

In   telegraph   and   telephone   service  Coif  ax   County  is 
well  cared  for. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  26  — 


or3 p QR-TUNIT  ^ 


Educationally,  Col  fax  County  is  distinctly  progressive 
and  ambitious.  The  county  high  school  lav,  which  has 
been  applied  to  the  building  of  additional  high  schools  in 
many  of  the  counties  of  the  State  since  its  passage  two 
years  ago,  was  conceived  and  written  in  our  borders.  The 
first  county  high  school  in  the  State  was  built  at  Raton, 
our  county  seat,  at  a  cost  of  $60,000,  and  its  doors  thrown 
open  to  every  eighth-grade  graduate  in  the  county  last  fall. 
By  the  terms  of  this  law,  any  county  can  by  its  vote  estab- 
lish a  high  school  at  any  point  chosen  by  ballot,  for  the 
benefit  of  all  the  pupils  of  the  county,  free  of  tuition,  the 
city  of  location  being  required  to  provide  the  building  and 
equipment  and  the  county  the  funds  for  maiitenance,  which 
are  raised  by  a  limited  tax  levy.  The  high  school  in  Raton, 
besides  supp'ying  the  usual  academic  and  scientific  courses, 
is  equipped  for  the  efficient  teaching  of  agriculture,  manual 
training,  domestic  science  and  the  commercial  branches. 

Colfax  County  has  71  schools  in  35  districts,  operating 
at  a  cost  of  over  $100,000  per  annum.  The  school  popu- 
lation numbers  4,637  out  of  a  total  population  including 
adults  of  16,450  in  the  county.  In  the  county,  outside 
the  high  school  at  Raton,  there  is  expended  in  salaries  to 
teachers  about  $40,000  per  annum.  Splendid  work  is  be- 
ing done  by  our  county  superintendent  and  her  assistants, 
and  the  standards  and  methods,  as  well  as  a  most  ambitious 
spirit,  are  maintained  and  advanced  by  teachers'  meetings 
and  normal  institutes  each  year. 

Perhaps  the  greatest  material  advances  in  Colfax  County 
in  recent  years  have  been  made  in  irrigation,  though  dry 
farming  has  had  its  victories,  too.  The  high  mountains  in 
the  western  half  of  the  county  are  vast  storehouses  of  mois- 
ture, caught  by  the  towering  peaks  in  the  form  of  snow  and 
released  by  the  warmth  of  the  summer  sun  to  flow  by  rivule; 
and  stream  to  the  plains  below.  Until  recent  years  this  flow 
was  allowed  to  go  to  waste,  but  now  storage  reservoirs  hold 
it  for  distribution  to  the  thirsty  fields,  where  it  is  trans- 
muted into  golden  harvests  for  the  fattening  of  bank  ac- 
counts. In  the  accomplishment  of  this  there  has  been  no 
government  aid,  but  only  the  employment  of  private  enter- 
prise and  private  and  corporate  funds.  Twelve  such  pro- 
jects are  either  completed  and  operating  or  nearly  so. 
United  they  provide  for  storage  sufficient  to  apply  over 
one  acre-foot  of  water  annually  on  300,000  rich  but  pre- 
viously semi-arid  acres,  every  one  of  which  is  located  in 
Colfax  County.  The  total  outlay  nearly  reaches  $5,000,- 
000. 


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RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


27  — 


(•«»!. I   \\    t«ilMVs    u.KICULTVRAL  CHOPS  ARE  V  \ KM  l>    \ M >  BOUNTEOUS 

I.  HUM-klii*  . MfBirn.     i     \  M|  Yield.     ».  Avermc«  Wtoc«t    Field.     «.  Irrlwilltis  Sugar  Bwt*.    5.  Colfax  County  Corn 

Field.     6.  Truck  Gardra*   nourish. 


RESOURCES  AND  jNDUSTfflES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-  28  — 


"THC    LAND 


MEXICO 
OF" 


Among  the  projects  owned  by  organized  corporations, 
with  the  acreage  to  be  served,  are : 

Maxwell  Irrigated  Land  Co 20,000   acres 

Farmers'  Development  Co 1  0,000  acres 

French  Land  and  Irrigation  Co 40,000  acres 

Palo  Blanco  Project 40,000  acres 

Lake  Charette  Project 12,000  acres 

Jaritas  Reservoir  and  Ditch  Co 4,000  acres 

Springer  Ditch  System 7,500   acres 

Eagle  Nest  Dam  (projected  work  to 

begin  in  fall  of  1914) 100,000   acres 


acres 
acres 


Total 233,500  acres 

Many  of  these  projects  will  be  enlarged  ultimately. 
The  following  enterprises  are  those  of  individual  owners: 

Geo.  H.  Webster.  Jr 5,000  acres 

Capt.  Wm.  French 2,000  acres 

Springer,  Chase,  et  al 1 ,500 

Meloche  &  Thomson 2,200 

Ute  Park  (various)    1 ,000  acres 

Several   thousand   acres  in  addition  are   being  irrigated 

by  acequias,  having  no  storage  provisions,  near  the  head 

waters  of  various  streams. 

This  is  Colfax  County's  position,  in  brief,  in  relation 

to  irrigation,  the  happy  solution  of  America's  agricultural 

problem  of  today  and  the  future. 
What  other  county  can  match  it? 
Farming  on  the  various  mesas  and  in  the  valleys  without 


IIUUGATFOX   CAXAI.    XKAR   MAXWKLIj 

irrigation  has  been  successful  for  about  thirty  years.  Wheat, 
rye,  barley,  oats,  potatoes  and  all  root  crops  yield  abund- 
antly, especially  on  the  mesa  lands,  where  this  year  (1914) 
wheat  has  averaged  40  bushels  per  acre  and  other  grain 


crops  in  proportion.  Forty  bushels  per  acre  at  70c  per 
bushel  means  at  least  a  ten  per  cent  net  return  on  an  in- 
vestment of  $100  per  acre  for  the  land,  and  much  of  the 
mesa  land  is  held  at  $25  per  acre  or  less.  The  dry  farm- 
ing valley  lands  do  not  yield  quite  so  heavily,  are  not  so 
sure,  and  bring  less  per  acre  when  sold.  On  the  three  large 


CitOP   OF   SILVKH   KING    WHEAT 

mesas  near  Raton  (Johnson,  Bartlett  and  Barela),  where 
farming  has  been  in  progress  since  1S85,  there  has  never 
been  a  failure  of  crops.  The  wheat  growing  feature  in 
Colfax  County  has  now  reached  proportions  demanding 
a  flouring  mill,  and  steps  are  being  taken  to  establish  one 
for  the  1915  crop.  The  finest  horses  and  cattle  in  the 
world  are  grown  on  the  mesa  lands,  which  seem  to  be  pecu- 
liarly adapted  to  the  production  of  large,  hardy  and  hand- 
some stock. 

Can  you  comprehend  three  hundred  sunny  days  in  the 
year — and  not  a  hot  one  in  the  lot?  Does  sleeping  under 
blankets  every  summer  night  make  any  appeal  to  you? 
Would  you  be  happy  breathing  an  atmosphere  so  tonic 
and  so  sweet  as  to  make  each  opening  day  a  new  and 
glorious  thing?  Could  you  enjoy  living  where  each  sum- 
mer night  is  a  beaming  radiance — and  not  an  insect  pest 
in  sight?  Where  the  skies  hang  so  low  and  stars  are  so 
intimate  that  you  feel  you  can  reach  up  and  pluck  them 
from  their  azure  beds? 

Our  good  friends,  the  mountains,  give  us  blessings. 
They  temper  the  summer  heat  with  their  coats  of  snow, 
and  block  the  winter  blasts  with  their  towering  shoulders. 
We  live  in  their  tender  shelter  and  are  glad,  all  the  year — 
glad,  and  healthy,  and  strong.  And  these  mountains  will 
also  shelter  you,  and  delight,  enthrall  and  comfort  you, 
as  they  do  us,  if  you  will  let  them. 


RESOURCES  AND  JNDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  29  — 


RATON,  NEW  MEXICO 

THE  GATE  CITY— COUNTY  SEAT  OF  COLFAX  COUNTY 


BY  J.  J.  SHULER,  M.  D. 


AM  led  to  the  brow  of  Goat  Hill,  that  bold 
and  picturesque  mountain  promontory  which 
hangs  its  rugged  front  high  above  the  western 
edge  of  the  City  of  Raton. 

The  friendly  hands  that  shut  out  my  vision 
are  swiftly  withdrawn,  and  I   look — first — 
Far  into  space,  to  the  towering  rims  of  the  great  mesas 
to  the  east ;  and  then — 

Down,  down,  down,  when  I  discover  at  my  feet  a  midget 
city — a  city  truly  in  form  and  comeliness,  but  so  tiny  at 
this  height  that  the  impulse  is  to  squat  down  in  its  midst  and 
play,  joyously,  as  when  I  was  a  lad. 

Ants  of  men  crawl  all  about;  lady-bug  autos  skim  over 
the  straight,  clean  streets;  beetles  of  drays  haul  loads  of 
merchandise  from  piano-box-sized  warehouses  to  packing- 
box  stores;  a  little  tin  train,  its  engine  puffing  real  smoke, 
pulls  into  the  toy  station  on  a  play  track,  discharges  its 
insect  passengers,  and  puffs  on  its  Liliputian  way.  Oh.  it 
is  a  most  perfect  and  delightful  and  symmetrical  little  city, 
with  nothing  left  out  but  the  size. 

In  this,  my  first  view  of  Raton,  I  stared  downward  a 


sheer  500  feet.  In  the  brilliance  and  clarity  of  the  moun- 
tain atmosphere  every  minutest  detail  of  the  charming  city 
stood  sharply  out.  The  bright  green  patches  of  dooryard 
lawn;  the  variegated  gardens;  the  miles  of  symmetrical 
streets,  trimmed  with  white  ribbons  of  cement  sidewalks 
and  bordered  with  luxuriant  play-trees;  the  modest  and 
the  pretentious  homes;  the  stores,  warehouses,  workshops, 
schools  and  churches,  all  loudly  proclaimed  a  modern,  am- 
bitious, progressive,  pride  ful  city  of  the  best  American 
type.  Everything  complete,  everything  delightful,  every- 
thing admirable. 

Clustered  like  sheep  in  the  shelter  of  the  sheepfold,  the 
pretty  homes  nestled  close  to  the  mountain's  base,  creeping 
into  its  curves  and  hollows  as  for  greater  comfort  when  the 
storms  should  blow. 

On  the  west,  north  and  east,  the  famous  Raton  Range 
forms  a  sheltering  barrier  from  the  keen  blasts  of  winter. 
This  mountain  wall,  crowned  with  a  precipitous  rim  of 
castellated  rock,  lifts  up  itself  on  the  west  from  the  very 
back  doors  of  many  Raton  homes.  On  the  north  it  is  far- 
ther from  the  city  boundary  and  on  the  east  still  farther. 


KXTMVs 


\M>   <  OMMOHKH  s   <  II  \     11X11.    XM»    Ml  VK'II'.U.   1U  1  1  HI  M  . 


RESOURCES   AND  _INDUSTPflES   OF  TTJE^SUNSHINEI  STATE 

—  30  — 


On  the  northeast  and  east  its  character  changes  to  that  of 
great  mesas  or  elevated  plateaux,  having  precipitous  sides, 
some  1 ,500  feet  above  the  level  of  Raton,  where  wonder- 
ful grain  and  root  crops  have  been  raised  for  many  years, 
literally  in  the  clouds  at  times.  These  prosperous  mesas 
are  valued  contributors  to  the  trade  of  Raton,  and  their 


The  elevation  of  Raton  is  about  6,700  feet.  This  fact, 
and  the  cooling  presence  of  the  mountains,  explains  why 
Raton  never  surfers  from  summer  heat.  Temperate  weather 
throughout  the  year,  requiring  blankets  for  comfort  each 
summer  night,  make  Raton  an  incomparable  place  to  live. 
This,  and  the  brilliant  succession  of  sunny  days — more 


RATON'S  PARK  SYSTEM  IS  AMONG  THE  FINEST  IN  THE  STATE 


heavy  production  of  wheat  has  made  necessary  the  erection 
of  a  flourishing  mill  in  the  city  to  accommodate  the  1915 
crop. 

The  cold  months  of  the  year  are  wonderfully  tempered 
by  these  great  mountain  walls.  What  is  often  a  fearful 
blizzard  on  the  northern  side  of  the  range  is  with  us  but  a 
miracle  of  snow  particles  dancing  in  the  sunlit  air  of  Raton. 


than  three  hundred  of  them  strung  like  silver  beads  on  the 
golden  cord  of  every  calendar  year — lend  a  wondrous 
charm  to  life  in  Raton. 

Atmosphere  clear,  sweet.  Ionic — a  marvel  and  a  joy. 
We  have  it  all  the  year.  It  bears  healing  in  every  breath, 
gives  zest  to  life,  and  inspiration  to  thought. 

The  mental  and  physical  vigor  of  those  who  have  lived 


IMPLEY  PARK — SANTA    FE  TRAIL,  MONUMENT 

It  is  but  snow  driven  over  the  mountaintops ;  the  spray  from 
the  winter  tempest,  broken  upon  the  rocky  immobility  of  the 
eternal  hills. 


CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  IN  RIPLEY  PARK 

in  Raton  for  many  years  and  are  approaching  their  allotted 
term  is  remarked  by  strangers  and  bears  certain  testimony 
that  they  absorb  health  with  every  respiration. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  31  — 


Highly  notable  among  our  scenic  attractions  is  our  sky- 
line drive,  a  splendid  mountain  highway  built  on  the  crest 
of  the  Range  (nearly  8,000  feet  in  the  air)  between 
Raton  and  her  sister  city.  Trinidad.  Colo.,  26  miles  to 
the  north.  This  wonderful  roadway,  soundly  built  by 
State  convict  labor,  is  an  ideal  course  for  tourist  travel  and 
is  gaining  renown  each  year  from  coast  to  coast.  A  more 
exhilirating,  breath-taking,  eye-satisfying  auto  run  can  no) 
be  found  in  these  United  States  than  over  the  scenic  high- 
way of  Raton.  It  is  comparable  only  to  aeroplane  flight 
in  its  thrills  and  its  revelations  of  scenic  beauty. 

Raton  streets  are  laid  out  symmetrically  and  are  bor- 
dered with  many  miles  of  finest  concrete  sidewalks.  Shad? 
trees  are  abundant.  Lawns  and  homes  are  kept  with  a 
visible  pride  of  ownership.  Streets  and  business  places  are 
well  lighted  with  electricity.  Systematic  garbage  removal 
and  modern  sewerage  insure  sanitation.  A  city  park  which 


I:\TOVS  UK. n  s<  HOOT,  in  IM>IM;S 

is  a  gem  of  beauty  surrounds  the  splendid  Carnegie  city 
library,  near  the  center  of  the  city.  This  park  has  its 
graveled  walks,  clustered  shrubbery,  splendid  shade  trees, 
a  public  fountain,  modern  seats  for  the  public,  and  swings 
for  the  children.  Here  is  also  a  beautiful,  commodious 
band-stand,  where  the  Raton  Concert  Band  discourses 
sweet  music  on  Sunday  afternoons.  In  one  corner  stand] 
the  granite  marker  placed  by  the  Daughters  of  the  Ameri- 
can Revolution  to  indicate  the  course  of  the  historic  Santa 
Fe  Trail  through  the  city,  and  at  other  points  are  relics  of 
the  ill-fated  Maine  and  of  the  Civil  War.  The  Santa  Fe 
Railroad  Company  has  laid  off  its  grounds  adjoining  this 
park  in  conformity  to  the  park,  and  supplements  it  admir- 
ably. Besides  this  park  a  rustic  park,  with  rest  pavilion*, 
is  located  on  the  top  of  precipitous  Goat  Hill,  directly  over- 
looking the  city  on  the  west,  where  a  vast  sweeping  view 
may  be  had  of  valley  and  plain.  The  city  has  also  pro- 


vided a  pretty  park  for  the  section  occupied  by  its  Spanish- 
American  residents. 

Great    pride    is    taken    in    the    embellishment     of     the 


r.l  Ks'  (I. Ill   It)   I!  DIM.   AT  HATOX 

grounds  about  the  more  pretentious  residences,  and  many 
beautiful  and  picturesque  effects  are  obtained  in  the  abodes 
of  wealth  and  refinement. 

Religiously  and  educationally,  Raton  is  decidedly  pro- 
gressive. There  arc  churches,  with  creditable  buildings  in 
most  cases,  of  practically  every  denomination.  Of  school 
there  are  three  where  the  grades  are  taught,  and  one,  a 
ccunty  high  school,  costing  $80,000,  which  is  in  every 
way  modern  and  fine  and  is  accessible  free  to  every  boy 
and  girl  in  the  county  who  graduates  from  the  eighth 
grade. 

The  large  shcps  and  roundhouse  of  the  Santa  Fc  Rail- 
road are  here,  and  with  the  train  service  out  of  Raton,  em- 


»\M  \   i  i    DI  r<»i    vi    I:\IHN 

ploy  many  men.  The  headquarters  of  the  Santa  Fe, 
Raton  &  Eastern  road  are  also  here,  as  well  as  the  office? 
of  the  St.  Louis,  Rocky  Mountain  &  Pacific  Coal  Com- 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  32  — 


"THE    LAISID 


A/IEXICO 
OF" 


pany  and  the  New  Mexico-Colorado  Coal  &  Mining 
Company. 

Raton  has  a  fine,  modern  cement  and  brick  plant,  capa- 
ble of  producing  40,000  superior  brick  from  local  shale 
daily,  which  are  finding  increased  favor  in  a  grow- 
ing market. 

The  Raton  Crystal  Ice  &  Cold  Storage  Company,  a 
large  concern,  amply  meets  the  needs  of  our  city  for  ice 
and  storage  and  ships  to  many  outside  points. 

The  mountains  about  Raton  contain  vast  bodies  of  coal 
— declared  by  government  geological  reports  the  greatest  in 
the  west.  This  coal  is  of  highly  superior  quality,  and  is 
being  profitably  mined  by  the  St.  Louis,  Rocky  Mountain 
&  Pacific  Company,  the  New  Mexico-Colorado  Coal  & 
Mining  Company,  .and  the  Stag  Canyon  Fuel  Company, 
the  latter  not  immediately  adjacent  to  Raton.  The  mines 
of  the  former  company  number  sixteen,  all  contiguous  to 
Raton,  and  have  an  output  of  1 0,000  tons  daily  undw 
full-time  working  conditions,  with  a  regular  pay-roll  ap- 
proximating $100,000  per  month.  This  company  also 
produces  coke  at  its  ovens  at  Koehler  and  Gardiner,  which 
have  a  capacity  of  1 ,000  tons  per  day. 

The  enormous  business  transacted  by  these  corporations 
alone  would  amply  sustain  the  city,  but  the  whole  county 
is  naturally  tributary  to  this  market,  with  its  unlimited  re- 
sources of  agricultural  and  mineral  wealth. 

Cheap  fuel  means  cheap  power,  and  cheap  power  brings 
manufactories,  where  there  is  raw  material  available.  Col- 
fax  county  has  the  raw  material,  superior  transportation 
facilities,  and  the  cheapest  fuel  in  America;  therefore 
manufactories  will  come  to  Raton — the  logical  point. 

The  Raton  Creamery  draws  from  a  very  large  territory 
and  has  enjoyed  a  steady  growth  in  business  and  pros- 
perity since  its  inception. 


A  fine  large  planing  mill  and  woodworking  plant  does 
an  excellent  business  the  year  through. 

Two  of  the  largest  and  most  completely  equipped  auto 
garages  in  the  entire  West  are  located  in  Raton. 


ONE  OF  RATON'S  BUSINESS  STREETS 

There  are  several  stone  quarries  close  to  town,  where 
excellent  building  material  is  obtained. 

Raton  has  two  well-equipped  printing  plants,  one  issu- 
ing a  semi-weekly  and  (he  other  a  weekly  newspaper. 

Our  city  administration  has  taken  an  advanced  step 
toward  municipal  ownership  of  its  water  system — a  fine 
new  system  now  being  in  process  of  construction  by  the  city 
at  a  cost  of  $300,000,  which  will  be  completed  during 
1915.  This  system  will  supply  a  superabundance  of  pure, 
soft,  mountain  water,  which'  the  city  will  be  able  to  offer 
free  to  industrial  enterprises  desiring  to  locate  here.  The 
present  water  system  is  under  corporate  management  under 
a  franchise  expiring  in  1916. 


iimiiiiijijiLiimnmiEniiifflfflin 


mrnmrni 


RATON   BOASTS  OF  HER  MANY  BEAUTIITI>  HOMES 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  33  — 


T"HE :     LAfSlD   OF"    OR POR'TUNIT V" 


The  surface  drainage  of  Raton  is  perfect,  the  slope  be- 
ing steep  enough  for  the  complete  flushing  of  the  whole 
area  with  every  rain  that  falls.  The  sewerage  capacity 
much  exceeds  present  needs. 

The  First  National  Bank  has  a  capital  and  surplus  of 
$150.000.  with  deposits  exceeding  $1,100.000.  and  is 
one  of  the  strongest  financial  institutions  in  New  Mexico. 

The  National  Bank  of  New  Mexico  has  a  capital  and 
surplus  of  $60,000  and  deposits  approaching  the  $500,- 


each  fair  some  of  the  finest  racing  stock  in  the  West. 

The  Colfax  county  court  house  and  jail  is  located  in 
Raton,  and  is  a  very  handsome  brick  structure. 

In  1914  a  handsome  and  commodious  municipal  office 
building  of  buff  pressed  brick  with  stone  trimmings  was 
constructed  for  the  housing  of  the  city  officials  and  the 
accommodation  of  city  records,  at  a  cost  of  $45,000. 
This  building  stands  on  a  civic  center  site  in  the  heart  of 
the  city,  and  beside  it  is  the  fine  city  jail  building,  of  native 


«H.I    \\ 


MY    (<M  KT    IIOCKK  —  KATOX 


000  mark.  It  is  the  younger  of  the  two  banks,  and  is  a 
growing  and  popular  institution. 

Raton  has  more  business  buildings  of  modern  character, 
large  capacity  and  attractive  exteriors  and  interiors  than 
any  other  city  of  its  size  in  the  Southwest,  and  besides  the 
large  retail  trade  enjoyed  there  is  a  considerable  and  grow- 
ing wholesale  business  conducted  here  in  various  lines.  The 
stocks  carried  by  the  merchants  are  unusually  large,  high- 
class  and  varied,  attracting  trade  from  an  extensive  region. 

Raton  boa«ts  a  splendid  hospital,  known  as  the  Miners' 
Hospital,  erected  and  maintained  by  the  State. 

Our  city  is  well  served  in  the  matter  of  hotels,  restau- 
rants. and  places  of  amusement.  Its  leading  hotel  is  the 
equal  of  any  to  be  found  south  of  Denver. 

An  organization  which  adds  much  to  the  attractiveness 
of  Raton  and  contributes  largely  to  its  prominence  is  the 
Northern  New  Mexico  Fair  Association,  which  bring*  to 
our  city  annually  great  numbers  of  people  from  the  stock- 
raising  and  farming  sections  for  mile*  about.  This  is  a 
very  vigorous  and  progressive  organization,  which  annually 
present*  as  comprehensive  and  fine  an  exhibit  of  stock, 
fruit,  and  farm  products  for  inspection  as  can  be  found 
anywhere  in  the  world  for  the  tame  contributing  territory. 
The  Fair  buildings  are  commodious  and  substantial,  the 
ground*  well  kept,  and  a  splendid  race  track  attract*  to 


Till:   MIXKICS    HOSI'ITM.   AT   KATON 

stone.  The  fire  department  is  accommodated  in  the  new 
city  hall  building. 

Raton  has  many  benevolent  and  fraternal  organizations, 
of  which  the  Masons,  Elks  and  Odd  Fellows  are  the  most 
prominent.  The  Elks  boast  the  most  handsome  building 
in  Raton,  erected  as  the  home  of  the  order  at  a  cost  of 
$40,000.  There  are  also  strong  organizations  of  railway 
employees. 

Few  cities  present  as  many  attractions  as  Raton  for  a 
place  of  residence,  either  within  itself  or  in  its  environ- 
ment. It  is  the  place  to  establish  the  home  of  your 
dreams,  and  with  the  inevitable  growth  along  twentieth 
century  lines  now  in  progress  it  will  soon  become  famous. 
Great  numbers  of  auto  tourists  pass  through  Raton  each 
summer  on  their  way  from  coast  to  coast  or  from  the  heated 
plains  of  Texas  and  Oklahoma,  stop  awhile  to  enjoy  its 
coolness  and  scenic  setting,  and  pass  on  to  tell  the  story  of 
its  beauty  to  their  friends  in  distant  place*. 

There  are  no  better  opportunities  existent  anywhere  in 
the  new  State  than  may  be  found  in  Raton.  She  is  the 
gateway  to  the  new  commonwealth  of  New  Mexico,  but 
she  is  more — she  is  the  gateway  of  great  opportunities,  of 
better  health,  and  of  a  keener  enjoyment  of  the  act  of  mere 
living,  to  all  who  enter  her  portal*. 


RESOURCES 


INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-  34  - 


LAISID 


A1E5CICO 
OF" 


GIMARRON,  NEW  MEXICO 


THE    KEY    CITY      BY  DR.  c.  R.BASS 


.  N  THAT  comparatively  narrow  shelf  of  land 
which  divides  the  great  Rayado  and  Cimar- 
ron  valleys  proper  from  the  Sangre  de  Cristo 
mountains  stands  the  town  of  Cimarron,  a 
thriving  place  which  now  has  a  population  of 
1 , 1  00  souls.  A  more  ideal  location  could 
not  be  fcund.  To  north  and  west  the  great  mountains  fling 
their  protecting  arm  and  below  to  the  south  and  east  are 
two  of  (he  most  fertile  valleys  to  be  found  in  the  State. 
The  region  has  an  abundance  of  water,  the  Cimarron,  Ponil 
and  Cimarroncito  canyons  pouring  their  bounteous  streams 
almost  into  the  town  itself.  The  valleys  below  are  tribu- 
tary, in  a  trade  sense,  to  the  city  and  as  they  include  sev- 
eral important  irrigation  projects,  which  means  a  number 
of  enterprising  families  to  cultivate  the  projects,  this  is  no 
inconsiderable  asset.  The  mountains  about  provide  fuel, 
timber  and  game  for  whosoever  desires  it.  Truly,  the  Di- 
vine Architect  endowed  Cimarron  with  a  great  wealth  of 


OXK    OF    CIMAKKOX'S    INDl'STKIKS 

resource  which  is  now  being  turned   to   the  advantage  of 
the  homebuilder. 

Cimarron  is  on  the  direct  route  of  the  original  Santa  Fe 
Trail,  a  fact  of  which  she  is  quite  proud.  Indeed,  in  the 
fields  of  the  Rayado  Valley  below,  the  tracks  of  the  my- 


riad wagons  which  passed  that  way  may  still  be  seen,  or 
could  until  the  fields  were  leveled  for  irrigation.  At  one 
time,  beginning  in  1870,  it  was  an  Indian  agency,  being 
headquarters  for  some  eight  years  for  the  Jicarilla  Apachis 
and  for  a  time  for  the  Mohuache  Utes.  It  was  these  same 
Indians  who  prevented  the  earlier  settlement  of  the  Cim- 
arron region,  in  common  with  most  of  northern  New  Mex- 


CIMAHIJOX    SCHOOI* 

ico,  else  it  might  be  that  the  beauties  and  wealth  of  Cim- 
arron might  be  more  widely  known  at  present. 

The  altitude  of  the  place  is  about  6,400  feet.  The 
climate  is  superb,  never  too  warm  in  summer  and  never  too 
cold  in  winter,  for  though  sometimes  the  December  and 
January  nights  are  of  quite  low  temperature,  the  cold  is 
dry,  due  to  the  altitude,  and  is  felt  little.  In  the  daytime 
during  the  winter  the  air  literally  sparkles  with  ozone, 
stimulating  and  puttirg  "snap"  and  "ginger"  into  all  who 
experience  it.  It  is  a  tonic  atmosphere  and  a  stranger  ex- 
periencing its  exhilirating  effect  for  the  first  time  would 
never  believe  the  thermometer  was  showing  zero  weather. 
Since  the  summer  nights  are  cool  enough  for  blankets  to 
be  comfortable  and  since  the  thermometer  never  rises  very 
high,  the  mean  temperature  of  the  year  is  low,  in  fact,  fifty- 
four  degrees  has  been  the  mean  throughout  the  past  ten 
years. 


RESOURCES  AJSTC) INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


35 


THE 


MEXICO 
OI^ 


The  streams  near  Cimarron  are  all  stocked  with  moun- 
tain trout  by  the  state  game  department,  and  fishing  is  good 
from  May  1 5  to  October  1 5.  The  largest  stream,  the 
Cimarron,  passes  through  a  canyon  of  considerable  size 
and  remarkable  beauty.  In  fact,  those  who  have  made 
the  trip  through  this  gorge  declare  it  is  worth  crossing  the 
continent  to  see.  The  scenery  is  not  only  of  the  usual 
nigged  type  to  be  found  in  the  west  but  embraces  a  num- 
ber of  unusual  and  unique  features  found  nowhere  else. 

The  mountains  near  the  town  are  the  habitat  of  deer  in 
considerable  numbers,  also  of  the  wily  turkey  in  quantities 
exceeding  those  available  elsewhere,  while  grouse  and 
smaller  game  abound.  All  may  be  killed  during  the  open 
season  of  each  year.  As  they  are  strictly  preserved  in  the 
closed  season,  the  supply  seems  likely  to  continue. 

.The  town  itself  is  a  hustling  place,  well  abreast  of  ail 
that  is  most  modern  in  municipalities  of  its  size.  It  has 
concrete  sidewalks  on  all  the  principal  streets.  It  has  an 
adequate  and  efficient  sewer  system.  Good  schools,  a  fea- 
ture of  New  Mexico  since  statehood  has  been  attained,  are 
of  special  interest  to  all  citizens  of  Cimarron  and  the  result 
it  a  school  system  of  which  a  much  larger  city  might  well 
be  proud.  Good  salaries  are  paid  to  the  teachers  and  ex- 
cellent results  are  being  attained.  Good  churches  are  al- 
ways a  matter  of  interest  to  prospective  settlers  and  on  this 
point  Cimarron  is  able  to  display  considerable  pride.  There 
are  two  churches  in  the  city,  both  owning  their  own  build- 
ings and  both  prospering.  The  city  claims  more  modern 
homes  than  any  other  of  its  size  in  the  State.  In  fact, 
homes  are  a  matter  of  special  pride  to  all  her  citizens. 


The  City  of  Cimarron  is  almost  in  the  geographical 
center  of  the  county  of  Colfax,  one  of  the  richest  in  the 
State  of  New  Mexico.  It  is  on  the  main  line  of  the  St. 
Louis,  Rocky  Mountain  Sc  Pacific  Railway,  and  is  but 
fifty  minutes  ride  by  automobile  from  the  main  line  of  the 
Santa  Fe.  It  was  incorporated  many  years  ago  and  has  a 
live  mayor  and  a  wide-awake  city  council.  The  people 
are  hospitable  after  the  good  old  western  style  of  hospi- 
tality, a  style  which,  by  the  way,  reached  its  greatest  height 
in  this  same  county  of  Colfax.  Strangers  are  welcomed 
heartily  and  every  facility  offered  for  investigation. 

In  a  short  time  the  valleys  adjacent  to  the  city  are  to 
be  placed  on  the  market  in  suitable  small  tracts  for  inten- 
sive cultivation.  A  water  supply  will  be  guaranteed  each 
one  by  the  ample  facilities  being  installed  and  by  the  fact 
that  the  state  exercises  a  supervisory  right  over  all  irriga- 
tion projects,  prohibiting  the  attempting  of  too  much  recla- 
mation with  a  given  streamflow.  When  these  tracts  are 
settled,  Cimarron  will  take  another  big  stride  forward,  a 
stride  which  will  be  duplicated  with  each  successive  open- 
ing up  of  the  different  valleys  which  surround  her  and 
which  are  susceptible  of  irrigation  from  the  mountain  waters. 

Recapitulating,  Cimarron  has:  An  altitude  of  6,400 
feet  above  sea  level.  An  average  annual  rainfall  of  seven- 
teen inches  during  the  past  ten  years.  Mean  annual  tem- 
perature of  54  degrees  F.  Excellent  water  supply  system 
and  the  finest  water  in  the  country.  Concrete  sidewalks. 
Good  schools.  Two  good  churches.  Solid,  prosperous, 
hospitable  people. 


•  I\I\I:I;<>N    IUMM--S 


\i:i     xi  KM  \\n\i 


RESOURCES  AND jNDUSTfflES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STftc 

36 


A1EXICO 
LAND  OF" 


GROUP  OF   HAXDSOME   CIMARRON    RESIDENCES 


•R         I^SOURCCS  AND  ]NDUSTFglES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


37 


THE:  L.AISJD 


A1EXICO 

or" 


URRACA  RANCH  ORCHARDS 


GIMARRON,  NEW  MEXICO 


i  ERHAPS  the  largest  individually  owned 
commercial  apple  -orchard  in  the  State  of 
New  Mexico,  is  that  located  on  the  Urraca 
Ranch  at  Cimarron.  in  Col  fax  County. 

This  remarkable  orchard  is  owned  by  Geo. 
H.  Webster,  Jr.,  and  is  now  just  coming  into 
bearing.  The  tract  consists  of  something  over  400  acres 
and  is  laid  out  and  planted  in  accordance  with  the  most 
modern  practice  in  such  matters.  Each  forty-acre  tract  has 
a  25-foot  road  around  it,  thus  enabling  the  haulers  to  get 
on  a  good,  hard  road  at  short  distances,  in  hauling  apples 
to  the  packing  houses. 

All  the  tracts  are  planted  on  the  triangular  system,  every 
tree  being  30  feet  distant  from  the  olher.  There  are,  there- 
fore, about  23,000  trees  in  the  orchard.  Only  five  of  the 
best  commercial  varieties  have  been  set  out,  namely:  the 
Jonathan.  Black  Ben  Davis,  Stark  Delicious,  Stayman 
Winesap  and  Rome  Beauty. 

A  great  deal  of  money  was  spent  upon  this  project  be- 
fore a  tree  was  planted,  in  a  thorough  investigation  by 
experts  of  soil,  air  drainage,  soil  drainage,  water  supply 
for  irrigation,  railroad  and  market  facilities  and  the  selec- 


tion of  varieties  which  were  known  to  be  successful  in  this 
section. 

There  are  on  the  Urraca  Ranch  and  on  other  nearby 
ranches,  apple  orchards  now  over  35  years  old,  that  have 


rm:\<  \  AIMM.I.S  AKJ:  IMM/.I:  \VINM:KS 

never  known  a  crop  failure.  The  altitude  of  the  Urraca 
Orchard  is  6,300  feet  above  sea  level,  an  ideal  one  for  the 
production  of  sound,  well-colored  fruit.  Situated  three 


i  in     i  1:1:  M   \    M-i'i.i.  IIKCII  xitn 
i    hMllvlfluall)    iiwin-.i    (  ..miiK-rvlnl     \|.|.|.-   »r.  Irnnl    In   »w   Mexico. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  38  — 


THE    LAND   OF" 


PRIVATE   RESERVOIR  XO.    1    OX  THE   ITRRACA  RAXCII 

miles  south  of  the  prosperous  town  of  Cimarron,  at  the 
southern  end  of  the  great  coal  fields  of  Colfax  County,  the 
product  of  this  great  orchard  can  be  shipped  direct  over  the 
Santa  Fe,  The  Rock  Island  and  the  Colorado  6c  Southern 
railroads,  thus  affording  direct  connection  with  the  exten- 
sive apple  markets  of  the  South  and  Southwest. 

A  private  reservoir,  situated 
about  four  miles  west  of  the 
orchard,  fed  by  a  perennial 
mountain  stream  of  finest 
water,  furnishes  the  necessary 
supply  for  the  irrigation  of 
2,000  acres  of  land.  The 
titles  and  water  rights  of  the 
Urraca  Ranch  are  perfect 
and  a  never-failing,  abundant 
supply  of  water  is  constantly 
available.  A  large  box-fac- 
tory operating  in  Cimarron 
furnishes  apple  boxes  almost 
at  the  door  of  the  packing 
houses  and  a  three-mile  down 
hill  haul  places  the  product  on 
the  Santa  Fe  railroad  track. 
Mr.  Webster,  however,  con- 
templates the  construction  of  a 

spur,  when  the  orchard  is  in  full  bearing,  which  will  make 
it  possible  to  load  direct  from  the  packing  house  to  the  car. 


Climatically,  the  environ- 
ment of  Cimarron  is  one  of  the 
finest  in  all  the  West.  It  is 
a  semi  -  mountainous  country, 
given  "over  largely  to  fruit 
raising  and  the  cattle  industry. 
The  Urraca  Ranch  comprises 
over  80,000  acres  of  for- 
ested and  open  grazing  land 
and  high  grade  Hereford  cattle 
are  handled  on  the  ranch. 
The  fishing  and  hunting  are 
not  excelled  anywhere  as  the 
game  is  carefully  guarded 
and  protected.  As  a  delight- 
ful place  to  live,  there  is 
hardly  any  section  of  the  coun- 
try that  can  offer  superior 
advantages. 

This  orchard  tract,  which  is  now  four,  five  and  six 
years  old,  is  being  cut  up  into  tracts  to  suit  purchasers  and 
as  the  terms  upon  which  Mr.  Webster  has  decided  to  sell 
this  land  are  liberal,  a  really  great  opportunity  is  offered 
to  the  few  purchasers  who  may  be  able  to  secure  a  tract 
of  the  land. 


XET  PROFIT  OX   THIS   ORCHARD   N'EARIA*   $200.00   PER  ACRE  IxAST  YEAR 


For   further   information,   address  The   Urraca   Ranch, 
P.  O.  Box  1  88,  Cimarron,  N.  M. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  39  - 


A1EXICO 

TT-IE:   LAND  OF* 


THE   ST.   LOUIS,    ROCKY  MOUNTAIN 

>*NW  OOOOCD*. 

AND  PACIFIC  COMPANY 

»**  Of  0000  CO* 

SWASTIKA     P[]RL    COMPANY     BY  L.  c.  WHITE 

HE  St.  Louis,  Rocky  Mountain  ot  Pacific 
Company  is  a  coal  mining  company  operat- 
ing mines  and  coke  ovens  in  Colfax  County, 
New  Mexico,  in  the  vicinity  of  Raton. 

The  land  and  coal  rights  owned  by  this 
company  were  purchased  from  the  Maxwell 
Land  Grant  Company  and  include  the  best  of  the  coal 
veins  on  the  large  land  grant  of  that  name,  being  the  prin- 
cipal part  of  the  well-known  Raton  coal  field. 

The  several  coal  seams  of  this  property  furnish  coals  of 
excellent  quality  for  steam,  coking,  gas  and  domestic  pur- 
poses. 

The  products  of  this  company  are  marketed  through  a 
subsidiary  company  called  the  Swastika  Fuel  Company, 
whose  offices  are  at  Raton,  New  Mexico,  and  whose  trad- 
mark  is  a  Swastika  Cross,  and  the  coal  and  coke  are  dis- 
tributed through  Southwestern  Coal  Company,  with  offices 
at  Amnnllo,  Texas,  Wichita,  Kansas,  Oklahoma  City, 
Okla..  Dallas.  Texas,  and  S.  C.  Awbrey.  El  Paso.  Texas. 
The  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railway  runs 
through  the  property  near  its  eastern  boundary  and  has 
branches  to  the  different  mines.  The  El  Paso  &  South- 
western Railway  reaches  the  property  near  the  southwest 
corner,  and  by  means  of  the  St.  Louis,  Rocky  Mountain 
fie  Pacific  Railway,  now  operated  by  the  Atchison,  To- 


peka ot  Santa  Fe  Company,  connection  is  made  from  the 
coal  mines  to  the  Colorado  &  Southern  Railway  at  a  point 
50  miles  east  of  Raton,  as  well  as  with  the  El  Paso  & 
Southwestern  at  Colfax. 

In  the  early  development  of  coal  mines  on  this  property, 
the  coal  was  used  principally  by  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
and  Santa  Fe  Company,  but  in  later  years  the  development 
of  other  railways  and  of  copper  mining  and  other  industries 
in  New  Mexico,  Arizona  and  Mexico,  has  made  a  large 
and  increasing  market  for  steam  coal  and  coke,  and  the 
rapid  settlement  and  development  of  Oklahoma,  Western 
Texas  and  all  the  Southwest,  has  caused  a  large  demand 
for  domestic  coal. 

During  the  past  five  years  mining  operations  have  shown 
that  certain  areas  of  the  coal  lands  owned  and  controlled 
by  this  company  furnish  a  high  grade  of  domestic  coal 
and  it  was  found  that  by  washing  the  fine  slack  coal  be- 
fore coking,  a  grade  of  coke  could  be  produced  equal  to 
any  in  the  Western  States.  These  discoveries  led  to  a 
systematic  campaign  of  development  with  the  end  in  view 
of  supplying  customers  with  just  the  kind  of  coal  and 
coke  they  wanted. 

At  three  of  the  company's  mines  special  plants  have 
been  installed  for  preparing  for  domestic  use  the  coal  from 
the  areas  containing  coal  best  suited  for  that  use.  The 


i  ^  i     \  ii  \\ 


\\    MI  \i<  <> 


fit 

RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

JH 

-  40  - 

coal  is  perfectly  screened  by  shaker  screens  into  four  sizes, 
viz:  Lump,  Nut,  Pea  and  Slack,  and  arrangements  made 
for  picking  out  and  removing  any  slate  or  impurities  which 
may  get  into  the  coal  in  the  course  of  mining. 

At  the  two  coke  oven  plants  coal  washers  were  installed. 
By  this  means  the  fine  slack  coal  is  washed  and  a  low  ash 
coke  is  produced.  New  mines  were  opened  and  old  ones 
improved  until  the  capacity  is  now  about  eight  thousand 
tons  daily.  This  capacity  is  greater  than  the  present  de- 
mand and  nearly  equals  the  highest  winter  demand.  It  is 
the  policy  of  this  company  to  increase  the  capacity  of  its 
mines,  and  to  open  new  mines  in  prospected  areas  of  its 


A   SWASTIKA    FANCY   LUMP 

Weight  2755  Pounds 

coal  field  so  as  to  be  able  to  supply  the  maximum  demand 
at  all  times. 

All  the  coal  on  the  company's  property  lies  in  nearly 
horizontal  seams  or  veins  and  is  mined  by  level  drifts  into 
the  sides  of  the  foot-hills  at  places  where  the  coal  out- 
crops and  the  coal  is  brought  out  by  electric  haulage. 
The  company  now  has  five  mines  and  two  coking  plants 
in  operation. 

Koehler  Mine  is  situated  22  miles  southwest  of  Raton. 
It  has  three  openings,  which  are  level  drifts  into  the  hills. 
All  hauling  from  the  mine  partings  and  along  surface 
tramways  is  done  by  electric  locomotives.  Three  fans 
are  used  to  supply  pure  air  to  the  mines.  A  complete 
water  system  is  installed,  the  water  being  pumped  from 
wells  to  a  reservoir  and  from  there  distributed  by  gravity 
pipe  lines  through  the  camp  and  into  the  mines.  By  this 
means  the  haulage  ways  in  the  mines  are  thoroughly 
sprinkled  every  day  to  avoid  danger  from  dust. 

At  Koehler  is  located  one  of  the  coking  plants,  consist- 
ing of  2 1 0  beehive  ovens  and  a  coal-washing  plant. 


An  electric  power  plant  supplies  power  for  all  mining 
machinery  and  for  lighting  purposes. 

There  are  at  this  camp  158  dwelling  houses,  3  board- 
ing houses,  an  up-to-date  general  store  and  meat  market 
and  a  school  house.  The  dwellings  are  well  built  houses 
with  convenient  water  supply  and  electric  light,  and  make 
comfortable  houses. 

Van  Houten  Mine  is  situated  1 6  miles  southwest  of 
Raton.  It  has  6  openings;  also  level  drifts  into  the  hills. 
Electrice  haulage,  water  supply,  power  plant,  houses  and 
other  equipment  are  similar  to  the  Koehler  Mine. 

Gardiner  Mine  is  situated  3  miles  west  of  Raton.  The 
present  opening  is  a  level  drift  into  the  hill  at  a  point  where 
the  coal  outcrops  about  200  feet  above  the  valley,  and  the 
mine  cars  are  lowered  to  the  tipple  by  means  of  an  in- 
clined plane  tramway. 

A  coking  plant  is  located  at  Gardiner,  consisting  of  200 
beehive  ovens  and  a  coal  washery,  and  the  fine  slack  from 
Gardiner,  Van  Houten  and  Brilliant  Mines  is  coked  here. 
Equipment  is  much  the  same  as  at  the  other  mines,  except 
that  the  electrical  energy  is  purchased  from  a  power  com- 
pany. 

Brilliant  Mine  is  situated  9  miles  northwest  of  Raton. 
The  coal  mined  at  Brilliant  is  an  upper  seam,  or  vein, 
which  lies  about  500  feet  above  the  main  Raton  vein 
which  is  worked  at  Gardiner,  Van  Houten  and  Koehler 
Mines.  There  are  three  openings  —  level  drifts  into  the 
hills  at  outcrop.  Electrical  haulage,  water  supply,  houses 
and  equipment  are  similar  to  those  at  the  other  mines. 

Sugarite  Mine  is  situated  7  miles  northeast  of  Raton, 
on  the  Santa  Fe,  Raton  &  Eastern  Railroad,  which  con- 
nects with  the  A.  T.  &  S.  F.  Railway  at  Raton  and  with 
the  St.  L.  R.  M.  &  P.  Railway  at  Wallace.  This  is  the 
latest  development  of  this  coal  company  and  the  coal  is 
mined  for  domestic  use  exclusively.  There  are  three 
openings,  being  level  drifts  into  the  hills  at  the  outcrop, 
which  is  about  300  feet  above  the  valley,  and  the  cars  are 
lowered  to  the  tipple  by  means  of  two  inclined  plane  tram- 
ways, one  on  each  side  of  the  canyon.  This  camp  is  lo- 
cated along  a  beautiful  running  stream  and  is  a  more 
pleasant  place  to  live  than  most  coal  camps.  The  dwell- 
ings and  other  buildings  are  built  of  concrete  blocks,  or 
stone,  and  the  camp  presents  a  very  substantial  appearance. 
It  has  a  good  power  plant,  electric  haulage,  water  supply 
and  other  first-class  equipment.  The  tipple  has  all  mod- 
ern appliances  for  the  perfect  preparation  of  domestic  coal 
and  Sugarite  coal  is  favorably  known  in  the  markets  of 
six  states. 

Until  the  year    1914  the  company  has  constructed  a 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  41   — 


power  plant  at  each  new  mine  opened  and  produced  elec- 
tric power  for  its  operations.  This  year,  with  five  mines 
in  operation  and  others  contemplated,  it  began  to  appear 
that  a  central  power  plant  would  be  advisable.  The  com- 
pany considered  building  its  own  central  power  plant,  but 
as  The  Trinidad  Electric  Transmission,  Railway  and  Gas 
Company  had  a  large  power  plant  already  in  operation 
near  Trindad,  Colorado,  only  25  miles  away,  and  wanted 
to  extend  its  service,  a  contract  was  made  with  the  Trinidad 
Company  whereby  it  will  extend  its  power  line  to  all  the 
mines  of  this  company  and  supply  electrical  energy  for  aft 
its  operations. 


considered  hazardous  occupation  as  safe  as  possible  is  the 
problem  now  being  studied  more  than  any  other  thing  in 
connection  with  the  coal  mining  business.  The  danger  in 
coal  mining  is  from  explosions  which  are  caused  by  the 
presence  in  a  mine  of  gas,  or  dust,  or  both,  and  imperfect 
timbering  to  support  the  roof,  besides  general  negligence  in 
obeying  proper  instructions.  The  mines  of  this  company 
are  unusually  free  from  gas  and  the  excellent  ventilation 
maintained  at  all  the  mines  practically  eliminates  this 
danger. 

In  regard  to  dust,  the  officials  of  the  company  believe 
that  the  best  way  to  avoid  danger  from  this  source  is  to 


IHT  MOUTHS,   VAN   HOUTKN   MINES— No.    1    AND  No.  2 


This  arrangement  will  enable  the  company  to  open  new 
mine*  quickly  and  to  enlarge  the  capacity  of  present  mines, 
without  the  necessity  of  large  investments  in  power  plants. 

The  present  daily  capacity  of  the  mines  is  as  follows: 
Koehler.  2800  tons;  Van  Houten.  2700  tons:  Gardiner. 
700  tons:  Brilliant,  800  tons;  Sugarite  1000  tons;  making 
a  total  output  of  8000  tons  per  day;  and  the  capacity  of 
the  410  coke  ovens  is  500  tons  of  coke  per  day. 

The  market*  for  the  product  of  these  mines  are  princi- 
pally in  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  Northern  Mexico.  West- 
ern Texas,  Oklahoma.  Kansas  and  Colorado.  Steam  coal 
and  coke  if  shipped  far  into  the  interior  of  Mexico  and 
considerable  domestic  coal  has  been  shipped  as  far  east 
a*  Nebraska. 

This  description  would  not  be  complete  without  some 
mention  of  the  study  and  investment  this  company  has 
made  to  insure,  as  far  as  possible,  the  safety  of  the  men 
engaged  in  mining  operations.  To  render  this  generally 


first  remove  all  dust  possible  from  the  haulage  ways  where 
it  might  otherwise  accumulate  to  a  dangerous  extent,  and 
to  sprinkle  the  remaining  dust  with  water.  This  is 
done  by  an  extensive  water  system  at  each  mine,  consist- 
ing of  a  reservoir,  or  tank,  placed  far  enough  above  the 
mine  level  to  supply  a  good  pressure  at  all  mine  workings, 
and  pipe  lines  along  each  entry  with  branches  convenient 
to  the  rooms.  By  the  use  of  hose  of  proper  lengths  the 
water  is  distributed  just  where  it  is  needed. 

Coal  dust  as  found  in  any  well  regulated  mine  will  not 
explode  by  contact  with  ordinary  lights,  but  the  intense 
heat  produced  by  the  powder  flame  from  a  blown-out 
shot  will  sometimes  ignite  the  dust  and  cause  an  explosion. 
To  avoid  this  danger  the  company  uses  a  safety  powder 
which,  according  to  U.  S.  Government  tests,  causes  little 
or  no  flame,  and  all  shots  are  loaded  and  fired  by  ex- 
perienced shot-firm  when  all  other  men  are  out  of  the 
mine. 


—  42  — 


In  addition  to  these  precautions  the  company  has  pro- 
vided  the  latest  improved  rescue  apparatus  consisting  of 
oxygen  helmets  and  pulmotors  and  a  number  of  men 
trained  in  rescue  and  First  Aid  work  are  constantly  at 
hand  for  any  possible  emergency. 


all  well  ventilated,  constructed  of  good  material,  lighted 
with  electric  lights  and  are  furnished  to  the  men  at  reason- 
able  rates.  Good  schools  are  provided  for  ail  grades  up 
to  the  eighth  grade,  which  entitles  children  from  these 
mining  camps  to  enter  the  County  High  School.  Compe- 


PARTIAL   VIEW  OF  VAN  HOUTEN  COAL  MINING    CAMP — PRODUCING  2700  TONS  OF  COAL  DAILY 


This  company  conducts  the  coal  mining  business  with 
the  understanding  that  the  three  most  important  responsi- 
bilities are:  First,  to  the  men  who  work  in  the  mines; 
Second,  to  the  customers;  and,  Third,  to  the  stockholders. 


tent  doctors  and  nurses  furnish  efficient  medical  and  hos- 
pital service  and  strict  sanitary  regulations  are  enforced  at 
all  the  camps.  The  welfare  and  safety  of  its  employes  is 
the  constant  aim  of  the  company. 


PARTIAL  VIEW  OF  BRILLIANT  COAL  MINING  CAMP 


The  company  realizes  that  in  all  its  mining  operations 
safety  to  men  and  equipment  is  the  most  important  con- 
sideration and  that  pleasant  and  healthful  living  condi- 
tions must  be  provided  for  its  employes.  The  houses  are 


There  can  be  no  doubt  that,  with  a  square  deal  all 
around,  this  industry  will  increase  in  size  and  usefulness 
and  will  have  an  important  part  in  the  future  development 
of  New  Mexico  and  the  great  Southwest. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

'  ri~"  "•' —  '          ' 

43  


LAND 


MEXICO 

QF~ 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


44  — 


RAYADO  RANCH-CIMARRON,  NEW  MEXICO 


BY  A.  E.  SCHROEDER 


,  IGHT  miles  south  of  the  City  of  Cimarron 
stands  the  house  erected  by  Kit  Carson,  the 
famous  scout  and  pioneer,  for  his  residence 
in  New  Mexico.  The  old  house  still  stands, 
partially  unroofed  and  completely  uninhabit- 
able, but  the  lands  that  surround  it  are  no 
longer  the  hunting  ground  of  Indians.  The  interest  the 
house  and  the  lands  take  from  the  past  is  lost  in  the  interest 
they  have  from  their  present  uses ;  for  the  places  where  once 
the  red  man  hid  to  harass  the  great  parties  of  traders  who 
came  over  the  Santa  Fe  Trail  are  now  more  familiar  with 
the  plow  and  the  harrow,  the  cultivator  and  traction  engine 
than  they  are  with  buckskin  moccasin  or  unshod  war-pony's 
hoof. 

All  through  the  section,  now  known  as  the  Rayado 
Ranch,  wonderful  crops  are  being  raised  each  year.  'This 
section  is  that  which  is  bounded  on  the  south  by  a  spur 
of  the  Rockies  known  locally  as  the  Culebra  mountains  and 
the  Cimarron  river.  It  has  a  slight  slope  to  the  north  and 
east  and  is  well  watered  by  many  streams  from  the  moun- 
tains and  well  drained.  The  subsoil  is  deep  and  well 
adapted  to  the  storage  of  water.  The  top  soil  is  largely 
of  decomposed  volcanic  rock,  a  type  of  soil  famous  for 
its  fertility,  the  citrus  lands  of  California  being  of  almost 
identical  character.  The  fertility  of  the  land  is  demon- 
strated by  the  fact  that  portions  which  were  absolutely 
raw  in  April,  1914,  bore  wheat  crops  that  yielded  as  much 
as  thirty  bushels  to  the  acre  the  same  year,  without  irri- 
gation. 

The  Rayado  Ranch  comprises  some  35,000  acres.  Of 
this  a  portion  is  mountainous  and  hardly  susceptible  of  cul- 
tivation, while  1  6,000  acres  is  susceptible  of  irrigation.  In 
addition  to  this  area,  which  by  no  means  comprises  the 
cultivable  land,  there  are  very  large  areas  where  crops  ar; 
grown  without  irrigaiion,  as  on  the  wheat  land  mentioned. 
Of  the  tract,  a  2,000  acre  unit  is  now  open  for  coloniza- 
tion, in  addition  to  the  portions  alreadv  sold  to  settlers. 
This  tract  is  for  sale  in  forty  and  eighty  acre  parcels  on 
terms  which  enable  the  buyer  to  practically  pay  for  his 
land  out  of  his  crops.  In  fact,  where  the  buyer  under- 
stands western  mett-ods  of  farming,  this  is  entirely  po=.s:ble 
and  is  often  done.  Prices  are  remarkably  low  when  the 
exceptional  conditions  are  taken  into  account. 

Every  inducement  is  given  to  land  buyers.  The  com- 
pany has  a  large  tractor  and  gang-plow  with  which  the 


sod  is  turned  under  for  purchasers  who  desire  it;  a  saw- 
mill is  operated  in  the  near-by  timbered  section  where 
lumber  for  building  can  be  secured  at  reasonable  prices, 
and  everything  possible  is  done  to  make  the  newcomer's 
life  an  easy  one  and  his  profits  large.  The  attitude  taken 
by  the  promoters  of  the  project  is  that  the  contented  set- 
tler brings  others,  whereas  the  discontented  one  is  a  detri- 
ment to  the  project.  Seed  grain  is  handled  at  no  profit  by 
the  company  for  the  benefit  of  the  settlers. 

The  ranch  is  in  a  great  fruit  country.  Colfax  County 
is  noted  for  its  apples  and  most  of  these  come  from  the 
southern  section,  where  the  Rayado  Ranch  is  located. 
There  are  apple  trees  on  this  property  more  than  half  a 
century  in  age  which  are  still  bearing  good  fruit.  Pears, 
peaches,  plums,  apricots  and  other  fruits  can  be  grown  on 
the  property. 

The  climate  of  this  section  of  Colfax  County  is  little 
short  of  ideal.  The  summers  are  long,  giving  a  splendid 
growing  season,  and  the  sunshine  an  everyday  affair,  cloudy 
days  being  hopelessly  in  the  minority.  The  summer  sun  is 
not  too  warm,  because  of  the  altitude,  but  it  is  warm 
enough  to  mature  grains,  produce  good  crops  and  do  all 
that  a  farmer  can  expect  of  it.  The  long  days,  cloudless 
weather  and  perfect  soil  conditions  unite  to  cause  crops  to 
reach  an  unusual  bounty  and  to  make  vegetables  and  fruits 
attain  an  unusual  size,  fine  flavor  and  splendid  color. 

The  winters  are  mild — so  much  so  that  land  can  be 
ploughed  in  any  month  of  the  year,  though  this  does  not 
mean  that  snow  never  falls  here. 

The  community  is  a  progressive  one,  well  abreast  of  the 
times  and  awake  to  every  opportunity.  Good  schools  are 
provided,  with  teachers  the  equal  of  any.  One  school  is 
immediately  adjacent  to  the  land  now  offered  for  coloni- 
zation. 

Summing  up,  the  Rayado  Ranch  section  of  Colfax 
County  is  in  the  heart  of  the  fruit  belt  which  is  making 
that  county  famous  as  an  apple  country.  It  has  the  finest 
soil  in  the  West  for  fruit  and  small  grains,  with  a  growing 
reason  that  insures  success  with  orchard  or  field  crop,  it 
has  plenty  of  water,  offers  every  legitimate  inducement  to 
the  settler,  is  to  rich  that  land  will  pay  for  itself  in  crops, 
is  near  a  good  town  with  ample  commercial  and  religious 
facilities,  is  reached  by  good  roads  and  is  being  handled 
on  exceptionally  easy  terms  by  the  Rayado  Colonization 
Company  of  Cimarron,  N.  M. 


RESOURCES  AND  jNDUSTFflES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-  45  — 


A4EXICO 

THE    LAIVID  OF'    OPPORTUNITY 


MAXWELL,  NEW  MEXICO 


IRRIGATED  FARMS— MAXWELL  IRRIGATED  LAND  COMPANY 


ICH  almost  beyond  dreams  in  mineral  wealth, 
Colfax  County  has  until  the  last  few  years 
paid  but  little  attention  to  the  vast  store  of 
agricultural  and  horticultural  resource  which 
lies  within  her  boundaries,  but  the  short  time 
in  which  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  de- 
velopment of  these  industries  and  the  wonderful  success  at- 
tained in  the  last  score  of  years  or  so  by  those  wise  enough 
to  put  their  trust  in  the  land  and  what  it  will  produce  have 
demonstrated  beyond  a  doubt  that  this  is  one  of  the  richest 
regions  in  the  vast  treasure-hcuse  of  New  Mexico. 

Several  sections  of  Colfax  County  have  been  developed 
and  have  brought  wealth  alike  to  the  original  owners  and 
developers  and  to  the  men  who  have  settled  on  their  lands. 
One  of  the  areas  which  has  brought  richest  success  to  its 
settlers  is  that  near  Maxwell,  now  being  developed  by  the 
Maxwell  Irrigated  Land  Company.  This  concern,  com- 
posed of  Colorado  Springs  men  who  are  broad  enough  to 
recognize  the  virtues  of  a  state  other  than  their  own,  has 
invested  many  thousands  of  dollars  developing  water  to 
irrigate  the  tract  they  hold,  comprising  some  23,000  acres 
of  the  old  Maxwell  Land  Grant,  whose  title  is  perfect, 
being  removed  only  a  step  or  two  from  a  patent  granted  by 


•  >M    01    i  MI    RBBKRVOtns  ON  MAXWKU    i'i:«i.n  <  i 

the  United  Stale*  to  the  successor*  of  that  famous  Captain 
Lucien  B.  Maxwell,  who  held  it  under  deed  from  the 
Spanish  crown,  and  now  the  irrigation  work*  are  com- 
plete. Water  i*  taken  from  the  Red  (or  Canadian)  and 


Vermejo  rivers  and  stored  in  reservoirs  on  the  tract.  As 
the  streams  have  a  drainage  area,  combined,  of  about  1 ,500 
square  miles  and  the  company  owns  practically  all  the 
water  rights,  an  abundance  of  water  is  assured.  As  the 
drainage  areas  are  entirely  separate  and  the  canal  system 
permits  the  filling  of  the  reservoirs  or  the  direct  irrigation 
of  the  land  from  either,  a  failure  of  water  is  practically  an 


nuzE-wimmra  DISPLAY  <n   M\\\\I  M 

II:KIC.  \i  i  i.   iMtoiH'crs 

impossibility.  Eleven  thousand  acres  of  the  tract  have  been 
sold,  mostly  to  experienced  irrigation  farmers  from  Colo- 
rado, which  demonstrates  the  worth  of  the  land  in  itself. 
Construction  work  was  commenced  in  1908  and  work 
ended  with  the  finishing  of  the  big  Hebron  reservoir  in 
1913.  The  storage  capacity  of  the  nine  reservoirs  is  1 9.- 
000  acre  feet.  At  the  lowest  estimate,  each  can  be  filled 
twice  a  year,  making  38,000  acre  feet  available  beside 
what  water  is  used  directly  from  one  or  the  other  of  the 
rivers.  Several  competent  firm*  of  engineers  have  exam- 
ined the  property  and  unite  in  asserting  that  there  will 
never  be  a  water  shortage  on  it,  especially  in  view  of  the 
fact  that  only  one  and  a  quarter  acre  feet  of  water  is 
needed  in  a  season  for  any  crop.  This  is  because  of  the 
soil  qualities.  The  soil  does  not  crack  or  bake;  its  tex- 
ture is  light  and  fine  so  that  it  is  easy  to  form  a  mulch  to 
retain  (he  toil  moisture.  In  fact.  Prof.  J.  D.  Tinsley. 
soil  expert  for  the  State  Experiment  Station,  declare*  the 
noil*  are  exceptionally  good,  being  rich  in  nitrogen  and 
containing  large  percentage*  of  volcanic  rock  deeompo»i 
tioni.  while  the  arrangement  of  *ub*oiU  it  such  that  water 


RESOURCES  AND  JNDUSTTTLCS  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  SWTE 

-  46  - 


storage  is  easy.  Prof.  Tinsley  says  the  soil  is  especially 
adapted  to  the  growth  of  sugar  beets  and  small  grains. 

With  these  facts  regarding  water  duty  and  storage  ca- 
pacities in  mind,  then,  and  with  the  further  statement  from 
an  engineering  firm  of  national  repute  that  the  net  water 
supply  available  is  42,140  acre  feet  a  year,  it  is  easy  to 
see  that  the  water  supply  exceeds  all  possible  demands 
for  the  tract  and  is  sufficient  for  nearly  I  5,000  acres  be- 
side. The  water  right  goes  with  the  land  and  the  settler 
becomes  an  equal  owner,  proportionate  to  the  amount  of 
land  he  holds,  with  all  other  settlers. 

The  land  on  the  tract  is  of  a  sandy  loam  nature,  free 
from  rocks,  cactus,  sage-brush  or  anything  else  that  need 
be  cleared  before  cultivation  can  be  commenced.  It  is 
ready  to  farm,  water  in  the  ditch  ready  to  use,  when  the 
settler  buys  it.  There  is  no  waiting,  no  expensive  devel- 
opment work  to  do.  Domestic  water  can  be  obtained 
from  wells  at  from  fifteen  to  twenty-five  feet  depth  and  is 
of  good  quality,  but  wells  for  pumping  irrigation  water  are 
unheard  of  and  unnecessary.  This  land  can  be  secured, 
with  perpetual  water-right,  for  around  $80  an  acre. 

On  the  Maxwell  Irrigated  Land  tract  all  orchard  fruits 
do  well,  apples  especially  so.  Colfax  County  is  a  great 
apple-raising  region  and  the  Maxwell  Irrigated  land  is 
equal  to  the  best  orchard  land  in  the  region.  William 
French,  an  old  resident  of  the  section,  writes  that  he  has 
taken  as  much  as  three  boxes  of  apples  from  a  single  five- 
year-old  Jonathan  tree.  Last  year  he  planted  fifty-five 


acres  in  apples  in  raw  land,  making  no  preparation  except 
to  dynamite  the  holes  where  the  trees  were  planted. 

The  land  is  exceptionally  well  adapted  to  the  raising  of 
sugar  beets,  both  by  expert  opinion  and  actual  results.  Best 
tonnage  comes  from  fertility,  but  it  takes  climate  to  pro- 
duce sugar  content.  A  single  car  of  beets  from  the  tract, 
grown  by  seven  different  farmers,  had  an  average  sacchar- 
ine percentage  of  22.66.  This  is  believed  to  have  been 
a  record  for  a  single  car  or  for  any  quantity  larger.  Some 
of  those  beets  ran  one-quarter  sugar.  Another  favorable 
thing  for  beet  growers,  alfalfa  stands  are  secured  easily, 
rendering  it  a  matter  of  little  difficulty  to  rotate  crops. 
Beet  experts  declare  the  conditions  at  Maxwell  cannot  be 
bettered  for  growing  beets. 

1  he  raising  and  fattening  of  stock  is  another  industry 
which  is  taking  a  great  hold  on  the  farmers  of  the  section, 
because  it  is  so  easy  to  grow  all  needed  feed.  The 
raising  of  hogs  is  another  phase  of  this  industry  that  is  very 
profitable  on  the  tract.  A  packing  house  at  Koehler  uses 
all  the  hogs  that  the  farmers  can  supply. 

Lastly,  and  best  of  all,  the  farmer  on  the  Maxwell  tract 
gets  all  he  earns.  There  are  abundant  markets  in  the  huge 
coal  camps  within  a  fifteen  mile  radius,  Dawson,  with  4,- 
000  people;  Koehler,  Brilliant,  Gardiner,  Van  Houten, 
with  combined  forces  of  over  2,000  men.  The  company's 
unique  selling  plan  enables  each  man  who  actually  farms 
his  tract  to  pay  for  it  by  a  share  of  his  crops  from  year  to 
year.  Other  selling  plans  are  available  for  those  who 
have  money  for  an  initial  investment. 


THE  TOWN  OF  MAXWELL,  NEW  MEXICO 


HE  town  of  Maxwell  is  in  Colfax  County, 
New  Mexico,  located  on  the  main  line  of  the 
Atchison,    Topeka    &    Santa    Fe    Railroad, 
thirty  miles  south  of  Raton,   New  Mexico. 
Maxwell  is  progressive  and  has  shown  great 
growth  in  the  last  two  years. 
In  the  last  two  years,  at  least  forty  houses  of  a  very 
substantial  nature  have  been  erected,   among  them  being 
several  business  blocks  that  would  be  a  credit  to  any  city. 
Maxwell  can  boast  of  the  purest  water  in  the  State, 
which  is  piped  from  a  natural  spring  three  miles  away,  and 
the  water  mains  are  now  laid  on  all  the  principal  streets. 
Maxwell  has  a  new  $10,000  four-room  school  house. 


which  is  strictly  up-to-date.  The  school  has  now  an  en- 
rollment of  nearly  250  pupils,  with  four  teachers  in  at- 
tendance, and  the  High  School  grades  are  being  taught. 

In  the  last  two  years  the  Methodists  and  Baptists  have 
both  erected  churches,  and  regular  services  are  held  each 
Sunday. 

Maxwell  now  has  a  population  of  over  600  people. 
The  town  was  incorporated  the  first  of  January,  1914. 

The  Maxwell  Mail  is  a  very  bright,  attractive  weekly 
paper. 

No  place  in  the  West  can  boast  of  a  more  healthful 
climate. 


ft       RESOURCES  ANTO  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE 


—  47 


THE    LAND  QF~ 


f 

MIAMI   VALLEY 

* 

THE  FARMERS  DEVELOPMENT  COMPANY 

BY  M.  N.  MIKESALL 

HE  Miami  Valley  of  New  Mexico,  owned 
and  developed  under  irrigation  by  the  Farm- 
ers Development  Company  of  Springer,  is 
singled  out  as  a  model  and  standard  by  those 
who  are  developing  lands  under  irrigation  in 
this  part  of  the  Southwest. 

The  project  is  not  large  as  enterprises  go  in  this  big 
country — ten  thousand  acres  comprising  the  entire  tract  in 
process  of  development — and  its  growth  has  not  been  ab- 
normally rapid.  The  Farmers  Development  Company 
purchased  the  land  in  1907  and  began  irrigation  construc- 


<>M 


l«  I 


MIXMI    l-lio.ll  <T  WATT-MI   St  IM'I.Y 


lion  immediately.  At  this  date  about  one-half  of  the  tract 
is  under  cultivation,  leaving  about  5,000  acres  yet  to  be 
cu  ixa'cd.  The  irrigation  construction  fcr  the  entire  acre 
ag-  it  almost  complete. 

The  distinction  this  enterprise  enjoys  is  to  have  proved 
the  ultimate  success  of  sound  conservative  mrlhods  in  the 
development  of  irrigation  projects.  1  he  company  has  nrv.-r 
indulged  in  the  usual  noisy  method*  of  land  companies. 
preferring  rather  to  let  the  lard  art!  its  settlers  do  th:  ad- 
vertising. Irrigation  construction  has  always  been  well 
ahead  of  the  demands  upon  it  and  the  company  has  kept 
its  crrdit  clean  and  has  otherwise  kept  itself  in  petition  to 
more  than  fulfill  its  obligitions  to  settlers.  Its  lands  and 
entire  irrigation  plant  are  free  from  bonds  or  other  incum 
brance*. 

The   result   is   that   the   settlers,    numbering   at   present 


about  300,  are  remarkably  intelligent  and  substantial. 
Knowing  their  investments  to  be  good  and  secure  they  have 
had  the  courage  to  place  first-class  improvements  upon  their 
lands,  to  build  good  homes  and  embellish  them,  and  to 
provide  for  themselves  the  best  of  church  and  school  privi- 
leges, so  that  the  Miami  settlement  today  has  the  substan- 
tial appearance  of  an  old  rich  eastern  community.  The  at- 
tractive homes  with  their  lawns  and  flowers  and  trees,  the 
well-kept  fertile  fields,  the  enfolding  foothills,  carpeted 
with  gramma  and  tinted  with  the  foliage  of  oak  and  pine, 
all  backed  by  the  glorious  snow-crowned  Sangre  de  Cristo 
range,  have  made  Miami  one  of  the  famous  beauty  spots 
of  the  Southwest. 

The  source  of  water  supply  is  the  perennial,  turbulent 
mountain  streams  fed  from  the  very  summit  of  the  Sangre 
de  Cristos.  The  supply  has  been  regulated  and  augmented 
by  the  construction  of  enormous  storage  and  distributing 
reservoirs,  so  that  an  abundance  of  the  purest  water  is  al- 
ways on  hand  for  irrigation  or  domestic  use. 

The  native  soil  is  covered  with  gramma  grass,  and  so 
requires  no  clearing.  It  is  so  smooth  that  it  requires  prac- 
tically no  leveling.  The  first  crops  are  usually  small  grains 
which  gradually  are  giving  way  to  alfalfa,  orchards  and 
the  highly  intensive  crops  adaptable  to  this  region. 

About  six  hundred  acres  of  young  apple  orchards  are 
approaching  the  bearing  age.  The  encircling  foothills,  the 


i.  \\<  ii   IIOMI    IN   MIXMI   \  \i  i  i  x 


K~       RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STBTE 


—  48  — 


THE    LA1SID  OF"    OPPORTUNITY 


peculiar  adaptability  of  the  sandy  loam  soil,  the  perfect 
soil  drainage  and  air  circulation  induced  by  the  peculiar 
slope  of  the  land  have  caused  experts  to  predict  that  Miami 
will  soon  be  numbered  with  the  famous  apple-producing 
districts  of  the  west. 

The  big  yields  of  corn  and  small  grains,  coupled  with 
the  alfalfa  which  is  of  the  finest  quality,  are  making  hog 
raising  one  of  the  big  industries  of  the  Valley. 

Attention  is  invited  to  the  accompanying  letters  from 
actual  settlers.  Owing  to  the  elimination  of  the  usual 
enormous  expense  of  advertising  and  selling,  and  because 
of  the  company's  strong  financial  condition  it  is  able  to 
make  its  prices  of  land  low  and  credit  remarkably  easy. 
Persons  dssmng  to  know  more  of  Miami  should  address 
farmers  Development  Company,  Springer,  New  Mexico. 

MOUNTAIN  VIEW  POULTRY  FARM 
R.  W.   Bolinger,   Proprietor 

Miami,  New  Mexico,  Oct.   13,   1914. 
To  Whom  It  May  Concern: — 

Five  years  ago  I  left  the  city  in  an  eastern  state  and 
came  to  Miami  Valley,  Colfax  County,  New  Mexico,  and 
settled  on  a  small  farm  which  I  bought. 

Two  years  ago  I  leased  as  much  more  land  as  can  be 
handled  with  two  good  teams.  The  crops  raised  were 
wheat,  oats,  barley,  peas,  corn  and  alfalfa.  After  retain- 
ing feed,  grain,  hay  and  hogs  marketed  each  year  were 
approximately  $2,000.00  besides  the  increase  in  horses, 
cattle  and  poultry. 

In  the  meantime,  a  fine  apple  orchard  of  eight  acres, 
which  I  planted,  has  been  growing  and  is  now  coming  into 
bearing. 

Poultry  raising  is  a  profitable  side  line  for  every  farmer 
as  thousands  of  dozens  of  eggs  are  consumed  in  the  nearby 
lumber  and  mining  camps,  at  a  good  price. 

To  close  without  a  word  about  climatic  conditions  would 
be  doing  this  "Land  of  Sunshine"  an  injustice.  Here  one 
escapes  the  damp  changeable  winters  and  the  sweltering 
hot  summers. 

A  country  of  homes  where  health,  wealth  and  happiness 
abound.  Very  truly  yours, 

(Signed)         R.  W.  BOLINGER. 

Miami.  N.  M.,  Octob;r  12,   1914. 
To  Whom  It  May  Concern: — 

I  came  to  Miami  Valley  last  December  with  horses,  a 
wagon  and  nothing  else,  no  money. 

I  leased  1  60  acres  of  Miami  Valley  land.  I  have  just 
threshed  my  grain  crops  and  find  by  valuing  what  I  have 
at  the  present  market  prices,  I  have  cleared  $1,300.00 
above  all  expense  of  operation  and  living;  besides  I  have 
40  acres  already  seeded  to  winter  wheat.  All  my  land 
was  virgin  soil,  except  20  acres. 

I  had  had  no  previous  experience  in  irrigation  farming. 
I  believe  I  can  do  better  next  year. 

Yours  truly, 
(Signed)          W.  E.  SHAMBURG. 


Miami,  N.  M.,  October  12,  1914. 
Farmers   Development  Company, 

Springer,  N.  M. 
Gentlemen : — 

I  farmed  1 40  acres  of  Miami  Valley  land  during  the 
past  season;  about  ten  acres  was  in  native  hay;  about  60 
acres  was  seeded  to  alfalfa  with  a  nurse  crop  of  oats.  The 
balance  was  native  sod  and  was  seeded  to  oats.  I  find 
the  value  of  my  share  of  the  crops  after  I  have  paid  all 
my  debts  covering  all  expense  of  living  and  horse  feed  for 
the  past  year  is  better  than  $1,200.00;  besides  I  have  be- 
tween 40  and  50  acres  already  seeded  to  winter  wheat. 
My  alfalfa  is  a  fine  stand.  Judging  by  other  fields  in  the 
Valley  it  should  be  yielding  five  tons  per  acre  in  a  couple 
of  years.  Some  of  my  sod  oats  made  more  than  60 
bushels  to  the  acre,  of  a  quality  which  tests  49  pounds  per 
bushel.  Besides  the  small  grains  and  alfalfa,  I  find  that 
corn  does  well  here,  yielding  as  high  as  60  bushels  per 
acre.  These  crops,  the  excellent  climate  and  the  abund- 
ance of  pure  water  make  ideal  conditions  for  hog  raising. 
I  observe  that  others  in  the  Valley  are  making  big  money 
from  hogs,  so  I  am  starting  in  the  hog  business.  I  believe 
there  is  a  fortune  here  for  any  man  who  will  work  intelli- 
gently and  stick  to  it. 

Yours  truly, 
(Signed)         GEORGE  SHAMBURG. 

Miami,  New  Mexico,  Oct.  16,  1914. 
To  Whom  It  May  Concern: — 

I  moved  to  Miami  Valley,  New  Mexico,  five  years  ago. 
I  had  $2,150.00  to  start  with  and  now  80  acres  of  irri- 
gated land  and  improved.  My  personal  property  and  real 
estate  is  worth  at  least  $16,000.00  at  present.  We  have 
raised  as  much  as  1 03  bushels  of  oats  to  the  acre,  40 
bushels  of  wheat,  71  bushels  of  corn,  60  bushels  of  speltz; 
in  fact,  he  who  holds  and  drives  will  surely  thrive  in  Miami 
Valley. 

Yours  truly, 
(Signed)  B.  F.  McENDARFER. 


CORN  AND   ALFALFA  ON1  MIAMI  VAIJ.EY  RANCH 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-  49  — 


THE    LAND 


A1EXJCO 
OF^    OPPORTUNITY 


—  *  *               —  -•- 

s 

DAWSON,  NEW  MEXICO 

£ 

STAG  CANYON  FUEL  COMPANY 

AWSON  and  the  industry  that  makes  it  its 
headquarters  are  two  of  the  things  that  are 
bringing  New  Mexico  to  the  forefront  of 
that  country's  industrial  progress.  Dawson 
is  not  a  coal  camp — if  you  call  it  such  while 
a  Dawsonite  is  present  you  will  have  trouble 
a-plenty  on  hand — it's  a  city.  Not  a  very  big  city,  it  is 
true,  yet  over  6,000  people  reside  there,  but  none  the  less 
it  is  a  city  in  government,  in  civic  pride,  in  progressiveness, 
in  everything  that  goes  to  make  a  city.  Beside  that, 
Dawson  is  the  banner  coal  producer,  the  mammoth  min- 
eral deposit,  the  almost  sole  fuel  source  for  an  area  equal 
in  size  to  one-sixth  of  the  United  States.  All  of  which 
will  be  admitted  as  evidence  that  it  is  a  place  of  consider- 
able importance. 

Many  years  ago,  before  New  Mexicans  thought  much 
of  any  industries  beside  sheep,  cattle,  freighting  over  the 
Santa  Fe  trail  and  a  little  gold  and  copper  mining,  the 
ground  occupied  by  Dawson  and  the  tributary  coal  lands 
was  part  of  a  ranch  and  supported,  perhaps,  a  score  of 
souls.  It  was  on  that  great  tract  of  land  turned  over  by 
the  Spanish  crown  to  Beaubien  and  De  Miranda,  and 
later  by  them  sold  to  Lucien  B.  Maxwell.  The  "Max- 
well Grant"  it  was  called  then,  but  Maxwell  had  noth- 
ing to  do  with  the  coal.  History  of  his  regime  reads  like 


hction,  so  rich  is  it  in  romance,  and  when  it  is  considered 
that  this  early-day  potentate — for  he  was  all  of  that — 
frequently  threw  away  a  fortune  upon  a  passing  whim, 
nor  needed  work  for  a  succeeding  one,  it  is  evident  that 
such  a  plebian  task  a?  the  mining  of  coal  would  not  inter- 
est him  in  any  way.  Indeed,  it  is  hardly  likely  that  Max- 
well knew  of  the  coal. 

But  the  mineral  is  there,  and  was  there  in  his  time,  and 
now  the  romantic  glamour  reflected  from  his  name  lends 
its  luster  to  the  entirely  prosaic  deposit  of  potential  "block, 
egg,  nut  and  run-of-mme". 

Now  the  day  of  waste  spaces  pasturing  but  a  few  sheep 
or  cattle  is  past.  Closer  cultivation,  intensive  farming,  the 
development  of  natural  resources,  have  come  to  New 
Mexico.  The  natural  consequence  of  these  things  is  an 
urban  population,  gathered  into  cities  and  towns  of  varying 
size,  of  which  Dawson  is  one.  The  territory  near  the  city 
exemplifies  these  things  well.  For  miles  up  the  valley  as 
one  approaches  it  there  are  stretches  of  prosperous-looking 
farms  and  ranches. 

The  environs  of  the  place  lead  you  to  expect  anything 
but  a  coal  camp.  Your  arrival  adds  to  this  impression 
and  a  glance  up  the  street  as  you  start  across  toward  the 
hotel  confirms  it.  There  must  be  some  mistake  about  this, 
you  meditate,  this  is  a  cozy,  hustling  little  western  city. 


i  \  1 1  1:101:    \\n  IN  i  i  mm:   \  n  \\  -  <>IM  \i\   siom    or  nil  i  i--i  ><>!.«.  i     MI  i:<  \\iii  I     •  <>MI-\\  v 

IMwmn,  N.   M 


—    50   — 


_____ 

THE:    LAND 


A1EXJCO 
OF^    OPPORTUNITY 


with  a  great  many  comfortable  homes,  instead  of  the 
bleak,  mineral-painted,  raw-pine-and-corrugated-iron  col- 
lection of  shacks  that  experience  tells  you  to  anticipiate 
when  arriving  in  a  mining  settlement. 

You  wander  out  on  the  sidewalk  in  front  of  the  hotel 
to  inspect  your  new  kingdom.  You  know  you  are  in 
Dawson.  The  glow  of  the  coke  ovens  does  the  trick. 
That  flare  can  come  from  nothing  else. 

Dawson  and  all  its  environs  are  now  owned  by  the 
Phelps-Dodge  interests  so  well  known  in  New  York,  New 
Mexico  and  Arizona.  This  association  is  the  fourth 
owner  since  the  days  of  the  original  Spanish  grantees. 
Maxwell,  who  received  it  as  part  of  the  "Maxwell  grant" 
from  Beaubien  and  De  Miranda,  sold  it  to  J.  B.  Daw 
son,  who  sold  it  in  1901  to  the  Dawson  Fuel  Company. 
In  1 906  the  present  owners,  the  Stag  Canyon  Fuel  Com- 
pany, a  purely  Phelps-Dodge  concern,  bought  it.  This 
was  five  years  after  the  first  mine  had  been  opened. 

The  new  owners  opened  more  mines,  improved  the 
equipment,  installed  more  efficient  apparatus,  and  particu- 
larly improved  the  status  of  the  workers  and  created  an  esprit 
du  corps,  installing  many  and  splendid  improvements  in  many 
ways.  Good  workmen  draw  good  pay  there,  no  one  is  over- 
charged at  the  company's  store  and  every  possible  effort  is 
made  to  improve  the  men  and  their  families,  socially,  mentally 
and  morally.  More  than  all  that,  the  waste  of  life  looked 
upon  with  such  complacency  in  so  many  industrial  quarters 
is  something  viewed  with  horror  at  Dawson.  Safety  is 
really  first,  there.  Nor  is  there  any  smack  of  paternalism 
in  this.  Good  men,  trained  men,  are  worth  money.  The 
company  finds  it  economical  to  keep  the  good  ones  on  hand 
rather  than  train  new  ones.  Hence  the  schools,  the  hos- 
pital, the  theater,  the  good  houses,  and  all  the  rest  of  it. 

This  spirit  of  fair  treatment  for  workers  is  manifest  in 
the  houses  furnished  the  workers.  The  company  owns 
these  houses,  it  is  true,  but  the  men  know  that  they  are  not 
going  to  be  thrown  out  of  them  and  so  make  homes  of 
them.  Many  a  little  flower  garden  surrounds  its  cottage. 
Sometimes  the  earth  where  the  collage  slands  is  hard  or 
slony  and  then  it  is  a  common  thing  for  the  resident  in  that 
house  to  wall  his  yard  about  with  stones  and  haul  in  rich 
earlh  for  his  garden.  Men  do  not  do  these  things  when 
their  tenure  is  uncertain.  Floating  laborers,  "boomers", 
do  not  do  these  things.  But  men  who  know  they  have 
work  waiting  for  them  as  long  as  they  are  able  to  work, 
who  know  that  their  tenancy  is  to  be  undisturbed,  who 
intend  making  their  home  right  there,  those  men  do  such 
things.  And  those  are  the  sort  of  men  that  live  in  Daw- 
son.  They  keep  their  lawns  cropped  and  the  window- 


boxes  with   their   bits   of   bloom  neatly   painted,   do   good 
work  in  the  mines  and  are  happy. 

The  houses  themselves  are  worthy  of  comment.  As  has 
been  stated,  there  are  no  shacks.  The  company  provides 
good  homes,  substantial  housing  comfortably  arranged. 
There  is  no  poorer  section,  in  the  sense  that  term  is  used 
in  cities,  though  there  is  a  separate  quarter  for  the  non- 
English-speaking  families.  There  are  no  paupers,  no 
hangers-on  fattening  on  the  earnings  of  the  more  indus- 
trious, and  the  class  that  would  be  content  to  live  in 
shacks  is  not  wanted  and  is  not  hired.  So  it  happens  that 
the  miners  are  of  the  better  class,  of  the  type  that  appre- 


GEXI.KAI,  \IK\\   OF  \VASHKKY.    EI.KVATOH,   STOll- 
AGE  TAXKS  AND   NO.   4  TIPPLE 

ciate  the  beauty  of  nature,  and  perhaps  because  of  the  long 
hours  spent  undsrgrcund,  enjoy  the  greenery  of  flowers 
and  lawns  and  urge  vines  to  clothe  their  homes. 

The  excellence  of  the  classes  who  compose  the  city's 
population  would  indicate  thrift,  and  this  indication  is 
found  realized  in  fact.  There  is  a  bank  in  the  city,  capi- 
talized at  $30.000  hut  having  ehposits  of  $1  70,000.  A 
general  banking  business  is  transacted  and  the  amcuit 
handled  is  growing.  Special  features  are  provided  for  the 
non-English-speaking  men. 

The  city  telephone  system  is  one  worthy  of  a  much 
larger  place.  Telephones  are  provided  wherever  the  situa- 
tion demands  them  outside,  and  the  whole  system  connects 
up  with  an  elaborate  mine  telephone  system  underground. 
This  system  is  so  complete  that  long  distance  conversa- 
tions have  been  held  from  the  depths  of  the  mines  to 
Raton  or  Santa  Fe.  The  primary  object  of  this  under- 
ground installation  is  for  safety,  to  enable  miners  walled 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


L-ArsiD 


JVIEXJCO 
CDF" 


in  in  any  accident  that  might  occur  to  communicate  with 
the  surface  and  give  information  as  to  their  plight  and 
directions  for  their  rescue. 

Roads  and  trails  near  the  place  are  excellent,  and,  as 
they  connect  up  with  the  state  highway  system,  afford  an 
easy  outlet  to  the  rest  of  the  country.  Several  auto  own- 
ers in  the  city  take  advantage  of  this  fact  to  make  frequent 
trips  to  nearby  points  of  interest,  of  which  there  are  many. 

The  company  is  held  in  high  esteem  by  the  citizens  of 
Dawson  for  its  excellent  attention  to  their  material  wants. 
The  store  is  kept  stocked  with  the  highest  grades  of  goods 
and  as  large  lots  are  bought  and  only  a  nominal  profit 


I  I   MTHIO     LOCOMOTIX  !•)     «>MI\<;     <HT 

u  nil    11:11-  <>l    l.o  \in  i>  i   Mi- 


MINK 


taken,  prices  are  very  low.  This  store  will  undertake  to 
secure  any  article  desired  by  a  resident  of  Dawson,  should 
demands  exceed  the  supply  in  stock.  The  store,  and  the 
company,  too.  for  that  matter,  are  in  high  favor  with  the 
residents  of  Colfax  county  in  general  for  whatever  of  their 
supplies  can  be  purchased  from  home  growers  are  »o 
bought.  Hay,  grain,  vegetables,  fruits  and  all  sorts  of 
things  needed  for  use  in  the  mines,  or  for  stock  at  the 
store  or  for  other  purposes  around  the  plant  are  bought 
from  Colfax  County  growers  or  dealers  whenever  possi- 
ble. and  the  company  manages  to  make  it  possible  most 
of  the  lime.  This  store  carries  a  stock  amounting  to 
$150.000.00. 

Though  Dawson  can  be  reached  directly  over  but  one 
line  of  railroad,  the  El  Paso  and  Southwestern,  of  which 
it  is  the  terminus,  yet  it  is  within  six  miles  of  the  line  of 
the  St.  Louis.  Rocky  Mountain  ot  Pacific  and  is  only 
nineteen  miles  from  the  Santa  Fe  system  lines,  while  at 


Tucumcari  the  Southwestern  is  joined  by  the  great  Rock 
Island  system.  This  situation  gives  Dawson  ample  rail- 
road facilities  and  makes  the  transportation  problem  easy 
of  solution. 

There  are  four  schools  in  Dawson,  the  company  mak- 
ing up  the  deficit  in  their  budget,  which  amounts  to  about 
$500  a  month.  The  teachers  are  partly  paid  by  the  com- 
pany and  are  entirely  competent.  The  central  school  has 
two  buildings  and  five  teachers,  who  carry  the  work  up  to 
the  tenth  grade.  At  District  No.  2  there  are  four  teachers 
and  instruction  is  given  up  to  the  fifth  grade.  The  Loretla 
school  has  one  teacher,  who  gives  instruction  in  the  first  and 
second  grades  only.  The  total  enrollment  at  the  schools  is 
513  and  the  average  attendance  is  more  than  450,  which 
is  considered  very  good. 

The  church,  like  the  schools,  is  financed  by  the  com- 
pany. There  is  only  one,  the  "Church  of  all  Creeds," 
but  services  of  several  denominations  are  held  in  it.  Rev. 
Harvey  M.  Shields,  an  Episcopal  minister,  is  in  charge  of 
(he  regular  services,  but  a  Catholic  priest  holds  services 
in  the  camp  once  each  month.  A  Catholic  church  is  now 
being  built. 

Dawson  is  a  well-behaved  city  and  there  is  little  legal 
business  to  be  carried  on  there  but  what  there  is  takes 
place  before  a  justice  of  the  peace  who  finds  his  duties  so 
little  onerous  that  he  has  time  to  manage  the  house  rent- 
ing business  of  the  city,  the  telephone  exchange  and  the 
electric  lighting  service  as  well.  A  former  member  of  the 
state  mounted  police  officiates  as  chief  of  police  and 
though  he  has  six  deputies  to  assist  him  the  number  of  ar- 
rests they  make  has  averaged  less  than  six  a  month  for 
many  months.  These  officers  are  in  reality  watchmen 
and  not  policemen  in  the  sense  that  the  word  is  often  used. 

The  company  has  handsome  office  buildings,  erected 
tome  seven  years  ago,  and  has  built  a  theater  for  the  use 
of  the  people  of  the  city.  To  this  theater,  with  its  almost 
certain  attendance,  come  some  of  the  best  theatrical  com- 
panies which  tour  the  west.  All  necessary  stage  appli- 
ances are  provided,  as  is  also  a  choice  selection  of  scenery. 
An  effort  is  made  to  have  good  attractions  presented  fre- 
quently during  the  season. 

In  the  theater  building  are  a  billiard  hall  for  the  use  of 
the  men.  a  bowling  alley  and  a  lodge  room.  The  last 
mentioned  is  in  use  nearly  every  night  of  the  week.  Daw- 
son  boasting  strong  organizations  of  the  Masonic  frater- 
nity, the  Odd  Fellows,  Woodmen  and  other  organizations 
of  similar  nature. 

Athletics  take  up  a  good  deal  of  the  spare  time  of  the 
younger  men.  bowling  and  baseball  dividing  the  principal 


RESOURCES  AND  JNDUSTTTIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  52  — 


A1EXICO 


THE    LAISID   OF^    QF3RORTTUIS[IT"Yr 


( 1 )  •  AMVSEMK'XT  HALT.    (OPEUA  HOUSE).      (2)    RESCfK   STATION.      (3)    CHCRCH.      (4)    HOSPITAL. 

(5)    GENERAL  OFFICES. 


—    53 


LAND 


.MEXICO 
OF~ 


honors.  The  diamond  is  in  use  long  before  the  eastein 
grounds  are  cleared  of  snow  and  continues  to  see  service 
months  after  the  eastern- season  has  ended.  The  bowling 
league  is  composed  of  six  teams  and  these  play  regularly. 

There  is  a  band,  composed  of  local  talent,  and  fre- 
quent concerts  are  given  for  the  benefit  of  the  public. 
This  band  won  second  prize  at  the  Knight  Templar  Con- 
clave. Many  of  the  concerts  take  place  in  the  open  air, 
owing  to  the  splendid  New  Mexican  climate. 

The  company  hospital  is  a  very  large  one  for  a  coal 
camp,  there  being  twenty-six  beds  in  wards  and  private 
rooms.  It  was  one  of  the  first  buildings  erected  after  the 
Stag  Canyon  company  took  over  the  property  and  though 
not  used  a  great  deal  is  equipped  with  the  best  and  latest 
instruments  for  general  work  and  is  specially  provided  with 
apparatus  likely  to  be  needed  in  the  event  of  a  mine  dis- 
aster. A  good  laboratory  is  connected  with  the  hospital. 
The  building  itself  is  light  and  airy  and  a  competent  corps 
of  physicians,  surgeons  and  nurses  is  in  constant  attend- 
ance. The  chief  surgeon  and  his  assistants  give  frequent 
lectures  on  first  aid,  not  only  to  the  organized  first  aid 
crews  but  to  all  who  care  to  be  present.  The  attendance 
at  these  lectures  is  quite  large.  The  work  taught  is  so 
efficient  that  to  wear  a  "Dawson  First  Aid"  button  is 
considered  a  distinction  in  any  coal  camp  of  the  country, 
as  it  is  proof  of  careful  and  effective  training. 

There  is  a  rescue  station  also  and  there,  twice  each 
week,  are  given  lectures  on  the  sources  of  danger  within  the 
mines,  how  bad  conditions  are  to  be  prevented,  and  other 
similar  matters.  Regular  courses  of  training  in  the  smoke 
chambers  are  offered,  so  that  the  rescue  crews  may  become 
accustomed  to  work  with  the  helmet.  Minor  officials  are 
paid  for  attending  these  courses  but  the  manager,  superin- 
tendent, etc.,  give  their  lime.  The  general  manager,  mine 
superintendent,  mine  engineering  crew,  pit  bosses,  fire 
bosses,  shot  firers,  company  mine  inspectors,  coke  oven 
boss,  company  chemist,  in  fact  every  man  in  a  place  of 
responsibility,  has  taken  the  full  course  at  this  station,  side 
by  side  with  the  numerous  miners  who  wished  to  be  edu- 
cated in  rescue  work. 

Along  this  line  of  "safety  fint,"  Jo  E.  Sheridan,  for- 
mer federal  inspector  of  coal  mines,  had  the  following  to 
My  in  a  recent  article  on  the  Dawson  mines: 

"Dr.  Douglas,  president  of  the  Phelps-Dodge  Com- 
pany, made  frequent  trips  into  the  mine,  traveling  miles 
underground,  no  easy  task  for  •  gentleman  over  70  year* 
of  age. 

"Walter    Douglas,    general   manager  of   the   company. 


made  frequent  trips  to  the  mines  and  took  great  interest  in 
the  safety  conditions  at  the  mines,  as  also  did  Dr.  Rick- 
etts,  the  company  consulting  engineer,  who  was  often  at 
the  mines. 

"The  general  manager  and  superintendents  always  gave 
grave  consideration  to  any  suggestions  for  improvement 
and  carried  them  into  effect. 

"These  incidents  all  go  to  demonstrate  the  'esprit  du 
corps'  which  permeated  the  mine  organization  at  Dawson. 
Commencing  at  the  head  with  the  president  of  the  com- 
pany. Dr.  Douglas,  and  going  on  down  through  the  va- 
rious officials  to  the  fire  bosses,  shot  firers  and  miners,  they 
are  all  members  of  as  enthusiastic  a  mine  organization  for 
the  safety  and  welfare  of  miners  as  ever  existed." 

When  the  United  States  mine  inspector  was  in  camp 
on  these  occasions  he  was  sent  for  by  Dr.  Douglas  and 
questioned  as  to  the  safety  conditions  at  and  in  the  mines. 
"On  another  occasion  Mr.  Cleveland  Dodge,  vice- 
president  of  the  company,  was  in  camp  on  A  tour  of  in- 
spection and  sent  a  request  for  the  United  States  mine 
inspector  to  meet  him  at  the  office.  He  made  close  in- 
quiry after  conditions  regarding  the  safety  of  the  men  and 
when  assured  that  everything  was  in  excellent  condition  he 
appeared  delighted  with  the  information." 

Mr.  Sheridan's  report,  which  is  of  some  length,  goes 
into  the  matter  of  safety  in  great  detail.  Some  excerpts 
from  it,  dealing  with  ventilation,  fire  protection,  shot  firing 
and  other  details  of  the  daily  routine,  are  as  follows: 

The  Dawson  mines  are  all  located  on  the 
Blossburg  coal  seam.  The  coal  lies  practic- 
ally horizontal,  the  dip  being  about  one  degree 
toward  the  northwest.  No.  2  mine  and  No.  5 
mine  are  opened  from  opposite  sides  of  a  moun- 
tain spur  or  ridge  that  forms  a  promontory 
between  the  Vermejo  River  and  Rail  Canyon 
at  and  near  the  convergence  of  the  two  can- 
yons; No.  5  mine  on  the  Vermejo  River  side 
and  No.  2  mine  on  the  Rail  Canyon  side,  the 
workings  of  the  two  mines  running  parallel  to 
each  other,  the  main  entries  of  either  being 
driven  into  the  field  to  the  north. 

Between  No.  2  high  line  or  main  entry  there 
are  five  other  entries  opened  from  the  outcrop 
upon  the  coal  seam  and  connecting  No.  2  and 
No.  5  mines  and  furnishing  that  number  of 
openings  for  leaving  or  entering  the  mine. 

The  fan  shaft  is  located  5,537  feet  from  the 
mouth  of  the  main  entry  and  about  30  feet 
we»t  of  the  entry,  connecting  with  the  entry  by 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  54  — 


THE    LA  IMP 


JMEXICO 
OF" 


a  short  cross-cut.  This  shaft  is  207  feet  in 
depth,  dimensions  approximately  10  by  15 
feet,  the  exact  area  of  the  cross  section  within 
the  concrete  lining  being  1 48  square  feet. 

At  a  distance  of  58  feet  from  the  center  of 
the  top  of  this  shaft  the  ventilating  fan  is  lo- 
cated. The  fan  was  placed  53  feet  to  one  side 
of  the  shaft  that  it  might  be  out  of  the  direct 
line  of  violence  in  event  of  an  explosion.  The 
fan  house  is  of  masonry  and  concrete  and  is 
fire-proof. 

Immediately  over  the  shaft  the  roof  is  ar- 
ranged with  explosion  doors. 

Mr.  Sheridan  discusses  these  doors  and  their  function 
at  some  length,  showing  how,  in  event  of  an  explosion, 
they  would  open  outward  and  permit  the  force  of  the 


SHAKING      SCREEN      SHOWING      I5KI/T     CONVKYOlt 
CARRYING     I'NDEHSIZE    COM.    TO    A 
KK-SCHEENING   PLANT 

generated  gases  to  expend  itself  on  the  outer  air,  immedi- 
ately after  which  the  doors  could  be  closed  and  ventilation 
be  resumed,  either  through  exhausting  the  bad  air,  as  the 
fan  is  primarily  intended  to  do,  or  reversing  it  and  pump- 
ing pure  air  into  the  mine  up  to  the  point  where  it  was 
cbstructed  by  the  debris  of  the  explosion.  The  same 
arrangement  could  be  put  into  effect  in  event  of  a  disas- 
trous cave-in  blocking  part  of  the  usual  ventilation  system 
The  whole  process,  he  says,  need  not  take  more  than  one 
minute,  much  too  short  a  time  for  gas,  after-damp  of 
respiration  to  materially  deplete  the  store  of  oxygen  in  the 
mine.  This  reversible  arrangement  of  the  ventilating  fan, 
which  is  applied  to  those  at  other  shafts  as  well,  provides 
a  prompt  means  of  scavenging  any  of  the  mines  of  gas. 


The  air  shafts  are  equipped  with  spiral  steel  stairways  for 
emergency  use.  Mr.  Sheridan  concludes  this  phase  of  his 
article  with  the  statement:  "It  will  be  seen  from  the  fore- 
going that  the  ventilating  equipment  is  excellent  and  that 
many  avenues  of  escape  are  provided  in  case  of  accident." 

A  report  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  by  Mr.  Sheri- 
dan, while  acting  as  federal  mine  inspector,  gives  the  fol- 
lowing: 

"Although  little  fire  damp  has  been  found  in  the  mines 
the  management  gives  careful  attention  to  keeping  the 
mines  clear  of  gas  and  maintaining  proper  ventilation. 
Eleven  fire  bosses  are  employed  in  the  four  mines.  The 
fire  bosses  examine  all  workings  for  indications  of  fire 
damp  or  other  noxious  gas  before  the  men  are  allowed  to 
enter  the  mine.  A  record  book  is  kept  in  a  check  cabin 
near  the  mouth  of  the  mine  wherein  a  record  is  made  of 
gases  found  and  the  miners  are  prevented  from  going  into 
a  locality  where  gas  is  considered  dangerous. 

"A  very  commendable  method  put  in  practice  is  to 
have  each  fire  boss  report  any  unsafe  conditions  in  the 
working  places  which  it  is  his  duty  to  examine.  He  notes 
unsafe  conditions  in  a  memorandum  book  supplied  him  for 
this  purpose  and  marks  the  unsafe  spot  or  locality.  This 
record  applies  to  timbers  lacking,  timbers  broken,  unsafe 
roofs,  etc.  When  the  fire  boss  comes  from  the  mines  he 
copies  these  notes  in  a  record  book,  duplicated  by  means  of 
carbon  sheet,  stating  particularly  where  there  is  immediate 
danger  and  need  of  immediate  attention.  It  is  the  duty  of 
the  pit  boss,  when  he  comes  on  shift,  to  examine  this 
record  and  if  any  place  needs  immediate  attention  he  keeps 
the  workmen  out  and  either  goes  himself  to  the  place  or 
sends  an  experienced  workman  to  remedy  the  dangerous 
condition  at  once.  The  pit  boss  tears  out  the  duplicate 
tecord  from  the  book  and  carries  it  into  the  mine  and  it  is 
mandatory  that  he  visit  each  place  requiring  attention  be- 
fore noon  that  day  and  remedy  the  conditions  the  fire  boss 
complained  of.  By  this  method  some  person  is  made  re- 
sponsible for  a  knowledge  of  conditions  at  every  point 
within  the  mine,  and  if  an  accident  occurs  the  responsi- 
bility can  be  fixed  definitely.  It  is  true  that  a  workman 
may  quickly  change  a  safe  condition  into  a  dangerous  one, 
as  by  a  few  blows  of  the  pick,  but  such  changes,  made 
after  rooms  or  entries  have  been  shot,  usually  the  preceding 
night,  are  easily  discernible. 

"Fire  bosses  dislike  the  responsibility  thus  placed  upon 
them;  but  the  responsibility  for  safe  conditions  in  a  mine 
should  be  placed  upon  some  official,  and  who  so  compe- 
tent and  careful  as  a  fire  boss? 

"Shot  firers  examine  each  working  place  after  the  shots 
are  fired  and  likewise  make  a  record  of  any  unsafe  con- 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

*— ™  "i — 

—  55  — 


LAISID 


MEXICO 

OF* 


ditions  found.  The  shot  Brers  have  their  own  record 
books,  thus  there  is  a  double  check  on  safety  conditions 
and  the  fire  bosses  and  shot  firers  are  a  check  upon  each 
other  as  they  inspect  the  places  at  different  times." 

The  matter  of  shot  firing  is  most  carefully  looked  after 
by  the  company.  Fifteen  careful  and  experienced  shot 
firers  are  employed.  These  men  visit  each  working  place 
and  make  inspections  of  the  holes  drilled.  If  any  hole  is 
not  properly  released  by  a  side  cutting  or  undermining 
they  condemn  it.  The  miners  do  not  charge  and  lamp  the 
holes,  this  is  done  by  the  shot  firers  who  load  all  the  holes. 
except  such  holes  as  are  condemned,  after  the  men  have 
left  the  mine.  Thus  careless  work  cannot  endanger  even 
the  life  of  the  man  who  did  it,  not  to  speak  of  the  lives  of 
others  in  the  mine. 

Shots  are  fired  about  I  I  o'clock  at  night,  but  if  there 
is  anyone  then  in  the  mine  the  firing  is  delayed.  An 
elaborate  system  of  checking  out  the  workers  is  employed 
at  the  mines.  Each  man  is  provided  with  a  brass  check, 
stamped  with  his  number,  and  this  he  must  deposit  before 
entering  the  mine.  When  he  comes  out,  the  check  is  re- 
turned to  him  upon  his  call.  A  responsible  man  is  in 
charge  of  the  deposit  and  distribution  of  checks  at  each 
mine.  As  long  as  one  of  these  has  any  checks  on  hand, 
therefore,  it  is  presumed  that  there  are  men  in  the  mine. 
Should  an  employe  leave  the  mine  and  neglect  to  call  for 
his  check,  a  man  is  sent  to  his  working  place  to  find  him. 
If  not  found  there,  his  home  is  made  the  scene  of  inquiry, 
and  the  search  goes  on  until  it  is  satisfactorily  proven  that 
the  man  is  not  in  the  mine,  no  matter  how  long  it  may 
take.  The  man  who  causes  this  trouble  is  charged  with 
the  time  of  the  man  who  searches  for  him  and  this  acts  as 
a  strong  deterrent  to  such  carelessness  as  is  mentioned. 

There  are  two  switches  in  each  entry  and  a  main  switch 
at  the  mcuth  of  the  mine  which  must  be  closed  by  the  shot 
firer  after  loading  the  holes  after  all  the  men  are  out,  or 
el»e  where  the  firing  switch  is  closed  in  the  shot-firers*  cabin 
there  will  be  no  explosion.  Thus  there  are  three  distinct 
steps  to  be  taken,  after  the  holes  are  loaded  and  capped, 
before  a  shot  can  be  fired.  Clay  or  adobe  is  provided  for 
tamping  all  holes,  the  company  distributing  it  at  convenient 
places  underground. 

The  powder  is  stored  in  large  magazines,  all  of  which 
are  electrically  heated  to  avoid  the  dangers  of  thawing 
dynamite  in  cold  weather.  The  heaters  are  insulated  from 
direct  contact  with  the  powd-r.  The  magazines  are  all 
fireproof. 

The  mine*  are  humidified  by  sprays  at  short  intervals 
throughout  the  main  haulage  ways.  Pipe  lines  extend 


to  the  face  of  all  entries,  with  hose  connections  every  one 
hundred  feet,  providing  ample  means  for  sprinkling  rooms 
and  entries.  These  lines  also  afford  a  prompt  means  of 
combatting  fire,  though  there  are  ample  fire  extinguishers 
at  convenient  places.  The  company  also  maintains  a  two- 
cylinder  Babcock  chemical  engine  on  a  convenient  side- 
track, ready  to  be  run  at  any  time  wherever  it  is  needed. 
As  the  presence  of  fire  in  the  mine  would  generate  a 
quantity  of  gas  in  which  it  would  be  difficult,  if  not  im- 
possible, to  breathe,  the  company  provides  a  number  of 


SIIO\M\<;   ..i:  \i.i   \i    ri.i.i>  01    i.«  >ir  ro\i.  FIIQM 

Ml  \I\IM.    SOIKKX   TO   I'lrKIMJ   TAIll  1 

i  \<>     I.    J.     \M>   ::    I  ITl'I.K) 

the  most  approved  style  of  helmets  and  other  devices  for 
respiration  in  poisoned  atmosphere. 

To  cap  off  all  these  efforts  at  safety,  and  to  check  up 
the  work  of  all  others  charged  with  maintenance  of  safe 
conditions,  the  company  employs  a  mine  inspector,  who 
oversees  all  the  others  engaged  in  safely  work.  This  man 
makes  continuous  inspections  of  all  the  mines,  draws  sam- 
ples of  air  from  old  workings  and  cave-ins  with  a  gob- 
pump  and  tests  them  in  his  safety  lamp,  checks  up  other 
conditions  pertaining  to  the  safety  of  the  men.  Should  he 
deem  it  best,  he  can  order  work  suspended  in  any  locality, 
or  can  take  men  from  other  work  to  remedy  a  bad  condi- 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-  56  — 


tion.  He  makes  a  daily  report  to  the  general  superintend- 
ent, who  forwards  it  to  the  general  manager.  In  this  way 
the  entire  administration,  from  miners  through  fire-  and  pit- 
bosses  and  inspector  on  up  to  the  general  manager,  is  in 
daily  touch. 

Throughout  the  mine,  manways  are  lighted  by  elec- 
tricity and  haulage  is  carried  on  in  separate  channels,  so 
there  is  no  danger  of  a  trip  running  down  miners  on  their 
way  to  or  from  work. 

This  would  seem  to  thoroughly  establish  the  fact  that 
the  men  at  Dawson  are  well  looked  after,  but  says  noth- 
ing of  the  efficiency  and  business-like  administration  which 
are  in  effect  there.  Owning  over  50,000  acres  of  lands 
and  distributing  the  fuel  over  an  area  a  sixth  the  size  of  the 
United  States,  producing  the  largest  tonnage  of  coal  of  any 
one  coal  mining  camp  in  the  west,  the  Stag  Canyou  Fuel 
Company  cannot  be  conducted  along  the  lines  of  a  philan- 
thropic institution.  And  it  is  not  so  conducted.  The  good 
treatment  afforded  the  miners  and  other  employes  bears 
fruit  a  score  of  times  in  increased  production,  higher  per- 
sonal efficiency,  a  steady  and  reliable  organization,  and  in 
other  ways. 

Yet  personal  efficiency  is  not  the  only  sort  in  evidence 
at  Dawson.  Though  the  company  is  a  comparative  new- 
comer in  the  field,  having  been  at  work  but  about  eight 
years,  yet  changes  and  reorganizations  have  been  made 
that  are  little  short  of  marvelous.  The  concern  is  a  big 
business  affair  and  is  doing  business  in  a  big,  broad,  far- 
seeing  way.  Detailed  studies  of  the  whole  operation  of 
mining  from  this  field  were  made  before  much  was  done. 
Now  those  studies  have  been  put  into  effect  and  the  results 
are  startling  economies.  These  economies  include  savings 
in  labor,  in  handling  of  mined  fuel,  in  preparing  fuel  for 
the  market,  in  eliminating  waste  in  the  coking  process  and 
in  the  tipple  and  washery.  Probably  a  higher  percentage 
of  mined  coal  reaches  either  the  coke  ovens  or  the  con- 
sumer from  the  Dawson  mines  than  from  any  other  col- 
liery in  the  country.  The  place  has  been  compared  favor- 
ably with  the  great  anthracite  fields  of  Pennsylvania,  also 
Dawson  is  the  only  place  in  the  west  where  the  heated 
gases  from  coke  ovens  are  saved.  This  saving  of  energy 
from  coke  oven  gases  has  long  been  a  pet  project  with 
engineers,  but  at  Dawson  it  is  a  settled  fact.  When 
the  Dawson  company  had  charge  of  these  mines  there  were 
but  124  coke  ovens,  all  of  the  old  style.  Now  there  are 
446  improved  ovens,  beside  the  old  ones,  and  the  energy 
contained  in  hot  gases  which  were  wasted  under  former 
processes  is  now  used  to  generate  all  the  electricity  that 
can  possibly  be  used  in  the  mines  for  light  or  power  and 


in  the  city  for  all  purposes.  The  power  plant  generates 
3200  horsepower  which  is  in  constant  use  driving  the  wash- 
ery machinery,  operating  the  electric  locomotives  within 
the  mine,  turning  the  farthest  entry  of  the  deepest  mine 
from  blackness  to  bright  light,  running  minor  machinery, 
lighting  the  city  and  in  other  ways.  And  were  there  any 
possible  use  for  more,  the  gases  would  supply  it. 

The  company  is  amply  justified  in  taking  such  far- 
sighted  measures  for  the  coal  being  worked  lies  from  six 
to  eleven  feet  in  thickness,  but  averaging  six  and  a  half 
feet.  As  the  coal  lies  almost  horizontal  there  is  little 
water  to  be  cared  for.  There  are  a  number  of  mines  into 
the  coal  measures  but  only  five  are  now  being  worked. 
The  1914  output  was  approximately  1,300,000  tons  of 
coal  and  300,000  tons  of  coke.  It  was  shipped  to  Ari- 
zona, Texas,  New  Mexico,  Kansas,  Oklahoma,  and  to 
some  points  in  old  Mexico,  though  consumption  there  has 
fallen  off  materially  since  the  war  began. 

Taking  up  the  more  technical  side  of  the  question,  the 
coal  measures  on  which  operations  are  being  carried  on  are 
in  the  Laramie  series  of  the  cretaceous  measures  which  are 
about  800  feet  thick;  there  are  a  number  of  seams  in  the 
measure  but  only  two  are  workable  seams.  The  Dawson 
mines  are  on  the  lower  seam.  The  elevated  table  on 
which  the  coal  measures  stand  has  been  efoded  along  one 
edge  until  it  shows  the  green  shale  beneath  the  coal.  On 
this  eroded  edge  a  crop  line  of  coal  can  be  traced  for  forty 
miles  to  the  northeast  of  Dawson. 

The  triple-main-entry  system  of  mining  is  used,  with 
double  cross  entries,  rooms  and  pillars.  Main  entries  and 
air  crosses  have  a  width  of  nine  feet,  as  have  cross  en- 
tries. Air  passages  are  six  and  a  half  feet  high  and  roads 
are  six  feet.  Room  necks  are  cut  twenty  feet  long  and 
rooms  have  an  average  width  of  twenty  feet  and  a  length 
of  350  feet. 

Electricity  is  used  for  gathering  wherever  possible,  but 
there  are  some  mules  in  use  underground.  There  are 
twenty-eight  electric  locomotives  underground.  A  system 
of  signal  lights  is  used  through  the  haulage  ways.  A  red 
light  is  hung  beside  each  white  mine  light.  When  a  trip 
passes  one  light,  the  next  one  is  lighted  automatically,  thus 
giving  warning  some  distance  ahead  that  a  locomotive  or 
cars  are  coming. 

The  ventilating  system  is  unusually  good.  The  com- 
pany has  provided  for  each  worker  more  than  three  times 
the  amount  of  air  required  by  federal  law,  or  306  cubic 
feet  per  man  per  minute.  Mine  No.  1  is  ventilated  by  a 
Vulcan  twenty-eight  by  eight  foot  fan,  double  inlet  and 
reversible,  belt  driven  by  two  fifty  horsepower  motors. 


RESOURCES  AND  jNDUSTFflES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  57  — 


MEXICO 

LAIMD  OF'  OF>F=ORTUISIITV' 


It  runs  at  sixty  revolutions,  at  a  water-gauge  pressure  of 
one  and  one-tenth  inches. 

Mine  No.  2  is  ventilated  by  an  eighteen  by  eight  foot 
double  inlet,  primarily  exhaust,  reversible  fan,  with  a  ca- 
pacity of  400,000  cubic  feet  of  air  a  minute  against  a 
water-gauge  pressure  of  five  inches.  The  fan  runs  at 
about  1 50  revolutions  a  minute  and  is  driven  by  a  I  50 
horsepower  motor. 

Mines  Nos.  4  and  5  are  ventilated  by  duplicate  in- 
stallation of  Coal  fifteen  by  five  foot  double  inlet  reversible 
fans  which  run  at  a  speed  of  eighty-two  revolutions  a 
minute  and  have  a  capacity  of  70,000  cubic  feet  of  air  a 
minute  each,  against  a  water-gauge  pressure  of  eight- 
tenths  of  an  inch. 

A  complete  laboratory  for  testing  coals  and  making  nec- 
essary analyses  is  located  in  a  fire-proof  building  near  the 
washery. 

The  tipple,  which  is  ample  in  size,  is  an  all-steel  struc- 
ture. It  has  duplicate  parallel  installations  of  dumps, 
picking  tables  and  double-deck  shaking  screens.  On  it  the 
pit  cars,  after  being  weighed,  are  dumped  in  hoppers. 
These  hoppers  open  onto  reciprocating  feeder  plates  which 
deliver  the  coal  to  the  upper  end  of  the  screen  in  a  fine. 
steady  stream.  Both  top  and  bottom  screens  have  a 
screening  surface  of  perforated  steel  plates  seven  feet  wide 
and  three  times  that  in  length,  which  large  size,  with  the 
steady  feed,  assures  uniform  sizing  of  product.  The  over- 
size of  the  top  screen,  and.  when  desired,  that  of  the  lower 
screen  as  well,  is  delivered  on  pan  conveyors  which  convey 
to  a  box-car  loader  or  to  open  cars.  Only  the  screened 
and  picked  coal  is  sent  out  in  box  cars.  Oversize  from 
the  lower  belt  can  be  picked,  if  desired,  and  loaded 
separately. 

The  screenings  from  the  lower  plates  go  to  a  bin  with 


automatic  feeders  which  gradually  feed  it  out  on  a  belt 
conveyor  leading  to  the  washery.  This  tipple,  the  result  of 
months  of  careful  designing  and  embodying  the  experience 
of  years,  handles  the  product  from  Mines  Nos.  I  and  2 
only.  From  Mine  No.  4  opposite  these  first  mines,  the 
coal  is  delivered  over  a  Phillips  steel  tipple  abutting  on 
the  main  tipple.  From  Mine  No.  5  the  coal  is  screened 
as  it  is  loaded  on  the  cars,  the  slack  being  hauled  to  a 
bin,  whence  it  is  taken  to  the  washery  on  a  conveyor. 

All  undersize  coal  is  conveyed  to  the  crusher  house  and 
washed.  Any  oversize  which  may  have  got  in  is  screened 
out  and  sold  for  domestic  use  and  the  washed  undersize 
coal  is  sent  to  the  coke  ovens  in  electric  cars. 

As  underground,  the  coal  is  handled  at  the  surface 
with  every  possible  economy  and  with  as  little  hand  labor 
as  possible. 

The  method  of  mining  employed  is  by  the  use  of  under- 
cutting machines.  There  are  about  twenty-five  such  ma- 
chines in  constant  operation  in  the  mine. 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  not  only  is  there  a  coal  min- 
ing corporation  which  takes  out  the  coal  in  the  most  effi- 
cient way  and  which  makes  the  most  efficient  use  of  it 
after  it  is  mined;  and  that  there  is  a  large  employing 
concern  which  treats  its  employes  with  justice  and  liber- 
ality, but  that  these  two  concerns  are  one,  and  that  one  is 
The  Stag  Canyon  Fuel  Company. 

All  coal  and  coke  from  these  mines  is  handled  by  the 
Dawson  Fuel  Sales  Company,  a  sales  corporation,  of 
which  G.  M.  Hanson  is  general  manager.  The  officers 
of  the  Stag  Canyon  Company  are  as  follows: 

Dr.  James  Douglas,  president;  A.  C.  James,  vice-presi- 
dent; George  Notman,  secretary  and  treasurer;  T.  H. 
O'Brien,  general  manager;  William  Hutchings,  general 
superintendent;  F.  R.  Weitzel.  mining  engineer. 


FRENCH,  NEW  MEXICO 


RENCH  is  located  at  an  altitude  of  about 
6.000  feet,  and  has  the  equable  climate  nec- 
essarily expected  of  New  Mexico  where  that 
altitude  is  attained. 

The  development  of  the  irrigated  land*  ad- 
joining the  junction  of  the  Santa  Fe  and  El 
Pa»o  Southwestern  Railroad  in  Colfax  County  has  brought 
about  the  existence  of  the  town  of  French. 

French  ii  right  at  the  heart  of  a  great  district  of  irriga- 
ble land,  the  development  of  which  has  already  been  be- 


gun. It  is  thirty  miles  south  of  Raton,  and  has  been 
growing  but  two  or  three  years.  Already  the  population 
totals  several  hundred,  and  is  rapidly  increasing. 

The  town  takes  its  name  from  Captain  William  French, 
the  former  owner  of  practically  all  the  land  in  the  district. 
The  soil  is  of  excellent  quality,  as  good,  indeed,  a»  any  to 
be  found  in  northern  New  Mexico,  and  is  well  adapted  to 
the  culture  of  sugar  beets,  Mexican  beans,  grains,  vege- 
tables and  apples.  Ample  water  for  irrigation  is  to  be 
had  at  all  time*. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  58  — 


—  59  — 


A4EXICO 
-THE     LANJD   OF*    OPPORTUNITY 


SPRTNOFR    NFW  MFVIP'O 

-  OJT  JA.11^1  vJE/lv,   IXJLjTT     iVlJC/yVlv^V-/  - 

,  PRINGER  is  located  on  the  main  line  of  the 
Santa  Fe  Railroad  forty-one  miles  from  the 
county  seat,  Raton.  From  1882  to  1897  it 
was  the  county  seat  of  county  of  Colfax. 
Then,  as  now,  it  was  the  trading  center  of  a 
wide  area  of  cattle  and  sheep  industry.  It 
moved  farther  away,  back  from  the  railroad,  leaving  the 
still  is  this,  but  the  cattle  men  and  the  sheep  men  have 


valleys  to  the  irrigtaionist  and  intensive  farmer.  The  pros- 
perous Miami  ranch  property  practically  adjoin  the  town 
of  Springer. 

Springer  now  has  a  population  of  over  1 ,000,  and  it  a 
modern  and  up-to-date  little  city,  surrounded  on  all  sides 
by  a  fine  agricultural  country.  It  has  good  schools,  good 
churches,  and  has  all  the  appurtenances  of  a  modern  city. 


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COLORADO 


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RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATED 

-  60  - 


LINCOLN  COUNTY 


BY  JOHN  A.  HALEY 


INCOLN  County  was  created  by  an  act  of 
the  Territorial  Legislature  in  I  869,  and  was 
not,  therefore,  one  of  the  original  nine  coun- 
ties in  the  organization  of  the  Territory  after 
it  had  been  acquired  from  Mexico.  It  was 
one  of  the  first  created,  however,  after  the 
organization  of  the  Territory,  and  at  the  same  time  the 
largest.  Soon  after  its  organization  the  county  seat  was 
established  at  Lincoln,  then  known  as  the  Bonito  Plaza. 
There  the  seat  of  government  remained  until  1 909,  at 
which  time  the  county  seat  was  changed  to  Carrizozo, 
where  all  courts  have  since  been  held  and  where  a  new 
court  house  and  jail  have  just  been  completed. 

Originally  Lincoln  county  covered  all  the  southeastern 
part  of  the  Territory — about  one-fifth  of  its  total  area. 
Three  entire  counties — Chaves,  Eddy  and  Roosevelt — 
have  been  carved  out  of  its  former  territory,  and  four 


other  counties — Curry,  Guadalupe,  Otero  and  Torrance — 
contain  a  portion  of  its  first  area. 

Lincoln  County  now  occupies  a  position  a  little  south 
and  east  of  the  south  center  of  New  Mexico,  and  is  bound- 
ed as  follows:  On  the  north  by  Torrance  and  Guadalupe 
counties,  on  the  east  by  Chaves  county,  on  the  south  by 
Chaves  and  Otero  counties  and  on  the  west  by  Socorro 
county. 

It  has  an  area  of  4,659  square  miles,  approximately 
3,000,000  acres,  of  which  about  1,250,000  acres  are 
subject  to  homestead  entry.  A  considerable  portion  of 
its  area  is  classed  as  mineral  land  and  more  than  half  a 
million  acres  lie  in  the  Lincoln  National  Forest,  which 
covers  the  central  part  of  the  county — its  mountain  ranges. 
Lands  may  be  homesteaded  in  the  reserve,  when  shown 
to  be  agricultural,  and  many  settlers  now  reside  within  its 
boundaries. 


LIXCOJiX    OOUXTY    COURT    HOUSE    AT    CARRIZOZO 


RESOURCES  AND  JNDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  61   — 


LAND 


A1E5QCO 
OF" 


Lincoln  County,  like  all  of  New  Mexico,  lies  within  the 
so-called  arid  region  that  is  embraced  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain plateau,  and  is  divided  almost  in  the  center  by  a  range 
of  mountains,  the  highest  peaks  exceeding  two  miles  >n 
height.  These  mountains  are  but  spurs  of  the  main  Rock- 
ies, but  in  massiveness  and  altitude  they  very  nearly  ap- 
proach the  Continental  Divide.  The  range  is  known  as 
the  White  Mcuntains,  though  each  spur  has  a  designation. 
We  have  the  main  range,  the  Capitans,  the  Tisons,  the 
Jicarillas  and  the  Gallinas. 

The  east  slope  of  the  mountain  range  is  well  watered. 
Besides  innumerable  springs,  there  are  a  number  of  streams 


All  the  immense  area  not  touched  by  streams  has  been 
used  for  grazing  purposes,  springs  and  wells  furnishing  the 
water  supply  for  herds  and  flocks. 

Our  mountain  ranges,  lying  wholly  within  the  Lincoln 
National  Forest,  contain  a  great  deal  of  fine  timber- 
thousands  of  acres^which  will  produce  millions  of  feet  of 
lumber,  suitable  for  building  purposes.  Pine,  spruce  and 
fir  constitute  the  principal  mountain  growth,  while  in  thf 
foothills  are  to  be  found  cedar,  juniper  and  pinon.  all  »er- 
viceable  for  fuel  and  fencing  purpose!. 

On  the  plains  and  in  the  mountains,  as  well,  a  mott 
succulent  grass  grows,  which  furnishes  feed  for  stock  the 


i:\vrii    IIOMI     01     <.o\.    \\HII\M    <•.   Mol><>\  \l  l>.  M   \K   i 


that  water  fertile  valleys,  maintaining  a  thriving  population. 
Principal  among  these  stream*  are  the  Salado,  Bonito. 
Little  and  Eagle  Creek:  Carrizozo.  Ruidoso  and  Hondo — 
all  small  streams,  but  most  of  them  furnishing  sufficient 
water  for  irrigating  purposes.  On  the  west  slope  a  num- 
ber of  spring*  abound,  but  there  are  not  so  many  streams, 
neither  are  they  so  large  as  on  the  east  slope.  Tortolita. 
Water  Canyon  and  Three  Rivers  furnish  the  larger  flow  of 
water  for  the  west  side.  The  latter  is  the  principal  stream 
on  the  wett  dope,  used  for  irrigating  purpose*,  and  along 
it*  course  are  to  be  found  some  fine  fruit  and  alfalfa  farmv 
Lincoln  County  i*  situated  wholly  in  the  Rio  Grande 
water-shed. 


year  round.  It  is  known  as  the  Grama  grass.  Its  growth 
is  rapid  during  the  summer  season,  matures  with  the  frost 
and  furnishes  sustenance  to  the  flocks  and  herds  of  Lincoln 
County  throughout  the  winter.  Season  after  season  large 
areas  of  this  grass  are  mowed  and  baled,  some  of  it  fed  on 
farm  and  ranch,  but  a  great  deal  of  it  shipped,  and  brings 
a  very  satisfactory  price:  for  its  quality  is  excelled  by  no 
other  wild  hay. 

Altitude,  aridity  and  the  preponderance  of  sunshine, 
combined  with  its  latitude,  give  Lincoln  County  one  of  the 
best  climates  to  be  found  anywhere.  From  season  to  tea- 
son,  from  year  to  year,  it  it  one  of  the  most  attractive  fea- 
ture* the  county  ha*  to  offer.  Generally,  the  winter*  are 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  62  — 


short  and  mild,  the  summers  cool  and  delightful,  and,  ex- 
cept in  the  higher  altitudes,  the  people  follow  their  usual 
pursuits  throughout  the  year. 

Someone  has  called  New  Mexico  the  "heart  of  the  well 
country,"  and  it  is  generally  recognized  as  the  nation's 
sanitarium.  But  to  Lincoln  county  belongs  the  distinction 
of  occupying  the  center  of  the  "heart,"  for  the  govern- 
ment of  the  United  States  has  placed  one  of  its  greatest 
sanatoriums  within  its  confines.  It  is  located  at  Fort  Stan- 
ton,  on  the  Bonito,  ten  miles  above  Lincoln,  and  is  par- 
ticularly designated  as  the  United  States  Public  Health 
Service  Sanatorium.  It  was  established  for  tubercular 
sailors  of  the  merchant  marine,  and  has  an  average  of  200 
patients. 

Our  public  school  system  is  patterned  somewhat  after 
that  of  the  older  states,  and  the  immense  grants  of  land 
that  have  been  made  the  State  by  Congress  bid  fair  to 
give  New  Mexico  one  of  the  best  school  funds  in  the 
Union.  Like  all  new  countries — a  sparse  population, 
comparatively  little  wealth  and  vast  distances — this  coun- 
try has  faced  these  inconveniences,  but  it  has  overcome 
them,  and  Lincoln  County,  especially,  is  proud  of  its  school 
system. 

It  is  difficult  to  put  in  black  and  white  the  great  im- 
provement in  the  schools  of  Lincoln  County;  so  much  that 
goes  to  make  successful  schools  is  intangible  and  can  not 
be  shown  in  print : — as  the  enthusiasm  of  the  pupils  and  the 
deep  interest  of  the  patrons,  yet  they  are  the  reasons  for  the 
progress.  Each  year  our  schools  take  a  step  forward,  due 
to  the  intelligent  interest  of  the  citizens  at  large;  terms  are 
longer,  attendance  better,  more  and  higher  qualified  teach- 
ers are  demanded. 

The  value  of  buildings  and  equipment  is  about  $57,- 
600.00.  The  buildings  of  logs  erected  by  the  first  hardy 
pioneers  being  replaced  by  good  modern  school  houses — 
$2,2  I  2.94  was  spent  the  past  year  for  new  buildings  and 
$1,149.15  in  repairs. 

The  total  amount  spent  by  the  schools  last  year  was 
$27,482.77,  making  the  cost  per  child  enrolled  about  $1  7. 

We  have  thirty-three  buildings  with  forty-eight  rooms 
in  use — twenty-five  are  one-room  buildings,  four  have  two 
rooms,  one  uses  three  rooms  and  two  use  six  rooms. 

We  are  fortunate  in  getting  teachers  with  high  profes- 
sional attainments  and  receive  the  worth  of  the  $17,- 
286.85  that  was  paid  to  teachers  last  year,  the  average 
salary  of  $61  a  month. 

The  County  High  School  at  Capitan  is  being  equipped 
for  manual  training,  domestic  science,  and  business  course 
as  well  as  the  studies  required  by  the  state  high  school 


course.  Every  effort  is  being  made  to  have  this  school 
meet  the  demand  of  the  people  for  a  high  school  as  good 
as  any,  giving  the  children  of  Lincoln  County  the  ad- 
vantages they  so  richly  merit. 

Carrizozo  maintains  a  four-year  high  school.  Corona  is 
doing  two  years  of  high  school  work.  Ancho  has  a  class  in 
second  year  high  school,  and  White  Oaks  a  class  taking 
first  year's  studies. 

Of  the  2,264  enumerated  children  between  the  ages  of 
five  and  twenty-one,  1 ,723  were  enrolled  in  school.  The 
daily  average  attendance  was  about  1 ,000. 

Free  gold  was  discovered  at  White  Oaks  in  1879  and 
a  short  time  later  rich  discoveries  were  made  at  Nogal  and 
in  the  Bonito  country.  Mills  were  installed,  the  product 
of  the  mines  reduced  to  bullion  and  that  in  turn  was  sent 
to  the  mint.  Just  how  much  gold  the  mines  of  Lincoln 
County  have  produced  would  be  difficult  to  say,  for  the 
reason  that  many  small  shipments  were  made  of  which  no 
record  is  obtainable,  but  in  the  aggregate  ran  into  hun- 
dreds of  thousands  of  dollars.  One  mine  alone — the  Old 
Abe  at  White  Oaks — has  a  record  of  more  than  a  million 
dollars.  A  number  of  other  mines  in  the  same  camp  are 
almost  equally  celebrated — the  South  and  North  Home- 
stakes — and  their  joint  production  quite  likely  equals  that 
of  the  Old  Abe.  Two  very  valuable  mines  are  located  at 
Nogal — the  Helen  Rae  and  the  American  have  been 
strong  producers,  and,  though  idle  just  now,  have  experi- 
enced only  a  surface  development.  The  Parsons  mine  on 
Bonito,  though  a  low  grade  proposition,  has  a  large  amount 
of  machinery  installed  and  a  strong  corporation  is  prepar- 
ing to  work  the  property  on  a  large  scale.  Jicarilla,  pri- 
marily a  placer  camp,  and  from  the  rich  beds  of  the  can- 
yons thousands  of  dollars  have  been  washed  by  the  most 
primitive  methods,  has  also  a  promising  future  for  the  lode 
miner,  a  number  of  good  "strikes"  having  been  made  there 
the  past  year.  The  Gallina  Mountains,  near  the  town  of 
Corona,  have  some  rich  deposits  of  lead  and  copper  and  the 
Deadwood  and  Red  Cloud  mines  of  that  district  are  pro- 
ducing ore  that  is  now  being  shipped  to  the  smelter.  Other 
later  discoveries  in  various  parts  of  the  county  show  the 
existence  of  valuable  ore  bodies  which  will  only  require 
capital  and  scientific  development  to  turn  them  into  paying 
properties. 

Coal  mining,  until  the  advent  of  the  El  Paso  &  North- 
eastern Railroad  in  1 899,  had  been  carried  on  only  to  the 
extent  of  developing  the  properties  sufficiently  to  warrant 
patenting  and  the  extraction  of  coal  to  supply  the  domestic 
demand.  Up  to  the  date  mentioned.  White  Oaks  had  the 
greatest  area  of  coal  lands  patented  and  developed,  and 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  63  — 


___ 
"THE    LAND 


A1E5CICO 
OF" 


the  output  of  coal  went  to  feed  the  boilers  that  supplied 
power  for  the  other  mining  operations  in  the  camp.  The 
construction  of  a  railroad  in  1 899  to  the  Capitan  coal 
fields — the  line  coming  from  El  Paso — furnished  an  out- 
side market  for  our  fuel. 

Bodies  of  iron  exist  in  various  portions  of  the  county, 
much  of  it  a  high  grade,  and  its  commercial  value  is  un- 
questioned. From  developments  already  made  at  various 
points  large  things  are  expected  from  the  vast  iron  deposits 
known  to  exist  in  the  county.  Principal  among  these  de- 
posits are  the  iron  deposits  and  ledges  in  the  Capitan  moun- 
tains, those  in  Jicarilla  mountains,  Tecolote  and  Lone 
mountains.  In  Lone  Mountain  the  Colorado  Fuel  &  Iron 
Company  is  developing  the  Yellow  Jacket  mine  and  trans- 
porting its  product  to  the  Pueblo  smelter.  Adjoining  prop- 
erties to  the  Yellow  Jacket  are  also  undergoing  develop- 
ment. 

From  the  first  settlement  of  the  county  livestock  fur- 
nished the  biggest  means  for  the  investment  of  capital,  and 
even  today,  after  our  population  has  doubled  and  settle- 
ments exist  in  every  nook  and  corner  of  the  county,  the 
livestock  interest  still  remains  one  of  the  principal  indus- 
tries. The  vast  area  of  grazing  land  in  the  county  fur- 
nishes excellent  range  for  the  stockman,  winter  and  summer, 
and  except  in  extraordinary  seasons  of  drouth  there  is  little 
loss  to  the  stockman  from  poverty.  In  round  numbers, 
there  are  50.000  head  of  cattle.  250.000  head  of  sheep, 
20,000  head  of  goats,  mostly  Angoras  and  improved,  and 
5.000  head  of  horses.  For  a  number  of  years  the  herds 
and  flocks  of  the  county  have  been  graded  up  and  the 
common  varieties  are  about  extinct.  Range  cattle  are 
principally  Herefords,  although  small  herds  of  Jerseys  and 
other  milk  stock  exist  in  different  parts  of  the  county.  The 
sheepman  has  been  building  up  his  flocks,  until  he  now 
clips  a  fleece  that  weighs  from  9  to  12  pounds  instead  of 
from  3  to  5  pounds  as  was  the  case  only  a  few  years  ago. 
A  like  increase  in  Mohair  is  shown  in  the  goat  industry. 
.  la  former  years  the  cattle  business  was  largely  confined 
to  big  ranchmen  and  companies,  but  radical  changes  have 
taken  place  and  only  three  large  ranches  are  now  running 
cattle  on  the  Lincoln  County  ranges.  They  are  the  Carri- 
zozo  Cattle  Ranch  Co..  known  as  the  Bar  Ws,  El  Capi- 
lan  Live  Stock  Company,  locally  called  the  Blocks,  and  the 
Circle  Diamonds.  As  the  larger  companies  have  disorgan- 
ized their  range  has  been  occupied  by  small  individual 
owners,  and  today  there  are  many  small  ranches  running 
from  1 00  lo  1 .000  head  of  cattle.  The  sheep  business  has 


also  undergone  a  change,  not  so  marked  as  that  in  cattle, 
but  nevertheless,  having  larger  number  of  men  in  the  busi- 
ness. The  goat  is  largely  confined  to  the  mountains,  hence 
his  range  territory  is  not  so  extensive. 

Agriculture  has  been  an  important  industry'  since  the  set- 
tlement of  the  county,  but  it  has  been  almost  wholly  con- 
fined to  the  small  stream  section  of  the  county.  Along  the 
small  streams  in  the  southern  and  eastern  parts  of  the  county 
excellent  crops  of  alfalfa,  wheat,  oats  and  corn  are  grown, 
and  almost  every  vegetable  that  can  be  grown  in  the  North 
Temperate  Zone  reaches  perfection  here.  In  the  produc- 
tion of  fruit,  Lincoln  County  is  not  excelled  by  any  section. 
Our  apples,  especially,  top  the  market  wherever  they  are 
shipped;  and  at  the  State  Fair  this  year  the  small  exhibit 
made  by  Lincoln  County  orchardists  captured  five  prizes. 
Annually  the  alfalfa  farms  and  orchards  of  the  Bonito. 
Ruidoso  and  Hondo  valleys  bring  big  returns  to  their 
owners. 

Only  a  small  per  cent  of  our  lands  is  in  cultivation  and 
a  still  smaller  per  cent  is  under  irrigation.  The  irrigated 
area  is  about  5,000  acres.  Within  the  county  only  about 
I  50.000  acres  of  grazing  land  have  been  patented.  6.000 
acres  of  coal  land  and  less  than  2,000  acres  of  mineral 
lands,  other  than  coal. 

The  county  has  a  main  line  of  railroad,  running  north 
and  south,  and  a  branch  line  from  Carrizozo  to  Capitan 
which  taps  the  heart  of  the  farming  belt.  The  railroad 
shops  and  round  house  are  located  at  Carrizozo  and  the 
railroad  system  is  supplied  with  water  by  a  pipe  line  that 
has  its  source  in  the  White  Mountains,  tapping  the  Bonito 
and  Eagle  Creeks.  Nearly  every  portion  of  the  county 
is  connected  by  telephone,  and  in  addition  to  rural  mail 
routes  and  the  railroad  system  there  is  a  daily  auto  line 
which  affords  quick  means  of  communication  with  all  sec- 
tions of  the  county.  The  total  assessed  valuation  of  the 
county  for  1913  is  $6,774.087.  of  which  one-third,  or 
$2.258.029.  is  the  legal  basis  of  taxation. 

Government  lands,  of  which  a  large  area  in  this  county 
is  still  open  for  entry,  may  be  homesteaded  and  title  ac- 
quired by  residence  upon  and  cultivation  of  the  land.  All 
non-mineral  and  non-timber  land,  which  has  not  been 
granted  by  the  Federal  Government,  is  subject  to  entry  and 
settlement.  Homesteaders  may  file  on  160  acre*  of  such 
lands,  or  in  certain  prescribed  areas,  filings  will  be  accepted 
on  320  acres.  Final  proof,  after  a  residence  and  cultiva- 
tion for  three  years,  entitles  the  applicant  to  patent,  when 
proper  proof  of  such  occupancy  and  cultivation  is  made. 


IT 


RESOURCES  AND  JNDUSTTTICS  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STOTC__jg| 

—  64  - 


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RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  65 


CARRIZOZO,  COUNTY  SEAT  OF  LINCOLN 

COUNTY 


.OPULATION  1.234.  Situated  on  the  El 
Paso  6c  Southwestern  Railroad.  1 44  miles 
northeast  of  El  Paso,  Texas.  Division  point 
on  the  Southwestern  System  and  junction  of 
the  Capitan  branch  line  of  the  same  system. 
Has  a  monthly  payroll  from  railroad  alone 
o.  oi^.OOO.OO  to  $15.000.00.  Has  the  best  public 
school  in  the  county  and  equal  to  any  in  the  State,  with  a 
corps  of  eight  teachers,  and  in  addition  conducts  a  high 
school,  meeting  all  the  requirements  of  the  State  Board  of 
Education.  Has  three  church  buildings  and  organizations: 
Methodist,  Baptist,  and  Catholic.  Four  fraternal  socie- 
ties, with  a  live  active  membership:  Masons,  Knights  of 
Pythias.  Odd  Fellows,  and  Woodmen.  Is  a  distributing 
.point  for  a  large  section  of  the  surrounding  country,  in- 
cluding towns  up  and  down  the  railroad.  Is  surrounded 
by  a  rich  grazing,  mining,  farming  and  fruit  growing  coun- 


business  houses  in  the  town — such  as  general  merchandise, 
groceries,  hardware,  furniture,  wholesale  grain  and  feed, 
livery,  garage,  drug  stores,  hotels,  meat  markets,  lumber 
yard,  bank.  Jewelry,  lighting,  undertaking,  tailors,  saloons 
and  two  newspapers.  The  county  of  Lincoln  has  a  popu- 
lation of  about  1 0,000  of  which  Carrizozo  is  the  county 
seat.  The  altitude  of  Carrizozo  is  5,435  feet,  which  gives 
it  an  ideal  summer  climate  and  its  latitude  is  such  that  its 
winters  are  mild.  The  country  surrounding  the  town  >s 
rapidly  filling  up  with  homesteaders  and  settlers  who  are 
purchasers  of  land  from  the  State,  and  besides  numbers 
of  large  sheep  and  cattle  ranchmen  near  the  town  has  a 
larger  number  of  small  ranchmen,  whose  herds  run  into 
the  thousands.  The  town  is  enjoying  a  steady  and  per- 
manent growth,  its  buildings  are  being  erected  upon  lasting 
plans,  by  people  who  have  come  here  to  make  this  their 
home,  and  are  thus  surrounding  themselves  with  all  the 


I:K..I  SCHOOL  lit  II  DI\<.    \i   C\IIKI/.O/O 


of  business  are  well  represented,  there  being  twenty-five 
try.  Has  splendid  railway,  express,  telegraph  and  tele- 
phone facilities.  Four  mail  trains — two  each  way — deliver 
mail,  besides  two  daily  star  routes  carrying  mail  to  and 
from  interior  point*  of  the  county — one  of  which  is  an  auto 
line  from  here  to  Rotwell,  a  distance  of  104  miles,  the 
best  in  the  Southwell.  The  medical  and  legal  professions 
•re  well  represented,  so  is  also  that  of  dentistry.  All  line* 


comforts  necessary  to  a  pleasant  existence.  Business  i> 
good,  and  getting  better,  and  bank  statements  show  ever- 
increasing  transactions.  The  Commercial  Club  at  Carri- 
will gladly  furnish  further  information  regarding 


zozo 


Carrizozo  and  Lincoln  County.  In  Carrizozo,  you  will 
find  a  prosperous  community  of  energetic  citizens  —  a  city  of 
home*  and  every  modern  convenience  for  the  material 
comfort*. 


IK* 

RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

1 

—  66  - 

A1EXICO 


THE    LA1XID   OF^    OPPORTUNITY 


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P 

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en 

3 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  67  — 


POSTOFFICES,  TOWNS,  LINCOLN  COUNTY 


Alto,  Ancho,  Angus,  Capitan.     Carrizozo.  county  seat;  on  the  Bonita,  former  county  seat,  the  earliest  settlement  in 

population   1,300.     Corona,  Eichel,  Fort  Stanton.  on  the  the  county.      Meek,   Nogal,   Oscuro,   Parsons   Pichacho. 

Bonita.  Government  Sanitarium  for  Tuberculous  Sailors;  Rabentown,  Ruidoso,  San  Patricio,  Tinnie,  White  Moun- 

Glencoe,  Holloway.  Hondo,  Hurlburt,  Jicarilla.  Lincoln,  tain  (formerly  Three  Rivers)  White  Oaks. 


GUADALUPZ 


^^  l"r"-'         NAT/OH AL       \   ivb~*r 


,,f  O  TEXO     COUM  T  Y 


FC5ouncE5  AND  INDUSTTTIES  OF  ire  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-  68  — 


GURRY    COUNTY 


BY 

C.  E.  DENNIS 


S  AN  eastern  border  county  joined  on  the  east 
by  Farmer  County,  Texas.  It  is  in  the  very 
heart  of  that  greatest  body  of  fine  agricul- 
tural land  known  as  the  Panhandle — nothing 
finer  in  the  United  States.  Water  98  per 
cent  pure,  climate  ideal,  land  that  produces 
1  5  to  40  bushels  of  wheat  per  acre,  and  other  crops  in 
proportion,  can  still  be  had  at  from  $10.00  per  acre  up. 
Our  land  will  grow  as  much  ensilage  as  can  be  grown  on 


the  high  priced  eastern  land,  and  with  silos  now  in  use, 
the  cow  and  the  silo  will  very  soon  double  and  treble  the 
price  of  our  land. 

Curry  County  had  a  poulation  in  1910  of  1  1,443,  of 
which  3,255  was  in  the  city  of  Clovis  and  409  in  the  town 
of  Texico.  Only  1 .8  per  cent  of  the  population  were 
illiterate.  Curry  County  has  485,992  acres  of  agricul- 
tural lands,  valued  at  $5 1 0,224 ;  no  grazing,  timber  or 
coal  lands,  no  national  forest  lands.  Its  livestock  includes 


FETERITA—ONE   OF    CURRY    COUNTY'S    STABLE   CROPS 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  69  — 


3.471  horses.  51  I  mules.  25.000  cattle  and  18.000  sheep, 
valued  at  something  over  $500.000.  Its  railroad  prop- 
erty is  valued  at  practically  $900,000  and  its  town  lots 
at  over  $275,000.  Curry  County  has  3,104  acres  of 
public  lands  available  for  homestead  under  the  Tucum- 


I.VIDKNCES  OF  OURKY  COUNTY  CHOI'S 

can  office,  all  of  which  is  surveyed,  and  1 6,240  acres 
under  the  Fort  Sumner  land  office,  also  all  surveyed.  Al- 
most all  of  this  acreage  is  available  for  enlarged  homestead 
filing.  The  county  has  480.538  acres  in  some  2,300 
farms,  most  of  which  are  of  the  1 60-acre  class,  though 
ten  are  of  over  1 .000  acres,  468  in  the  260  to  500-acrc 
class.  Its  annual  wool  clip  is  worth  about  $1  2,000  and  the 
animals  sold  or  slaughtered  each  year  are  worth  $2 1  3,000. 
Its  principal  crops  are  hay  and  forage  products  and  cereals, 
having  a  value  of  over  $250,000  a  year,  while  dairy  pro- 
ducts sold  or  used  at  home  have  a  value  of  $  I  1 6,000 
more.  Broom  corn  is  also  produced  to  the  extent  of  about 
1 50  carloads  a  year.  The  valuation  of  the  county  is 
$19,062,000.  taxes  being  levied  on  one-third  of  this,  ac- 
cording to  law.  It  has  $40.000  worth  of  bank  slock. 
The  area  of  the  county  ii  899.840  acres.  Its  topo- 
graphy is  characteristic  of  eastern  New  Mexico,  most  of 
the  county  being  rolling  plains.  It  is  drained  by  the  upper 
reaches  of  the  Pecos  and  its  tributaries  and  by  several 
small  streams,  arroyos  and  Canada  flowing  east  through 
Texas.  It  has  several  small  lakes  and  a  number  of  springs. 
Our  system  of  farming  differs  very  little  from  the  north- 
ern and  eastern  states,  and  while  our  country  is  often 
referred  to  as  a  dry-farming  country  it  is  more  on  account 
of  our  close  proximity  to  the  alfalfa  and  fruit  raising  land< 
of  ihr  Prcos  Valley  where  they  have  artesian  water  and 
irrigate  them,  than  on  account  of  our  system  of  farming 
It  it  trur  wr  endeavor  lo  conserve  all  our  moisture  and  use 


methods  not  thought  of  nor  needed  where  rainfall  is  very 
heavy.  Every  country  has  its  drawback,  also  its  advan- 
tages, and  while  we  spend  a  little  extra  time  in  conserving 
moisture,  we  do  not  spend  any  in  building  cyclone  cellars 
or  preparing  for  floods.  Our  rainfall  for  a  period  of  20 
years  averaged  better  than  2 1  inches.  Our  farmers  say 
they  can  raise  good  crops  with  I  5  inches.  Such  a  thing 
as  hot  winds  has  never  been  known  here,  as  we  get  prac- 
tically all  our  rains  in  the  summer  months. 

Professor  W.  H.  Campbell,  of  the  "Campbell  Method" 
fame,  in  speaking  of  the  possibilities  of  Eastern  New  Mex- 
ico as  a  fanning  country,  says:  "In  all  my  travels  I  have 
yet  to  find  a  section  of  country  that  is  better  adapted  to 
farming  under  my  system  of  soil  culture.  The  possibili- 
ties are  vast,  and  for  successful  agriculture.  I  am  safe  in 
saying  that  this  section  of  New  Mexico  cannot  be  excelled 
in  any  part  of  the  United  States.  With  your  climate  and 
your  ideal  conditions  for  farming,  I  do  not  see  anything 
but  success  ahead  for  the  men  who  till  the  soil  intelligently." 

The  farming  of  kaffir  corn  and  milo  maize  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  silo  is  exceedingly  profitable  in  Curry  County, 
as  Curry  County  has  an  annual  rainfall  of  21  inches,  most 
of  this  rain  coming  during  the  summer  months  which  makes 
kaffir  corn  and  milo  maize  a  certainty.  This  crop  can  either 
be  sold  profitably  by  being  threshed  and  sold  as  feed  stuff 
or  can  be  put  in  a  silo  where  it  will  bring  better  returns. 


ii  \i;\  i  vi  i\c.   MII  i  IT  IN  rrmiv  <x>rxTY 

M   \i:  <  i  <>\  i^ 

And  for  the  reader's  benefit,  we  are  herein  giving  a   few 
fact*  concerning  milo  maize  and  kaffir  corn. 

Ten  bushels  of  kaffir  corn  have  the  same  value  as  nine 
bushels  of  Indian  corn  for  feeding  work  horses,  beef  and 
dairy  cattle,  hogs  and  sheep.  Kaffir  corn  is  a  starchy 


ITESOURCES  AND  INDUSTfflCS  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

70  - 


THE    LAND 


7VLEXJCO 
OF"    OPPORTUNITY 


feed  like  corn  and  gives  the  largest  profits  when  fed  with  a 
feed  rich  in  flesh  and  blood  making  material,  like  alfalfa, 
peanut  hay  or  tankage. 

Accurate  tests  made  by  Charles  Campbell,  for  twelve 
years  head  buyer  for  Schwartzschild-Sulzberger  Company, 
Oklahoma  City,  as  to  the  relative  dressing  of  kaffir  and 
corn-fed  steers  on  a  sixty  to  ninety  day  feeding  basis  are  as 
follows : 

Kaffir-fed  steers,  dressed,  53  to  54  per  cent.  Two- 
thirds  kaffir,  one-third  corn  steers,  dressed  54  to  55|/2 
per  cent. 

One-half  kaffir,  one-half  corn  steers,  dressed,  55J/2  to 
56J/2  per  cent. 

Corn-fed  steers,  dressed,  55J/2  to  56  per  cent. 

Cotton  meal-fed  steers,  dressed,  54  to  55J/2  per  cent. 

Milo  has  the  same  feed  value  as  kaffir.  It  is  fed  in 
the  same  way  as  kaffir  and  should  be  combined  with  the 
same  other  feed  as  kaffir.  Milo  is  planted  and  cultivated 
just  like  kaffir.  At  Government  experiment  station  the 
best  yield  has  been  obtained  by  having  the  stalks  seven  to 
eight  inches  apart  in  the  row.  Milo  matures  in  30  days 


less  time  than  kaffir  and  therefore  has  a  month's  less  time 
in  which  it  must  be  supplied  with  moisture. 

Milo  maize  and  kaffir  corn  are  very  hard  to  equal  and 
at  no  time  excelled  as  silage.  As  an  example  of  what  can 
be  done  by  feeding  kaffir  corn  and  milo  maize  as  grain 
and  also  as  silage,  we  are  herein  giving  you  a  statement  of 
what  Mr.  J.  D.  Fleming  did  on  his  farm  four  miles  south- 
west of  Clovis  last  year  (1913).  On  the  first  day  of 
November,  Mr.  Fleming  put  in  a  feed  lot  53  calves  that 
weighed  387  pounds  each.  These  calves  were  fed  140 
days  on  rations  of  ensilage  and  ground  kaffir  corn  and 
maize,  were  then  shipped  to  the  Kansas  City,  Missouri, 
market  where  they  weighed  650  pounds  each  and  sold  for 
$8.75  per  hundred. 

Wheat  is  now  one  of  our  standard  crops,  the  yield 
ranging  from  15  to  40  bushels  per  acre.  This  year  there 
were  very  few  fields  where  the  yield  was  less  than  1 5 
bushels,  most  of  it  ranging  about  30  bushels. 

Cyclone  Jones,  whose  post  office  address  is  Claud, 
N.  M.,  about  12  miles  from  Clovis,  from  two  hundred 
and  seventy-five  acres  this  year  threshed  a  little  over  6,200 


TIIK   "GOLDEN    HARVEST"   OP   CUKKY    COUNTY 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

'—'  "i 

—  71  - 


LANJP 


A/1EXICO 
OF" 


bushels.  He  has  been  raising  wheat  for  four  years,  and 
the  lowest  yield  he  has  had  was  I  2  bushels  and  this  was 
a  piece  of  wheat  drilled  in  the  stalks.  Curry  County  was 


-\<  KIX(i    WI1KAT    XKAH   CI.OVIS 

gnen  second  prize  on  wheat  at  the  State  Fair  at  Albu- 
querque this  year. 

If  you  are  looking  for  a  home  we  don't  believe  you  will 
find  another  country  where  one  year's  crop  of  wheat  will 
pay  for  the  land  on  which  it  was  grown.  This  is  what 
you  can  do  on  this  land  bcught  at  present  prices  in  Curry 
County. 

We  have  never  advertised  Curry  County  as  a  corn 
growing  county,  yet  it  is  a  fact  that  we  have  never  failed 
to  raise  quite  a  considerable  of  corn  here.  We  don't  have 
as  heavy  yields  as  they  do  in  some  of  the  eastern  states, 
but  we  can  depend  on  25  to  40  bushels  almost  any  year. 
Our  rainfall  is  sufficient  for  corn  but  the  nights  are  not 
warm  enough,  although  the  corn  we  do  raise  is  good 
quality.  We  were  given  first  prize  on  corn  at  the  Al- 
buquerque State  Fair.  We  believe  the  reader  would 
be  interested  to  know  that  at  the  National  Dry-farm- 
ing Congress  held  at  Wichita,  Kansas,  this  year  Curry 
County  was  given  first  prize  on  sudan  grass,  first  and 
second  cuttings,  and  first  prize  on  sudan  grass  seed, 
thus  giving  it  first  place  as  a  forage  growing  crop  in 
the  world,  as  sudan  is  admitted  to  be  one  of  the  best 
if  not  the  best  forage  crop  grown.  We  think  it  would 
be  interesting  for  all  to  know  also  at  our  State  Fair  at 
Albuquerque  this  year  we  were  given  first  prize  on 
corn,  cane,  beam,  watermelons  and  second  prize  on 
wheat  and  almost  all  the  o'her  crops  grown  in  this 
county. 

Curry  County  is  admittedly  the  best  all-round  stock 
fanning  county  in  New  Mexico,  and  for  that  mattrr  in 


the  United  States.  To  the  men  in  the  East  who  are  renting 
or  owning  a  small  farm  and  have  boys  coming  on  who 
need  homes  we  say  without  fear  of  contradiction.  Curry 
County,  New  Mexico,  is  the  place  for  you. 

Sudan  grass  is  in  its  infancy  in  the  United  States,  this 
year  (1914)  being  the  first  year  that  any  of  it  has  ever 
been  raised  in  Curry  County,  New  Mexico.  Quite  a 
number  of  our  farmers,  this  year,  raised  sudan  grass,  it 
producing  from  300  to  750  pounds  of  seed  per  acre  which 
seed  is  selling  at  from  60  cents  to  $1.00  per  pound.  The 
grass  alone  without  the  seed  produces  from  six  to  eight  tons 
per  acre  and  is  said  to  be  a  very  fine  forage  feed. 

A  wise  man  once  said,  "You  cannot  live  on  climate 
alone,  no  difference  how  good."  The  statement  no  doubt 
is  true.  It  is  also  true  that  there  is  a  great  difference  in 
climates,  and  we  are  either  fortunate  or  unfortunate  in  the 
particular  kind  we  happen  to  have  where  we  cast  our  lot. 
Our  climate  we  consider  almost  ideal.  Never  too  hot  in 
the  summer  nor  too  cold  in  winter,  which  we  consider 
quite  an  advantage.  This  climate  also  gives  our  farmers 
an  advantage  in  handling  stock;  not  having  to  provide 
shelter  in  winter  nor  shade  in  summer.  Many  of  our  farm- 
ers and  Mock  raisers  do  not  feed  at  all  during  winter  months, 
depending  altogether  on  native  grass  pasture,  making  it 
much  less  expensive  to  handle  stock.  Our  altitude  above 
sea  level,  together  with  our  300  days  of  sunshine  each 
year,  has  much  to  do  with  making  our  climate  the  ideal  one. 
It  has  been  our  purpose  in  this  article  to  give  the  reader 
actual  facts  and  not  fiction.  To  the  prospective  home- 
seeker  we  can  say  that  Curry  County  offers  you  an  oppor 
tunity  to  secure  a  home  at  the  very  reasonable  price  of 
from  $  1 0  to  $20  per  acre  and  upon  this  land  you  will 
have  all  the  privileges  of  schools  and  churches. 


i  i.  i  i>  <n    i  i  1 1  1:1 1  \  IN  <  i  i:i:\ 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE          Jg 

—  72  - 


OPPORTUNITY 


MELROSE,  NEW  MEXICO 


It  has  been  commonly  believed  in  the  Eastern  states  that 
New  Mexico  would  not  produce  any  kind  of  grain  crop 
commercially.  Also  this  is  believed  by  a  great  many 
people  who  came  here  in  the  early  days  of  the  settle- 


DAIRY    COWS    NEAR    MELROSE 
Produce  $25,000   Worth  of  Cream  Yearly 


ment  of  the  eastern  portion  of  the  State,  before  anyone 
knew  how  to  produce  crops. 

But  conditions  are  different  in  Eastern  New  Mexico 
to  what  they  were  a  few  years  ago.  Now  the  farmers 
know  how  to  handle  their  lands  and  crops  to  get  the 
maximum  returns,  where  they  did  not  know  before. 

The  average  yield  in  the  Melrose  wheat  belt  this 
year  is  estimated  to  'be  1  5  bushels  per  acre  or  better. 
Many  fields  will  run  over  30  bushels  per  acre.  One 
field  of  30  acres  which  was  threshed  yielded  870 
bushels,  29  bushels  to  the  acre.  Another  field  threshed 
out  2  1  bushels  to  the  acre. 

But  wheat  is  not  the  only  money  crop  that  is  produced 
in  the  Melrose  country.  Last  year  there  was  produced  and 
shipped  from  Melrose  alone  68  carloads  of  broom  corn 
with  a  value  of  $54,000.00.  This  year  broom  corn  men 
estimate  the  acreage  25  per  cant  larger  and  the  condition 
of  the  crop  at  least  25  per  cent  better  than  last  year. 

There  is  no  way  of  estimating  the  acreage  of  maize, 
kafftr  corn  and  similar  crops  at  the  present  time,  as  no  ac- 
curate report  can  be  obtained,  but  it  is  safe  to  say  that 


there  will  be  produced  in  the  Melrose  trade  territory  in  ex- 
cess of  $  1 00,000  worth  of  grain  from  these  crops  in  addi- 
tion to  that  which  will  be  used  for  home  consumption. 
Cream,   eggs   and  poultry  will   bring   in   approximately 
$20,000  this  year,  the  largest  amount  in  the  history  of 
Melrose  as  a  shipping  point  for  these  products. 

Wool  from  approximately  1 0,000  head  of  sheep  will 
be  marketed  here  and  this  will  amount  to  approximately 
$12,000,  the  estimate  being  on  75, 000  pounds  of  wool. 
In  summing  up  the  production  of  wealth  from  farm- 
ing and  stockfarming  operations  it  will  be  found  that  the 
Melrose  trade  territory  will  produce  this  year  approxi- 
mately $400,000  besides  the  feed  that  will  be  fed  to 
the  work  stock  and  dairy  cows  on  the  farm.  Averaging 
this  up  then  shows  that  over  $30,000  is  produced  in  the 
Melrose  trade  territory  every  30  days. 

And  the  best  part  of  the  whole  thing  is  that  it  is  a  hard 
matter  indeed  to  find  a  farmer,  stockman  or  dairyman 
who  is  not  thoroughly  satisfied  with  what  he  is  producing. 
No  longer  is  it  possible  for  anyone  to  truthfully  say  that 
New  Mexico  is  not  a  commercial  producer  of  grain,  live- 
stock, hay,  cream,  poultry  and  eggs. 

There  has  been  considerable  talk  of  flouring  mills  and 


A    DAIKY    FARM   NEAR   MELROSE 

there  will  not  be  many  years  elapse  before  the  wheat  will 
be  ground  here  at  home. 

In  all  probability  there  will  be  an  elevator  erected  here 
next  year  to  handle  the  wheat  crop. 


RESOURCES  AND  JNDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  73  — 


GLOVIS,   NEW   MEXICO 

COUNTY  SEAT,  CURRY  COUNTY       BY  c.  E.  DENNIS 

LOVIS,  New  Mexico,  is  located  on  the  main 
line  of  the  Santa  Fe  Railroad  at  the  junction 
of  the  Chicago-lo-the-coast.  the  Pecos  Val- 
ley and  the  Galveston-to-San  Francisco 
lines.  It  is  about  equal  distance  between  the 
northern  and  the  southern  boundaries  of  New 
Mexico,  and  just  ten  miles  from  the  Texas  state  line.  The 
city  was  founded  and  the  first  house  erected  in  1907,  soon 
after  it  was  learned  that  the  Santa  Fe  Railroad  Company 
had  decided  to  make  this  point  the  junction  for  the  above 
three  lines,  which  were  then  under  construction  through 
the  undeveloped  section  of  Eastern  New  Mexico. 

During  seven  years  Clovis  has  grown  from  a  mere  vil- 
lage to  a  real  city — of  the  first  class — with  a  population  of 
at  least  5,000  people,  who  are  as  intelligent  and  wide- 
awake as  can  be  found  in  the  United  States.  Its  almost 
phenomenal  growth  has  been  due  to  its  being  located  in 
the  center  of  the  great  plains  country  which  has  been  un- 
dergoing a  period  of  much  agricultural  and  commercial 
growth,  since  it  was  opened  to  settlers  some  few  years  ago, 
together  with  the  Santa  Fe's  great  $2,000,000.00  repair 
and  car  building  shops,  terminals,  yards,  hospital,  etc., 
which  give  employment  to  about  six  hundred  high  salaried 
men  with  a  monthly  payroll  of  at  least  $60.000.00. 

There  is  not  a  cleaner  and  more  beautiful  city  to  be 
found  on  the  American  continent  than  Clovis.  The  basis 
of  good  health  is  good  fresh  air  and  pure  water,  and  no 
more  or  belter  of  either  can  be  found.  The  city  is  well 
supplied  with  an  up-to-date  theatre  and  other  places  of 
amusement.  Has  excellent  hotel  accommodations  with  am- 


ple facilities  for  entertaining  and  taking  care  of  the  many 
tourists  who  visit  the  city  each  season. 

The  city  is  well  governed  and  is  supplied  with  all  the 
conveniences  and  luxuries  of  a  modern,  up-to-date  city. 
It  is  well-lighted  both  by  electricity  and  private  gar.  plants. 
Its  municipal  water,  light  and  sewer  plants  completed  four 
years  ago  at  a  cost  of  $140,000.00,  are  pronounced  by 
experts  to  be  the  best  in  the  West.  Liberal  provisions  are 
made  for  schools  of  high  standard.  Churches  are  main- 
tained by  all  denominations,  and  a  handsome  Carnegie  li- 
brary, soon  to  be  erected,  will  provide  for  the  wants  of  the 
reading  public. 

Has  an  up-to-date  Chamber  of  Commerce  with  over 
500  members. 

Those  contemplating  making  Clovis  their  home  need 
have  no  hesitancy  about  the  question  of  proper  school  ad- 
vantages for  their  children.  Many  people  are  being  at- 
tracted to  Clovis  on  account  of  the  superior  educational 
advantages  of  the  city,  which  will  compare  favorably  with 
those  of  many  eastern  cities  of  1 0,000  people.  Indeed,  she 
is  becoming  recognized  as  an  educational  center  of  Eastern 
New  Mexico. 

Those  living  in  the  country  rural  districts  here  enjoy 
school  advantages  that  are  unexcelled  in  many  of  the  older 
and  more  progressive  states. 

It  is  the  county  seat  of  Curry  County. 

It  is  the  hub  of  the  great  Santa  Fe  Railroad  system. 

It  has  four  lines  of  railway. 

It  is  the  division  headquarters  for  the  southwestern  lines 
of  the  Santa  Fe. 


rrilltV    (  ol   N  I  l     i  oil;  |     llol  sK   ,\T  «'IX>VIS 


•*\\T.\   KK.  H.   It.   llo-i-ilM      VI    <  I.OVI8 


ffCSOURCES  AND  jNDUSTfflES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  74  — 


A4EXICO 
"THELJL-AISID  OF"    OF*  F*  QRTUNITV^ 


It  has  railroad  yards  and  terminals  costing  $2,000,000. 
It  has  a  railroad  pay  roll  of  $60,000  each  month. 
Its  pay  roll  is  being  increased  each  month  and  will  be 
doubled  soon. 

Its  churches  are  modern  and  well  attended. 


CITY   SCHOOL   BUILDING   AT  CLOVIS 

It  has  the  best  school  system  and  buildings  in  the  South- 
west. 

It  has  the  only  Conservatory  of  Music  in  New  Mexico. 

It  will  soon  have  a  State  Normal  School. 

It  is  on  the  Panhandle  Pacific  Highway  road. 

It  has  a  $100,000  Santa  Fe  Hospital. 

Its  hotels  are  modern  and  equipped  with  steam  heat. 
They  cost  $100,000. 

It  has  a  wide-awake  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

It  has  Elks,  Masons,  Odd  Fellows  and  various  other 
local  fraternal  orders. 

It  has  a  city  hall  and  fire  station  costing  several  thou- 
sand dollars. 

It  has  the  best  volunteer  fire  department  and  equipment 
in  New  Mexico. 

It  has  a  crack  local  state  militia  company. 

It  has  two  weekly  newspapers;  daily  to  be  started  soon. 

It  has  two  banks  with  deposits  of  several  hundred  thou- 
sand dollars. 

It  has  several  hundred  modern  residences. 

It  has  sixty-Big1)!  modern  one,  two  and  three-story  brick 
business  houses. 

It  has  planing  mill,  sash  and  door  factory,  broom  fac- 
tory, ice  factory. 


It  has  creamery  and  ice  cream  factory,  a  candy  factory. 

It  is  the  headquarters  for  the  phone  company  of  East- 
ern New  Mexico. 

It  has  four  wholesale  houses. 

It  has  two  automobile  garages. 

It  has  broad,  clean  streets,  excellent  for  automobiling. 

It  has  several  miles  of  concrete  and  brick  pavement. 

It  has  municipal  water,  light  and  sewer  plant,  costing 
$140,000. 

It  has  street  lights,  water  and  sewer  mains  all  over  the 
city. 

It  has  the  most  pleasant  and  healthful  climate  in  the 
United  States. 

The  climate  is  ideal.  The  winters  are  short  and  mild, 
while  the  summers  are  long,  but  not  hot.  No  uncom- 
fortable results  are  experienced  even  during  the  hottest 
days  of  summer,  as  an  almost  constant  breeze  keeps  the  air 
cool.  The  nights  are  always  cool  and  refreshing;  no 
sleep  is  lost  on  account  of  the  heat.  At  this  elevation — 
4200  feet— the  climate  is  most  healthful,  and  the  pests 
usually  encountered  in  the  lower  altitudes,  especially  along 
the  sea  coasts,  are  not  with  us.  The  winters  are  dry  and 
short  and  seldom  too  cold  to  do  outside  work. 

The  land  is  smooth,  gradually  sloping  from  the  north- 
west to  the  southeast  at  an  average  fall  of  about  seven  to 
9  feet  to  the  mile.  There  are  no  rocks  to  remove  from 


STREET  SCENE  AT  CLOVIS 

this  land;  there  is  no  brush  to  clear;  no  stumps  to  grub; 
and  the  land  is  absolutely  free  from  alkali. 

For  further  particulars  regarding  Clovis  and  Curry 
County,  address  Clovis  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Clovis, 
N.  M. 


RESOURCES  AND  ]NDUSTFfIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-  75  - 


POSTOFFICES  AND  TOWNS  IN  CURRY  COUNTY 


Clovis,  county  seat  of  Curry  County;  Melrose,  dairy  lene,  Lewis,  Field,  Marsey,  Haag,  Claud,  Blacktower, 
center  of  Curry  County;  Texico,  on  New  Mexico-Texas  St.  Vrain,  Cantara.  All  these  towns  and  communities 
border;  Legansville,  Preston,  Prairie  View,  Grady,  Hoi-  are  prosperous. 


For  further  information  regarding  Curry  County  and  its      Clovis  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Clovis,  N.   M.:  or  Mel- 
opportunities  write  County  Commissioners,  Clovis,  N.  M.;      rose  Board  of  Trade,  Melrose,  N.  M. 


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K         RESOURCES  AND JNDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE       _J& 

-  76  - 


SAN  JUAN  COUNTY 


'l>r^l-:3^:?i^i/^>7::::::^l  7^y^<£;2\^^.^;^^:z3^r5^>^4  ^^i^c^^s^^c^ra^ii^rajaES^^ 


N  GOING  through  the  data  which  has  been 
compiled  upon  San  Juan  County  there  are 
several  characteristics  which  strike  with  un- 
usual force,  but  chief  among  these  is  the 
vast  water  supply  of  the  county.  San  Juan 
County  has  more  water  than  all  the  rest  of 
New  Mexico  put  together;  she  has  more  than  the 
whole  state  of  Arizona,  if  the  Colorado  river  be  excepted. 
Other  resources  of  more  than  usual  interest  are  the  vast 
area  of  agricultural  land  which  is  capable  of  irrigation  and 
the  mineral  wealth  of  the  county,  hardly  tapped  as  yet. 

San  Juan  County  lies  in  the  extreme  northwestern  part 
of  New  Mexico.  It  has  an  area  of  5,730  square  miles, 
3,675,000  acres,  or  three  times  that  of  Delaware  and 
something  like  a  fifth  larger  than  Connecticut.  About  two- 
thirds  of  this  is  cultivable  by  irrigation.  The  public  land 
area  of  the  county,  subject  to  homestead  entry,  was  1 ,309,- 
134  acres  on  July  1,  1914,  of  which  813,220  acres  is 
surveyed.  The  high  character  of  the  land  of  the  county  is 
shown  by  the  fact  that  but  two  townships  are  available  for 


THE   AXIMAS  RIVER 


enlarged  homestead  entry,  while  many  counties  in  western 
states  are  entirely  available  under  this  type  of  entry.  The 
land  office  under  which  this  is  listed  is  at  Santa  Fe.  It 
classes  the  land  available  as  "grazing,  agricultural". 


Detailed  studies  of  the  county's  geology  have  not  been 
made,  but  it  is  known  that  a  coal  field  underlies  much  of 
it  and  oil  has  been  struck  at  1,700  feet  depth.  Most  of 
the  rock  formations  are  of  white  sandstone,  a  rock  which 


SAN  JUAN   VALLEY 

decomposes  readily  into  a  soil  so  fertile  that  the  bare  rock 
dust,  irrigated,  has  been  known  to  produce  rich  vegetation. 
The  lowest  point  in  the  ccunty  is  4,800  feet  above  sea 
level  and  the  highest  8,000  feet  at  the  top  of  the  Chusca 
peaks.  The  county  contains  about  820  square  miles  of 
Navajo  Indian  reservation  which  will  ultimately  be 
opened  to  settlement.  On  the  Southern  Ute  reservation, 
comprising  1  60  square  miles,  much  land  has  been  allotted 
and  can  be  purchased.  The  county  slopes  mostly  north 
and  east,  an  ideal  condition  for  fruit  growing. 

The  soils  vary  but  are  mostly  of  a  reddish  tint,  rich, 
loamy,  well  supplied  with  nitrogen,  humus,  potash  and 
phosphorus  and  other  plant  food,  as  is  readily  demon- 
strated by  the  ease  with  which  crops  are  grown.  Analysis 
has  shown  these  soils  to  be  capable  of  producing  anything 
that  will  grow  in  the  Temperate  zone.  Alkali  is  almost 
non-existent,  being  found  only  in  a  very  few  of  the  low- 
est places. 

There  is  a  good  deal  of  open  range  in  the  county  and 
stock-raising  is  carried  on  with  considerable  profit  es- 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

••-—--•-. --^--  .     .-.  umt.- •_•_••_ Mr_       .     _._ 

—  77  — 


L-AlNID 


.MEXICO 

OF-    OF3  RORTUNITV^ 


pecially  as  the  winters  are  short  and  mild.  The  summers 
are  not  too  warm  and  the  nights  are  cool  the  year  round. 
San  Juan  County  is  normally  too  dry  for  dry  farming 
country,  for  its  precipitation  is  only  from  ten  to  twelve 
inches  a  year,  but  dry  farming  is  successfully  done  there 
even  by  the  Indians'  primitive  methods.  Cloudy  days 
average  only  thirty  to  forty  in  a  year. 

About  all  the  cultivable  land  is  well  adapted  to  fruit 
raising.  San  Juan  County  fruits  have  taken  as  many  as 
sixty-five  prizes  at  the  State  Fair  in  a  single  display. 
Profits  are  most  marked  in  the  raising  of  apples,  though 
quinces,  peaches,  pears,  plums,  cherries,  apricots,  nectarines, 
prunes  and  grapes,  as  well  as  all  the  small  fruits  are  raised 
widely  and  profitably.  Alfalfa  is  a  staple  crop  and  truck 
gardening  on  a  large  scale  brings  excellent  returns.  All 
grains  and  vegetables  make  good  crops. 

In  any  semi-arid  section,  where  irrigation  is  necessary 
for  the  production  of  a  crop,  the  supply  of  water  is  of 
prime  importance.  San  Juan  County  draws  most  of  its 
water  from  three  main  streams.  These  are  the  San  Juan, 
with  a  drainage  area  of  3,000  square  miles  above  8,000 
feet  and  an  average  annual  difchargs  of  2,000,000  acre  feet ; 
the  Animas,  with  a  drainage  area  of  half  that  size  above 
the  altitude  named  and  an  average  annual  discharge  of 
1.400,000  acre  feet,  and  the  La  Plata,  which  drains  a 
300  square  mile  area  above  the  8,000  foot  mark  and  dis- 
charges annually  about  200,000  acre  feet.  These  three 
streams  discharge  annually,  at  the  point  where  the  San 
Juan  leaves  the  county  carrying  all  their  flow,  3,500,000 
acre  feet,  or  enough  to  flood  the  entire  county  a  foot  and 
a  half  each  year.  The  San  Juan  draws  its  flow  from 
eighteen  perennial  streams  and  numerous  arroyos  whicS 
are  dry  except  in  freshet  time.  The  Animas  draws  from 
fcurteen  streams  and  the  La  Plata  from  a  smaller  number 

According  to  the  1913  report  of  the  State  Traveling 
Auditor,  thr  last  printed,  San  Juan  County  has  33.421 
acres  of  agricultural  lands,  worth  an  average,  on  a  legally 
fixed  one-third  valuation  of  $  I  6.68  an  acre.  It  has  5 1, 509 
acres  of  grazing  lands,  assessed  at  eighty-one  cent 
acre;  51.297  acres  of  coal  lands,  assessed  at  $4.87  an 
mere;  4.439  head  of  horses  and  mules,  over  $200.000 
worth  of  cattle  and  over  60.000  sheep,  bank  stock  and 
mough  town  lots,  coal  and  other  taxable  property  to  bring 
the  total  valuation  of  the  county  up  to  $4.665.520. 

I  hr  county  paid  out  for  the  yrar  ending  November  30. 
1913.  $28.828.04  for  school  purposes,  not  including 
erection  of  building*,  which  n  done  by  the  different  dis- 
tricts. The  school  system  is  excrll<-nt.  good  buildings  be- 


ing provided  in  every  district  and  competent  teachers  only 
being  employed. 

The  population  of  the  county  is  almost  entirely  of 
American  parentage  and  there  are  excellent  social  features 
in  almost  every  portion  of  it.  good  churches,  good  schools 
and  organizations  of  almost  every  fraternal  order  being 
available.  Telephones  reach  every  section  of  the  county. 

At  Farmington  are  a  mill  which  buys  all  the  local  wheat, 
a  creamery,  a  canning  factory  that  purchases  all  local  fruit 
suitable  for  canning,  and  a  fruit  growers'  association  which 
looks  after  profitable  marketing  of  crops. 

Poultry,  bees,  truck  gardening,  all  bring  good  revenues, 
especially  in  view  of  the  ready  markets  available.  There 
are  no  saloons  in  the  county. 

Markets  are  well  taken  care  of  by  the  Durango  mining 
district,  which  uses  much  of  what  the  county  produces,  and 
additional  markets  will  be  provided  by  the  construction  of 
a  railroad  now  projected  to  the  central  and  southern  parts 
of'the  State  by  New  York  and  Chicago  people. 

Taking  it  all  in  all.  it  is  wonderful  that  this  country 
should  have  remained  until  three  decades  ago  practically 


m 


n  i  vn  01   \\  \ii:n— tit  UK.  \IIN«.  m  i<  n   \i    \/  1 1  • 

uninhabited  and  unproductive.  The  wonderful  strides  it 
has  made  in  material  and  social  ways,  the  finding  of  oil. 
ihr  development  of  M>  much  of  ii«  water  resources.  it«  pm 
grcssivr  |>opul.ilion.  all  argue  well  lor  its  future 


g 

RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

M 

—  78  — 


THE 


MEXICO 
CDF" 


FARMINGTON,  NEW  MEXICO 


HE  most  striking  characteristic  of  Farmington, 
the  largest  town  in  San  Juan  County  or 
northwestern  New  Mexico,  is  the  entire  ab- 
sence of  Spanish  or  Mexican  people  from  it, 
though  located  in  New  Mexico  and  not  far 
from  an  Indian  reservation.  The  commun- 
ity is  as  American  as  baked  beans  and  except  for  the  tonic 
effect  of  the  mountain  air  might  be  thought  to  be  some  pros- 
perous, well-cultivated  section  of  New  England  where 
they  enjoyed  more  sunshine  than  usual. 

Farmington  is  a  live  little  city,  with  enterprising  business 
men,  a  live  commercial  organization  and  every  feature  that 


goes  to  make  a  real  city.  Water  is  taken  from  the  San 
Juan  river  for  domestic  use,  a  municipal  water  plant  pre- 
venting high  charges  for  good  water.  The  streets  are 
broad,  the  buildings  handsome  structures  of  brick  and 
stone  and  the  general  atmosphere  one  of  bustle  and  pros- 
perity. •  Farmington  is  propserous,  for  the  terminus  of  the 
Denver  and  Rio  Grande  system  in  New  Mexico  is  there 
and  many  carloads  of  freight  for  more  southern  points  are 
handled  through  there,  as  well  as  all  the  produce  of  an 
area  larger  than  half  a  dozen  eastern  counties. 

Farmington  has  an  electric  light  and  power  plant,  elec- 
tric street  lighting  system,  cement  sidewalks,  broad  streets, 


1.   FARMINGTON  APPI^E  TREES  IN   BLOOM.  2.  YOUNG  ORCHARDS  NEAR  FARMINGTON. 

3.  SAN  JUAN   IRRIGATING  DITCH. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  79  — 


LAND 


A/1EXICO 
OF~ 


those  in  the  residence  section  often  attractively  shaded  by 
handsome  trees,  excellent  schools,  good  churches,  branches 
of  most  of  the  fraternal  organizations,  a  well-kept  modern 
hotel,  good  telephone  service  and  all  other  adjuncts  of  an 
up-to-date  community. 

Farmington  is  fifty  miles  southwest  of  Durango,  Colo- 
rado. Its  site  is  well  chosen  for  a  large  city,  for  it  lies 
upon  a  broad  low  mesa  between  the  Animas  and  La  Plata 
rivers,  three  miles  north  of  the  San  Juan  river.  It  has  six 
churches  of  as  many  denominations,  and  one  of  the  best 
school  systems  in  the  State.  It  is  the  supply  point  for  the 
entire  Navajo  reservation,  an  area  of  820  square  miles. 
It  has  a  roller  mill  operated  by  water  power  and  forms  a 
distributing  point  for  fiour  and  a  purchasing  point  for  the 
wheat  of  the  county  of  which  the  yearly  yield  is  large.  It 
also  has  a  canning  factory  that  gives  employment  to  many 
in  the  canning  season  and  which  affords  the  farmers  a  ready 
market  for  their  fruit  and  vegetables. 

The  newspapers  of  a  city  are  usually  considered  a  good 
guide  to  its  standards  and  progressiveness.  Farmington 
has  two  of  the  best  weekly  papers  in  the  State. 

The  city  has  an  altitude  of  5,300  feet  and  is  destined 
to  become  one  of  the  most  important  places  in  the  entire 
State,  it  is  believed,  especially  if  projects  for  a  railroad  line 
to  the  south  and  east  are  carried  through.  The  success  of 
these  projects  is  considered  likely. 


The  city  enjoys  the  fine  climate  common  to  the  county. 
It  has  more  than  200  days  of  sunshine  a  year  and  only 
about  thirty  entirely  cloudy  ones.  The  rainfall  is  about 
twelve  inches  a  year.  The  winters  are  neither  long  nor 


pit  KI\<.   i-i   \<  in  -~    vi    i  M:\IINI.KIN 

severe  and  the  summers  are  not  especially  warm,  due  to 
the  high  altitude.  The  air  is  bracing  and  the  evenings  are 
cool  the  year  around. 


SHIPROGK,  NEW  MEXICO-INDIAN  AGENCY 


ITHIN  an  easy  day's  journey  of  Farmington 
is  the  Indian  agency  of  Shiprock,  scene  of 
probably  the  most  unique  fair  in  the  world. 
Here  each  year  the  Navajos  congreate  to 
race  horses,  gamble  their  all  upon  their 
favorites,  watch  "chicken  pulls"  and  per- 
form all  the  other  rites  and  ceremonies  of  their  ancient  fes- 
tivals, including  the  "fire  dance"  which  has  mystified 
scientific  men  for  so  long. 

Strongly  contrasting  with  the  events  carried  out  in  ac- 
cord with  the  traditions  of  the  past,  however,  is  the  mod- 
em fair.  The  Indians  display  in  this  the  blankets  they 
have  woven  in  the  past  year,  the  pumpkins  and  squash, 
corn  and  beans  they  have  raised,  the  longest  fleeces  from 
their  prize  herds  of  sheep,  everything  they  make  or  grow. 
Prizes  are  offered  for  the  winners  in  each  class  and  proud 
is  the  smile  of  the  one  whose  entry  is  adjudged  the  best. 
At  night  the  ancient  dances  are  performed  for  the  bene- 


fit of  Indian  and  visitor  alike,  for  many  come  from  distant 
points  to  witness  the  ceremonies.  In  the  fire  dance  the 
braves  strike  and  beat  each  other's  naked  backs  with  burn- 
ing brands  plucked  from  the  central  fire  seemingly  without 
effect. 

At  the  agency  is  a  school  for  the  Indians  and  there  the 
youngsters  are  taught  the  ways  of  the  white  man.  Manual 
training,  agriculture  and  the  care  and  improvement  of  the 
home  are  salient  features  of  the  school's  work.  The  In- 
dians are  rapidly  becoming  quite  prosperous,  for  the  gov- 
ernment has  put  down  wells  on  their  reservation  and  made 
vast  tracts  of  it  available  for  sheep  and  cattle  raising  which 
formerly  were  too  far  from  water  to  harbor  anything  but 
coyotes  and  quail.  Shiprock  village  is  a  model,  with  ce- 
ment walks,  broad  streets  and  clean,  cozy  homes.  The 
toad  leading  into  it  is  an  object  lesson  in  highway  construc- 
tion. 

The  place  takes  its  name  from  a  giant  rock  rising  above 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


80  — 


"THE    LAISID 


JVLE^aCO 

OF- 


the  plain,  which,  from  a  distance,  appears  as  a  ship  under 
full  sail. 

A  generous  Government  a  few  years  ago  established 
the  San  Juan  Training  School,  at  Shiprock,  New  Mexico, 
for  the  purpose  of  fitting  the  younger  generation  to  meet 
the  condition  which  is  coming. 

In  connection  with  the  San  Juan  School  is  an  agency 
which  was  established  for  the  purpose  of  protecting  and 
advancing  the  interests  of  the  older  Indians.  More  than 
forty  buildings  comprise  the  school  and  agency  plant,  most 
of  which  are  of  brick,  which  was  manufactured  on  the 
ground.  The  institution  owns  and  operates  its  own  irri- 
gation system,  saws  its  own  lumber,  makes  its  brick,  mines 
its  coal,  and  manufactures  its  ice.  As  a  part  of  this  school 
and  agency  there  is  a  model  three  hundred-acre  farm 


where  intense  farming  by  irrigation  is  taught  and  practiced. 
The  boys  are  given  thorough  training  in  agriculture,  horti- 
culture, floriculture,  gardening,  landscaping,  etc.  Stock 
raising  and  dairying  are  also  prominent  branches  in  the 
training  given.  Engineering,  blacksmithmg  and  carpentry 
likewise  receive  due  attention  in  splendidly  equipped  shops. 

The  girls  receive  practical  training  in  housekeeping,  sew- 
ing, laundering,  cooking,  baking,  canning,  preserving,  pick- 
ling, and  drying  fruits  and  vegetables;  and  in  caring  tor 
milk  and  making  butter.  They  are  given  training  in  vege- 
table and  flower  culture.  They  are  also  encouraged  to 
continue  and  improve  their  native  arts. 

A  large  irrigation  canal  sixteen  miles  in  length  is  now  be- 
ing constructed  by  the  Government  to  cover  5,000  acres  of 
the  best  land  on  the  reservation,  adjoining  the  school  farm. 


1.  A  CORNER  IX  THE  GROUNDS  AT  SHIT-ROCK  INDIAN  AGENCY.  2.  VIEW  AT  SHIPROCK  INDIAN 
AGENCY,  SHOWING  MESS  HALIj;  GIRLS'  DORMITORY  IN  DISTANCE.  3.  BEAUTIFULi  FLOWERS,  TREES 
AND  SHRUBBERY  ARE  EVERYWHERE  AT  THE  AGENCY.  4.  TYPICAL  GROUP  OF  NAVAJO  INDIANS 

ON  THE   RESEKVATION. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  81   — 


LAND 


A4EX3CO 

CDF" 


AZTEC,  COUNTY  SEAT,  SAN  JUAN  COUNTY 


ZTEC,  county  seat  of  San  Juan  County,  one 
of  its  two  incorporated  towns,  and  the  sec- 
ond largest  settlement  in  northwestern  New 
Mexico,  is  located  on  the  east  side  of  the 
Animas  river  in  the  heart  of  a  great  horticul- 
tural section.  As  it  is  the  distributing  point 
for  one  ol  the  most  productive  fruit  regions  in  the  South- 
west, it  does  a  business  out  of  all  proportion  to  its  popu- 
lation of  slightly  under  1,000. 

It  is  on  the  Denver  and  Rio  Grande  system,  has  a  fine 
school  system,  including  a  new  high  school  building,  a  fine 


library,  well  supported  churches  and  branches  of  many 
fraternal  orders.  It  has  progressive  and  enterprising  mer- 
chants, a  good  civic  organization,  and  a  location  amid  a 
rich  tributary  territory. 

Two  good  weekly  newspapers  are  issued  at  Aztec, 
water  power  operates  a  modern  type  roller  mill  and  there 
is  a  modern  electric  light  and  power  plant.  The  altitude 
of  the  place  is  5.500  feet. 

Near  Aztec  are  remains  of  cliff-dwellings  erected  in  the 
dim  past  which  have  been  an  object  of  greatest  interest  to 
ethnologists  and  archaeologists  from  all  countries. 


9CALC 


RESOURCES  AND  JNDUSTTTICS  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  82  — 


RIO  ARRIBA  COUNTY 


HE  county  of  Rio  Arriba  is  one  of  the  best 
fruit-producing  sections  of  New  Mexico.  It 
lies  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  its 
northern  boundary  being  identical  with  the 
Colorado  state  line,  and  is  a  little  to  the  west 
of  the  north  and  south  meridian  line.  Rio 
Arriba  County  is  the  seventh  largest  in  the  State,  exceed- 
ing in  size  the  state  of  Connecticut  and  being  almost  as 
large  as  Hawaii. 

The  county  is  mountainous  in  the  extreme,  its  wonderful 
agricultural  resources  being  confined  entirely  to  the  val- 
leys down  which  streams  from  these  mountains  flow.  In 
the  northern  part  of  the  county  the  Cumbres  range  reaches 
an  altitude  of  I  2,000  feet  or  more,  while  in  the  south 
eastern  section  Las  Truchas  peaks  rise  1 ,000  feet  higher. 
The  section  between  is  very  rough.  The  principal  streams 
are  the  Rio  Grand:,  which  flows  through  the  county,  and 
the  Chama,  both  of  which  are  much  utilized  for  irrigation 
purposes,  but  there  are  many,  minor  streams,  such  as  the 
Vallecitos,  San  Juan,  Brazos,  Amargo,  San  Antonio, 
Pinos,  Colote,  Ojo  Sarce,  Santa  Clara,  Caliente,  Las 
Trampas,  Petaca,  Nutntas,  Cebolleta,  Canjilon,  Callings 
and  the  upper  portion  of  the  Rio  Jemez,  which  lower  down 
is  an  important  stream.  The  principal  mountain  ranges, 
aside  from  the  two  mentioned,  are  the  Jemez,  Gallinas, 
Cepita  Blanca,  Brazos,  Cauplm,  White,  San  Antonio, 
Ortiz  and  Tusas. 

The  county  has  an  area  of  5,932  square  miles  or  3,- 
757,440  acres,  of  which  there  is  available  for  homestead 
entry  650,217  acres,  of  which  443,513  acres  hava  been 
surveyed. 

The  county  contains  44,68 1  acres  of  irrigated  land, 
though  projects  of  the  co-operative  and  private  classes  com- 
prise over  65,000  acres. 

The  county  has  a  population,  according  to  the  last  cen- 
sus, of  16,624,  but  the  1914  school  census,  which  showed 
5,674  persons  of  school  age  in  the  county,  would  indicate 
a  population  of  1  9,000  or  more,  at  the  usual  ratio.  The 
county  has  seventy-two  schools  and  seventy-four  teachers. 
The  schools  have  a  minimum  term  of  five  months.  The 
State  Spanish-American  Normal  School,  for  training  the 


native  Spanish-speaking  people  to  act  as  teachers  in  the 
Spanish-speaking  communities,  is  located  at  El  Rito. 

The  county  has  fair  roads  and  is  doing  some  work  to 
improve  them.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Denver  &  Rio 
Grande  line  west  to  Farmington,  along  its  northern  edge, 
and  its  southeastern  corner  is  crossed  by  the  Santa  Fe  line 
of  the  same  system.  There  are  several  shipping  places 
along  these  lines,  though  only  two  of  the  really  important 
towns  in  the  county  are  located  on  either.  These  are  Chama 
and  Espanola,  respectively  railroad  division  point  and 
center  of  a  promising  fruit  raising  district.  The  precinct  in 
which  is  situated  was  formerly  a  part  of  Santa  Fe 
County.  Other  important  towns  are  Tierra  Amarilla,  the 
county  seat,  located  in  the  Chama  Valley,  Abiquiu,  El 
Rito,  Chamita  and  others. 

Rio  Arriba  County's  agricultural  lands  annually  produce 
about  two  and  one-half  times  what  they  are  worth.  The 
census  gives  the  annual  farm  products'  value  as  $4 1  3,000. 
The  principal  crops  are  hay  and  forage  and  cereals,  fol- 
lowed by  vegetables  and  fruits.  The  farms  number  1,542, 
the  majority  of  them  being  in  the  ten  to  nineteen-acre  class 
with  three-fifths  of  the  total  number  having  an  extent  of 
less  than  1 00  acres  and  only  twelve  having  more  than 
1,000  acres.  The  farm  acreage  is  223,870,  or  six  per 
cent  of  the  whole. 

There  are  1,213,599  acres  in  national  forests  in  the 
county,  the  Jemez  and  Pecos  being  the  principal  ones. 

There  are  42  acres  of  coal  lands  in  private  ownership 
in  the  county,  valued  at  $700;  19,800  acres  of  timber 
land,  worth  $39,600,  and  960,000  acres  of  grazing  land, 
worth  $416,200.  Mineral  lands,  other  than  coal,  are 
worth  $2,100. 

The  annual  livestock  receipts  are  around  $570,000  for 
cattle  sold  and  slaughtered,  $4,300  for  dairy  products, 
and  $202,170  for  wool  and  mohair,  which  is  the  fourth 
largest  figure  in  New  Mexico.  The  livestock  in  the 
county  includes  2,262  horses,  worth  $36,200;  3,507 
cattle,  worth  $31.000;  1 14,000  sheep,  worth  $128,000, 
and  1 ,600  goats.  The  county  has  railroads  valued  at 
$872,000  and  telegraph  and  telephone  facilities  worth 
$10,000. 


RESOURCES  AND  JNDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  83  — 


SANDOVAL  COUNTY 


ANDOVAL  COUNTY  is  one  of  those 
parts  of  the  State,  which,  when  developed, 
will  bring  most  wealth  into  New  Mexico.  It 
has  vast  areas  of  coal  lands,  great  forests  of 
excellent  timber  and  its  valleys  and  streams 
form  a  farming  and  irrigation  field  ripe  for 
the  hand  of  the  reclamationist. 

Sandoval  County  lies  in  the  north  central  part  of  the 
State,  at  the  head  of  the  principal  irrigated  section  of  the 
Rio  Grande  twenty  miles  of  which  section  lie  within  the 
county.  It  has  several  high  mountain  ranges  in  its  western 
and  northern  portions  and  is  generally  well  watered.  The 
principal  mountains  are  the  Jemez,  the  Valles  and  the 
Cochiti,  as  they  are  locally  called,  all  being  actually  parts 
of  the  main  Rocky  Mountain  system.  The  southeastern 
portion  of  the  county  includes  part  of  the  Sandia  range, 
which  rises  to  10,500  feet.  The  Jemez  mountains  con- 
tain valuable  medicinal  springs  which  are  becoming  known 
as  a  health  resort,  while  the  three  ranges  first  named  are 
all  highly  mineralized.  The  geological  survey  speaks  of 
the  Una  del  Gato  coal  field  as  "highly  important"  and 
mentions  the  coal  deposits  of  the  Nacimiento  range,  where 
there  is  also  gypsum.  The  Nacimiento  districts  also  con- 
tain much  copper,  some  of  which  has  been  developed. 
Near  Cochiti  is  a  gold-bearing  area  which  was  worked 
extensively  until  a  few  years  ago.  Additional  develop- 
ment work  has  been  done  in  this  field  this  year  and  it  is 
likely  that  some  further  production  may  be  anticipated 
from  it. 

The  principal  streams  of  the  county  are  the  Rio  Grand:, 
which  cuts  off  a  comparatively  small  triangular  section 
from  the  southeast  corner:  the  Puerco,  which  has  its  source 
in  the  county,  and  the  Jemez.  Aside  from  these  are  the 
Tortuga,  La  Jara.  San  Jose,  Rio  de  la  Vaca.  Salado  and 
Guadalupe.  The  Galisteo  it  an  important  tributary  of  the 
Rio  Grande  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  county  and  the  Fri- 
jole,  Una  del  Gala  and  San  Pedro  are  also  found  in  that 
section. 

The  area  of  Sandoval  County  »  3,833  square  mile*,  or 
2,477,440  acre*.  Much  of  (his  area  is  in  Indian  hold- 
ing* or  private  land  grants.  There  are.  however.  737.246 


acres  open  to  homestead  entry.  The  land  office  for  the 
district  is  at  Santa  Fe.  About  half,  397.571  acres,  to  be 
exact,  has  been  surveyed.  Irrigation  in  the  county  is  en- 
tirely from  streams  and  is  of  the  crudest  and  most  primitive 
sort.  Little  attempt  is  made  to  utilize  the  stream-flow 
economically  or  to  obtain  as  much  water  from  the  streams 
as  possible.  There  are  but  18,259  acres  of  irrigated  land 
in  the  county,  of  which  8,500  are  included  in  an  Indian 
service  project,  the  most  efficient  in  the  region,  while  the 
total  acreage  in  irrigation  projects  in  the  county  is  but 
37,000.  Of  this  only  5,000  acres  is  under  commercial 
projects,  the  remainder  being  under  private  and  co-opera- 
tive projects. 

The  tax  rolls  show  the  county  to  have  3,780  acres  of 
agricultural  land,  valued  at  $72,000,  but  the  census  of 
1910  gives  the  value  of  farm  products  for  that  year,  aside 
from  livestock,  poultry  or  dairy  products  as  $247.000. 
The  principal  crops  are  cereals,  hay  and  forage,  which 
are  worth  but  half  as  much,-  and  fruits.  There  are  1,237 
farms  in  the  county,  having  a  combined  area  of  14.1  per 
cent  of  the  county,  or  349,299  acres.  Twelve  of  these 
farms  are  of  over  1 ,000  acres,  but  more  are  in  the  I  60- 
acre  class,  than  any  other,  with  two-thirds  of  all  under 
1 00  acres. 

The  grazing  lands  of  the  county  comprise  891,571 
acres,  valued  at  $399,500.  The  livestock  in  the  county 
includes  1.110  horses.  1.940  cattle  and  67,500  sheep, 
having  a  combined  value  of  $165,000.  The  livestock 
sold  or  slaughtered  each  year  is  worth  about  an  eighth  of 
a  million  dollars,  while  the  wool  and  mohair  produced  an- 
nually in  the  county  are  worth  another  $70,000. 

There  are  279,409  acre*  of  national  forest  land  in 
Sandoval  County,  on  a  good  deal  of  which  cutting  is  going 
on;  36,070  acres  of  timber  lands  in  private  ownership. 
valued  at  $54,000;  626  acres  of  coal  lands  in  private 
ownership,  valued  at  $6,725,  and  other  mineral  land 
worth  $12.480  including  its  improvements. 

Sandoval  County  has  a  census  in  1910  of  8,579.  The 
1914  school  census  shows  2.1  I  3  persons  of  school  age  in 
the  section.  The  county  has  twenty-four  schools,  taught 
by  twenty-six  instructor*. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—— — ^ — "  -.T-TT- '  --     -"^^^^^^^^^ 

-  84  - 


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ra   O    ERO  COUN     i    ° 

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y 

HE  county  of  Otero,  in  the  south-central  por- 
tion of  the  State,  is  one  of  the  areas  which 
has  developed  most  rapidly  in  the  last  decade 
or  so.  In  1 898,  the  year  the  county  was 
created,  there  were  a  few  scattered  agricul- 
tural settlements,  a  few  prospectors  and  sev- 
eral widely-scattered  ranches.  Now  the  county  has  de- 
veloped immense  timber  industries,  a  great  deal  of  min- 
ing, stock  raising  has  taken  an  immense  step  forward  and 
there  is  some  manufacturing  going  on.  The  last  census 
credited  Otero  County  with  7,960  people,  while  that  of 
1900  gave  it  but  4,791.  The  school  census  last  year, 
however,  indicates  a  considerably  larger  population.  Otero 
County  has  the  fourth  largest  area  of  national  forest  lands 
in  the  State,  notwithstanding  it  is  by  no  means  a  particu- 
larly large  county,  its  area  being  exceeded  in  size  by 
Chaves,  Eddy,  and  Grant  Counties  and  Socorro  being 
nearly  double  its  size.  It  has  4,280,960  acres  within  its 
boundaries,  of  which  only  147,734  acres  are  in  farms.  It 
has  mineral  resources  which  have  never  been  accurately  es- 
timated but  are  known  to  be  sufficient  to  place  it  very 
close  to  the  leading  mineral  county  in  the  whole  country, 
once  they  are  surveyed  and  listed.  In  diversity  of  minerals 


found  and  value  of  deposits,  Grant  alone,  probably,  ex- 
ceeds it  in  New  Mexico. 

Otero  County  has  available  for  homestead  entry  1,637,- 
658  acres  of  public  land  under  the  Las  Cruces  office,  of 
which  all  but  some  472,000  acres  has  been  surveyed. 
Under  the  Roswell  office  it  has  893,373  acres,  of  which 
only  197,297  has  been  surveyed.  These  lands  are  classi- 
fied as  "grazing,  mountainous".  Of  this  land  perhaps  a 
quarter  is  available  for  enlarged  homestead  entry.  The 
tax  rolls  show  that  the  county  has  15,729  acres  of  agri- 
cultural lands,  valued  at  about  $133,000;  93,873  acres 
of  grazing  lands,  valued  at  $107,200;  and  more  timber 
land  than  any  counties  except  Sandoval,  which  exceeds  it 
by  2,000  acres,  and  Valencia.  The  acreage  of  timber 
land  is  34,1  15,  but  this,  of  course,  does  not  include  the 
national  forests.  These  total  850,030  acres. 

The  valuation  of  Otero  County  is  $8,174,822,  taxes 
being  levied  against  one-third  of  this  amount,  as  required 
by  law.  The  assessed  valuation  in  1905  was  but  $2,- 
027,000.  The  county  has  almost  $200,000  in  town 
lots  and  a  little  less  on  improvements  on  them.  It  has 
water  plants  valued  at  $83,000,  railroads  worth  almost 
$1,400,000,  and  great  investments  in  livestock.  This 


STATE  INSTITUTE  FOR  BLIND  AT  ALAMOGORDO 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  85  — 


item  includes  some  4,93 1  horses.  800  mules.  2 1 .000  cat- 
tle.. I  1,000  sheep,  and  about  13.000  goats,  worth,  in  all, 
over  $240.000. 

Otero  County  has  about  625  farms,  of  which  a  great 
many  are  small,  though  sixteen  are  of  more  than  1 ,000 
acres.  Its  livestock  products  average  an  annual  value  of 
$235.000,  exclusive  of  dairy  products,  which  amount  to 
nearly  $10.000  a  year  more,  and  wool  and  mohair,  which 
bring  in  another  $20.000  a  year.  Fruit  is  a  very  im- 
portant crop,  the  average  annual  yield  being  about  1 6,000 
bushels,  while  hay  and  forage,  cereals  and  vegetables  rank 
in  the  order  named  as  agricultural  products.  The  total 
value  of  orchard  and  field  products  is  about  $235,000 
a  year. 

Otero  County  has  one  feature  that  is  at  the  same  time  a 
great  natural  curiosity  and  a  great  resource.  That  is  its 
"white  sands,"  which  are  nothing  more  or  less  than  a  de- 
posit of  granulated  gypsum  covering  an  area  of  I  38,000 
acres.  Commercial  development  of  these  is  now  going  on, 
a  good  grade  of  artificial  stone  being  made  from  the  gyp- 
sum. In  the  Jarilla  mountains  gold,  silver,  copper,  lead 
and  turquoise  deposits  are  known  to  exist  and  some  of 
them  are  being  profitably  worked.  At  High  Rolls  there 
is  a  deposit  of  a  good  quality  of  lithographic  stone,  so  far 
little  developed. 

The  timber  industry  has  taken  great  strides  in  Lie  past 


few  years,  there  being  two  large  mills  at  Alamogordo 
where  the  pine  is  sawed.  Railroad  ties,  a  part  of  the  mill 
product,  are  also  treated  at  Alamogordo  to  prevent  decay. 

Of  late  years  more  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  rais- 
ing of  fruit  and  some  exceptionally  fine  apples  are  now  be- 
ing put  out  from  the  mountain  regions.  I  here  are  places 
in  the  White  mountains  and  in  the  Sacramentos  where 
crops  can  be  matured  without  resort  to  irrigation  and  these 
are  being  rapidly  brought  to  the  front  as  horticultural 
sections. 

The  county  has  a  very  good  road  system,  being  con- 
nected by  good  automobile  highways  with  Roswell  on  the 
east  and  Las  Cruces  on  the  southwest,  as  well  as  having 
good  roads  throughout  its  own  area.  These  are  being  im- 
proved at  a  rapid  rate  and  soon  will  equal  any  roads  in 
the  State,  even  in  the  most  thickly  settled  districts.  The 
county  is  traversed  from  notheast  to  southwest  by  the  El 
Paso  and  Southwestern  railroad  system,  many  of  the  county 
roads  leading  down  to  shipping  points  on  this  line. 

The  topography  of  the  section  is  somewhat  broken. 
There  are  many  ranges  of  mountains  with  their  usually 
corollary  in  New  Mexico,  numerous  small  streams,  some  of 
which  never  reach  any  larger  one  but  sink  into  the  sands 
out  on  the  plains  and  mesas  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains. 
Development  of  these  water  resources  will  afford  much  water 
for  irrigation  in  the  lower  valleys.  The  White,  the  Sacra- 


Illl      I..IM.I       VI     <    I  ill    III    Ciiri  -    -I   IM    -I     l:l-ll|{|     IN      IMI       -HI   'I  M\\  I    -  I 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  86  — 


A/IEXJCO 

LAND  OF'    OPPORTUNITY 


menta,  the  Jarilla,  the  Guadalupe  and  the  Hucco  mountain 
ranges  from  the  principal  groups,  some  of  them  having  an 
elevation  of  as  much  as  1 0,000  feet.  The  headwaters  of 
the  Lower  Penasco,  the  Eagle,  and  other  creeks  and 


OTEKO  COUNTY  COURT  HOUSE  AT  ALAMOGORDO 

brooks  and  the  Tularosa,  La  Luz  and  Sacramento  rivers 
form  the  principal  drainage  system  of  the  county. 

The  county  abounds  in  natural  wonders  and  scenic 
beauties.  A  trip  through  its  mountain  recesses,  along 
sparkling  brooks  that  are  well  stocked  with  trout  and  other 
game  fish,  into  glades  where  deer  feed,  is  enough  to  stir 
the  blood  of  any  sportsman  and  delight  the  soul  of  all  who 
love  the  beautiful  in  nature.  For  the  ethnologist  or  the 
mere  seeker  after  the  odd,  there  is  a  part  of  the  Mescalero 
Apache  Indian  reservation  in  the  county,  where  remain  in 
practical  captivity  the  last  of  the  Indians  who  terrorized 
the  State  for  three  centuries. 

The  largest  town  and  county  seat  is  Alamogordo,  well 
watered,  beautifully  shaded  and  altogether  a  beautiful 
city.  It  has  broad  streets,  a  number  of  modern  churches, 
excellent  school  system,  the  state  asylum  for  the  blind, 
several  large  sawmills,  an  electric  light  plant,  a  steam  laun- 
dry, an  ice  plant,  telephone  system,  a  $100,000  water 
works  system,  supplied  in  part  with  water  from  a  strictly 
preserved  range  of  the  Alamo  national  forest,  a  railway 
hospital,  railway  division  headquarters,  woman's  club  and 
two  good  newspapers.  It  has  a  handsome  railway  depot 
and  public  library.  A  fine  fruit  and  agricultural  section  is 
tributary  to  the  city,  insuring  its  prosperity. 

Tularosa  is  a  pretty  little  town,  nestling  at  the  base  of 
the  White  mountains,  surrounded  by  a  fruit-raising  dis- 
trict where  there  has  been  no  crop  failure  since  the  settle- 
ment of  the  place  in  1 862.  It  is  a  supply  point  for  some 
of  the  mining  districts  and  a  shipping  point  for  many 


farmers.  The  town  has  a  good  public  school  system  and 
several  churches. 

Cloudcroft  is  a  scenic  resort,  open  for  guests  only  in 
the  summer  months,  in  the  Sacramentos,  reached  by  a 
branch  line  from  Alamogordo.  It  has  an  elevation  of 
9,000  feet  and  a  considerable  permanent  population,  as 
a  very  fine  fruit  country  surrounds  it.  It  has  a  good  news- 
paper and  is  visited  annually  by  many  thousands  of  people 
from  elsewhere  in  the  State  and  from  outside  points. 

The  Sacramento  valley  is  one  of  the  largest  and  at  the 
same  time  most  beautiful  plains  in  New  Mexico.  Pro- 
tected at  the  eastern  side  by  the  Sacramento  mountains, 
9,000  feet  of  crags  and  pines,  it  is  watered  at  the  same 
time  by  the  streams  which  traverse  their  western  face.  Ad- 
ditional water  can  be  had  wherever  needed  from  the  shal- 
low pumping  belt  which  was  discovered  under  the  entire 
valley  a  few  months  ago.  These  wells  range  in  depth 
from  seventy-five  to  200  feet  and  the  standing  water  level 


OTERO  COUNTY'S  SCENIC  BEAUTY  IS  UNRIVAIED 

ranges  from  ten  to  1 00  feet  down.  Hundreds  of  loca- 
tions may  be  found  where  the  water  table  stands  at  thirty- 
five  feet.  Single  wells  have  yielded  as  high  as  800  gallons 
of  water  per  minute,  an  amount  which  will  be  better  un- 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

'— i  i™— 

—  87  — 


__ 

THE     LAIVID 


A1EXJCO 
OF^    OPPORTUNITY 


P 
0 


u 

tf 
j. 


h 
fc 

— 

O 


£ 


5 


derstood  when  it  is  known  that  450  gallons  a  minute  is 
ample  for  eighty  acres  of  field  crops.  A  central  power 
plant  supplies  electricity  for  pumping  to  those  who  prefer 
it  to  oil  engines. 

The  valley  extends  from  the  Sacramenlos  to  the  San 
Andreas  range  forty  miles  westward,  the  two  ranges  shel- 
tering the  plain  between  to  a  high  degree.  The  land  of 
the  valley  is  high  in  nitrogen  and  other  plant  foods  and 
has  never  needed  fertilizer.  The  very  finest  of  fruit, 
melons,  grapes,  berries  and  garden  vegetables  are  grown 
in  the  valley.  Fruit  trees  grow  almost  the  entire  year  here, 
so  that  it  is  usual  for  trees  to  begin  to  yield  the  second 
or  third  year  after  planting. 

Poultry  raising  and  dairying  are  very  profitable  in  the 
valley.  It  is  easy  to  raise  early  chickens  and  turkeys 
there,  because  of  the  mild  winters,  and  they  bring  good 
prices.  Eggs  bring  from  twenty-five  to  fifty  cents  a  dozen, 
milk  ten  cents  a  quart  and  butter  thirty  to  forty  cents  a 
pound. 

The  combination  of  altitude  plus  shelter  which  the 
valley  enjoys  has  the  effect  of  making  the  summers  mild 
and  cool  and  the  winters  rather  warmer  than  is  usual  in  the 
State,  especially  at  such  an  altitude.  This  equable  cli- 
mate operates  to  make  the  region  not  only  one  of  health  but 
also  of  a  peculiar  and  unusual  value  to  the  farmer.  Fruit 
takes  on  a  finer  flavor  there,  alfalfa  runs  five  cuttings  a 
year,  and  six  or  more  tons  to  the  acre.  Pigs,  fed  on  the 
succulent  lucerne,  thrive  greatly.  Vegetables  and  fruits  do 
marvelously. 

It  is  of  interest  to  compare  the  farming  done  in  the  Sac- 
ramento mountains  with  that  which  is  in  practice  in  the 
valley  below.  Practically  the  same  crops  can  be  grown 
in  each  section.  The  immediate  difference  which  impresses 
itself  on  one  is  the  enormous  size  attained  by  many  crops 
grown  in  the  mountains.  It  really  seems  as  though  the 
great  masses  of  rock  lent  their  strength  to  the  growing 
plants,  that  the  product  might  be  in  proportion. 

The  growing  season  is  shorter  in  the  mountains,  but  that 
is  compensated  for  by  the  smaller  amount  of  irrigation 
necessary.  In  some  sections  irrigation  is  not  needed.  The 
soil  and  climate  of  the  mountains  are  preferred  by  some 
people  as  giving  a  better  flavor  to  fruits,  and  it  seem* 
as  though  there  must  be  ground  for  the  contention,  for 
surely  apples  finer  than  those  from  the  sky-high  ranches  of 
the  Sacramenloes,  from  Mountain  Park  and  High  Rolls 
and  other  places,  were  never  grown.  For  size,  flavor, 
color,  shipping  and  keeping  qualities,  they  are  unexcelled. 
And  cherries!  Cherries  grow  so  large  there  that  the  old 
««ying  of  two  bites  to  a  single  one  is  vindicated.  And  the 


EZ 

RESOURCES 

AND  INDUSTRIES 

OF 

THE 

SUNSHINE: 

STATE 

M 

—  88  — 

MEXICO 

L,ANJP  OF*  QFRORTUNITV" 


cherries  are  as  good  as  they  look  —  which  is  strong  praise,      portant  one.     There  are  numberless  parks  and  glens  where 


Horticulture  is  not  the  only  industry  on  the  mountains, 
however.  Many  acres  are  in  cereals,  or,  what  is  more 
profitable  in  that  section,  vegetables.  Vegetables  grow 
to  vast  size  in  the  Sacramentoes  and  the  other  mountain 


the  finest  and  richest  of  grass  grows  and  ihere  is  ample 
mountain  spring  water  for  the  cattle.  Dairy  cows  thrive 
and  grow  fat  in  this  section.  Fat,  sleek  cattle  are  the 
rule  and  not  the  exception.  There  is  no  under-fed  stock. 


MOUNTAIN    DAIRY   CATTLE   IN   SACRAMENTO    MOUNTAINS 


ranges  of  that  section,  parsnips,  cauliflowers  so  crisp  they 
look  good  to  eat  raw,  melons,  beets,  forage  crops,  cab- 
bages, corn,  every  sort  of  vegetable  that  can  be  grown  in 
the  temperate  zone  is  grown  and  matured  on  these  moun- 
tain tops  and  in  the  canyons  and  valleys  of  the  streams. 
The  dairy  industry  of  the  Sacramento  section  is  an  im- 


There  are  ample  markets  for  the  butter,  cream  and  milk 
and  dairymen  are  prospering  rapidly. 

As  an  instance  of  the  ability  of  the  climate  and  soil 
conditions  of  the  mountains  to  mature  crops,  perfect  white 
roses  have  been  grown  on  the  highest  peak.  Flowers  of 
all  kinds  bloom  luxuriantly. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  89  — 


THE    LANJP 


JVIEXICO 
OF" 


ALAMOGORDO,  COUNTY  SEAT,  OTERO  COUNTY 


IFTEEN  years  ago  the  site  of  the  city  of 
Alamogordo  was  a  barren  waste  of  sage- 
brush, mesquite  and  sand.  Today  it  is  the 
location  of  a  city  of  which  New  Mexicans 
speak  proudly  as  their  "city  beautiful".  The 
reason  for  the  change  is  a  comparatively 
small  stream  which  flows  down  La  Luz  canyon,  six  miles 
away,  and  the  use  of  brains  and  perseverance  as  well  as 
water. 

Alamogordo  has  the  finest  shade  trees  of  any  city  in 
the  State,  it  is  claimed,  and  most  people  who  have  seen 
them  will  agree  that  the  claim  is  quite  justifiable.  I  h? 
town  itself  is  almost  a  bower  of  greenery  set  in  the  sand 
and  so-called  desert  plains.  It  has  numerous  beautiful 
lawns,  splendid  parks,  many  features  that  other  cities  in 
New  Mexico,  because  of  the  lack  of  a  sufficient  water 
supply,  do  not  have.  The  altitude  is  4,300  feet. 

Alamogordo  has  twenty-five  miles  of  graded  streets. 
Most  of  these  are  shaded  by  parallel  rows  of  arching  cot- 
ton woods.  It  has  a  cement  sidewalk  system  with  an  ap- 
proximate length  of  double  that.  It  has  a  water  supply 
which  will  never  fail,  since  it  is  insured  for  all  time  by  a 
compact  with  the  Forest  Service  to  protect  the  watershed 
on  the  Alamo  National  Forest  whence  comes  the  munici- 


i\    \I.\MI  i>\    I-\I:K    \i     \i.  \MIH.IH:IHI 

pal  water.  Alamogordo  is  the  first  city  in  the  we»t  to 
make  such  a  compact.  The  water  work*  themselves  are 
very  fine.  The  city  ha*  a  modern  electric  light  plant,  an 
efficient  and  sanitary  ice  plant  which  supplies  the  surround- 


ing country  as  well  as  the  local  market,  a  very  good  tele- 
phone system,  and  a  planing  mill.  The  city  has  a  state 
bank  and  a  national  bank,  both  of  which  are  flourishing. 
The  school  system  includes  a  county  high  school,  free  to 


M:\\     YOKK     \\IMI.     \I.\MOGOKDO 

all  persons  of  school  age  in  the  county,  and  partially  sup- 
ported by  a  general  county  tax,  excellent  graded  schools 
and  an  accredited  city  high  school.  There  are  a  number 
of  up-to-date  mercantile  establishments  in  the  city,  most 
of  which  are  supply  houses  for  ranches  in  the  surrounding 
country  in  their  lines.  The  city  has  many  churches  and  a 
public  library  which  is  well  maintained  and  much  used.' 
Fraternal  societies  are  well  represented  in  Alamogordo, 
branches  of  all  the  important  orders  being  located  there. 
The  city's  location  in  the  midst  of  a  fertile  agricultural  sec- 
tion insures  its  prosperity. 

Alamogordo  is  the  location  of  the  state  institute  for  the 
blind. 

The  city  is  located  on  the  El  Paso  and  Southwestern 
railroad,  eighty-six  miles  north  of  El  Paso.  Texas,  and  is 
the  county  seat  of  Otero  County.  " 

The  Commercial  Club  of  Alamogordo  is  represented 
not  only  by  the  business  men  of  this  section  but  numbers 
among  its  members  a  larger  proportion  of  the  orchardists 
and  ranchers  and  all  take  a  keen  interest  in  the  wellfare 
and  future  of  this  district.  A  letter  addressed  to  the  sec- 
retary will  bring  a  prompt  reply  to  your  inquiry  regarding 
Alamogordo  and  its  surrounding  country. 


It 

RESOURCES 

AND 

INDUSTRIES 

or 

THE 

SUNSHINE 

STATE          M 

—  90  — 

HTHE:  LAND 


GLOUDGROFT  AND  THE  SACRAMENTO 


MOUNTAINS 


BY  SCOTT 
WILLIAMS 


,  ANY  years  ago  when  the  lumber  business  was 
flourishing  in  this  section  of  Otero  County  a 
few  men  conceived  the  idea  of  locating  a 
summer  camp  in  the  Sacramento  mountains 
convenient  to  El  Paso,  I  1  0  miles  away.  The 
townsite  of  Cloudcroft  was  laid  out  and  a 
few  summer  homes  built.  The  log  road  was  completed 
into  Cloudcroft  and  extended  several  miles  beyond  to  what 
is  now  known  as  Russia.  The  country  at  that  time  was  not 
well  settled  up  but  to  make  a  long  story  short,  Cloudcroft 
is  now  one  of  the  principal  shipping  points  in  New  Mexico 
and  has  grown  to  be  a  flourishing  little  business  city.  The 
merchants  supply  every  want  and  practically  every  line  of 
business  usually  seen  in  an  agricultural  district  is  repre- 
sented. As  a  summer  resort  there  is  no  town  in  the  great 
Southwest  more  popular  than  Cloudcroft  and  its  visitors 
come  from  nearly  every  state  in  the  Union  and  many  for- 
eign countries.  At  an  elevation  of  9,000  feet  above  sea 
level  the  weather  is  always  cool  and  fires  for  comfort  are 
necessary  every  day  of  the  year.  The  attractions  during 
the  summer  months  are  many.  The  El  Paso  &  South- 
western System  in  1911  at  a  cost  of  over  $100,000  con- 
structed The  Lodge,  a  beautiful  summer  hotel.  This  build- 
ing is  modern  and  fire-proof  in  every  respect  and  is  located 
at  an  exact  elevation  of  9,000  feet  above  sea  level  looking 
out  over  the  mountains  to  the  White  Sands  many  miles  to 
the  west.  From  the  Lodge  can  also  be  seen  the  White 
Mountains  to  the  north.  Near  the  station  is  the  Pavilion 
which  is  an  assembly  room  for  all  the  cottagers  and  visitors. 
Nearby  are  tennis  courts,  golf  links  and  baseball  diamond. 
In  the  Pavilion  is  a  dance  hall  where  dances  for  the  public 
are  held  several  times  a  week.  There  are  also  bowling 
alleys  where  many  match  games  are  played.  In  the  busi- 
ness section  of  town  is  another  bowling  alley,  pool  room, 
etc.  Kodaking  and  horseback  rides  are  most  popular. 
There  are  many  beautiful  walks  and  drives  and  daily  large 
parties  go  to  the  wonderful  "S  Bridge,"  the  "Devil's  El- 
bow," to  "Scenic  Point,"  "Deer  Head  Lodge,"  and  many 
other  nearby  points  for  picnics  and  kodaking.  For  drives 
the  Mescalero  Indian  Reservation  is  visited  where  hun- 
dreds of  Indians  can  be  seen  in  their  home  life.  These 
Indians,  the  Apaches,  make  baskets  and  bead-work  of  ail 
kinds  which  are  sold  to  the  tourists.  The  Mescalero  Res- 
ervation is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  spots  in  New  Mexico 


and  is  a  wonderful  agricultural  section.  Down  James  and 
Cox  Canyons  from  Cloudcroft  spread  out  one  of  the  best 
agricultural  sections  of  the  State.  Here  are  raised  each 
year  many  cars  of  oats,  barley,  wheat,  corn,  potatoes,  tur- 
nips, cabbage,  cauliflower,  celery,  beets,  carrots,  parsnips 
and  apples.  The  Sacramento  Mountains  are  noted  for 
the  apples  raised.  They  are  firm  and  sound  and  the  flavor 
is  unexcelled.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  pretty  little  cities  of 
Mountain  Park,  High  Rolls,  Weed,  Avis,  Pinon,  Mayhill 
and  Elk  are  grown  scores  of  cars  of  apples  each  year  which 
to  all  points  of  the  compass.  On  September  25th  and  26th, 
1914,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Business  Men's  Associa- 


SUMMEB  COTTAGE  AMONG  THE  PINES 
AT  CT/OUDCROI'T 

tion  of  Cloudcroft,  New  Mexico,  was  held  the  First  An- 
nual Otero  County  Agricultural  Contest.  At  this  contest 
from  every  section  of  the  county  were  exhibits  of  every  kind 
of  fruit,  vegetables  and  grain.  Dairy  products  and  canned 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


.-91     - 


THE    LAISID  OF* 


fruits  and  vegetables  of  all  kinds  grown  in  the  county  were 
shown.  The  display  was  a  remarkable  one;  being  the  first 
of  its  kind  in  the  county,  there  were  many  surprises.  In 
the  mountains  surrounding  Cloudcroft  are  millions  of  feet 


(.••I  I     I. IMvs    \r   <  KM   IX   IIOIT,  9.WM)    I'KKT    \lto\l 

-I  \   I  I  \  I  I 

of  lumber  which  can  be  cut  and  from  the  forests  are  shipped 
each  year  hundreds  of  car  loads  of  wood,  this  section  sup- 
plying the  western  section  of  the  county  and  West  Texas. 
The  work  of  the  Business  Men's  Association  of  Cloud- 
croft,  which  organized  in  1912,  has  done  wonders  to  start 
the  development  of  this  section  and  especially  the  Sacra- 
mento Mountains  section.  This  Association  backs  every- 
thing that  tends  to  build  up  the  town  or  the  county,  to  im- 
prove conditions  and  to  encourage  the  farmer  and  assist 
him  in  finding  a  market  for  his  products.  To  irrigate  in 
the  Sacramento  Mountain  section  of  the  county  is  not  nec- 
essary, there  being  an  abundance  of  rainfall  during  the 
summer  months  and  good  snowi  during  the  winter.  The 
wood*  in  and  around  Cloudcroft  with  their  tall  pines, 
spruce  and  fir.  with  oak  in  some  sections,  abound  in  berries 
and  wild  flowers  and  the  Cloudcroft  wild  flowers  are 


known  throughout  the  Southwest.  There  are  few  sections 
in  the  United  States  that  can  boast  of  a  greater  variety  or 
richer  colors.  The  parks  and  woods  are  full  of  squirrels 
and  out  in  the  unsettled  sections  of  the  forests  are  deer  and 
wild  turkey  and  some  bear. 

Regarding  Cloudcroft,  in  a  general  way,  here  you  will 
find  complete  water  and  sewerage  systems,  an  elecric 
light  plant  (operated  at  present  during  the  summer  months), 
an  excellent  school  teaching  all  grades  from  the  primary  to 
the  Senior  year  of  a  High  School  course  inclusive.  The 
Lodge,  the  summer  resort  hotel.  The  Texas,  operated  twelve 
months  of  the  year,  the  headquarters  of  the  Alamo  Na- 
tional Forest  which  contains  over  950.000  acres  through 
the  Sacramento  and  Guadalupe  Mountains,  a  weekly 
newspaper,  the  general  offices  of  the  Alamogordo  Lumber 
Company,  a  Commercial  Club  starting  with  a  charter  mem- 


TIIK  WOKLD-KAMOI  S  S  BRIDGE  ON  WAV  TO 
CLiOUDCROFT 

bership  of  20  which  has  grown  to  over  40,  telephone  line* 
connecting  up  the  farms  and  ranches  with  the  town  in  this 
section,  the  Babies'  Sanitarium,  a  charitable  institution  con- 
ducted during  the  summer  months  to  save  the  lives  of  the 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  92  — 


LAND  OF* 


ON  THE  WAY  TO  CLOXJDCROBT 

1.  Scenic  Splendor  at  Every  Turn.     2.  Devil's  Elbow.     3.  Showing  the  Switchback  and  Toboggan  on  the  Way  from 
Alamogordo  to  Cloudcroft.     5.  Arrival  of  Observation  Train  at  Cloudcroft  from  Alamogordo.     4.  Mexican  Canyon. 


K         RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE          Jj 


—  93  - 


'THE     L-AIV1D   OF^    OPPORTUNITY 


little  ones,  the  Mueller  Private  Hospital  operated  every 
day  of  the  year,  three  "Star  Route"  mail  lines  and  many 
other  classes  of  business  too  numerous  to  mention.  Cloud- 
croft  is  the  shipping  point  for  the  most  of  the  Sacramento 
Mountain  district,  shipments  coming  from  points  45  to  55 
miles  to  the  East  and  South  and  is  without  a  doubt  the 
coming  town  in  New  Mexico.  Co-operating  with  the  oth-r 
towns  in  the  county  through  the  commercial  clubs,  assisted 
and  boosted  by  the  business  men  of  El  Paso,  most  of  whom 
are  property  owners  here,  and  backed  up  by  one  of  the 
best  farming  and  timber  sections  of  the  State  it  is  hard  to 
estimate  what  the  future  has  in  store  for  Cloudcroft.  In 
speaking  of  the  Sacramento  Mountains  section  of  the  county 
it  is  only  necessary  to  tell  FACTS  and  enough  has  been 
laid. 

While  Cloudcroft  is  at  this  time  best  known  as  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  resorts  in  the  Southwest,  if  not  in  the 
United  States,  there  are  many  opportunities  in  agricultural 
and  stock  raising  in  and  around  Cloudcroft  as  well  as  from 
an  investment  standpoint.  It  is  a  busy  community  at  all 
times  of  the  year,  summer  or  winter,  and  the  permanent 
population  of  the  city  as  well  as  the  rancher  and  stockman 
are  busy  twelve  months  of  the  year. 

If  you  are  interested  in  this,  the  roof  garden  of  New 
Mexico,  whether  in  agricultural  or  stock  possibilities,  as  a 
health  resorts,  summer  resort  or  from  an  investment  stand- 
point, the  Secretary  of  the  Business  Men's  Association  of 


Cloudcroft  will  gladly  furnish  you  with  any  information 
you  may  desire  not  contained  in  this  article. 


i.oi  ix  JIOIT  si  MMI  i:  «  (H  r  \i.i    M ••(  i  ION  -i  1:1  i  i 


TIII:  -\\iiiii 


in    on  i;.,  <  <»  vn    «»\i  i:   I::S.IMNI    \«  1:1  s 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE 

94 




"THE    LA  IMP 


MEXICO 

OF"    OF3 RQRTUNITV" 


TULAROSA-OTERO  COUNTY 


.  ULAROSA,  New  Mexico,  founded  in  1 862, 
situated  in  the  fertile  Tularosa  Valley,  is 
sometimes  referred  to  by  its  citizens  as  "The 
Oasis  of  New  Mexico."  It  is  100  miles 
northeast  of  El  Paso,  Texas.  The  altitude 
is  4,436  feet  and  on  account  of  the  shelter 
afforded  by  the  White  and  the  Sacramento  Mountains,  it 
has  a  climate  not  to  be  surpassed. 

Tularosa  is  noted  most  for  its  superior  fruits,  which  rival 
those  of  California.  However,  alfalfa  is  its  largest  crop 
and  forms  the  foundation  for  the  town's  importance  in  this 
section  of  the  State. 

Four  cuttings  of  the  alfalfa  each  year  are  secured  and 
the  price  received  therefor  is  always  the  highest  on  account 
of  its  superior  quality. 

Among  its  fruits  may  be  mentioned  peaches,  pears,  ap- 
ples, apricots,  plums,  grapes,  figs  and  almonds.  Berries 
of  all  varieties  are  also  raised  here;  also  garden  products. 
Of  the  field  crops  raised  and  marketed,  we  may  mention 
watermelons,  cantaloupes,  milomaise,  kaffir  corn,  cane, 
beans,  onions  and  peas.  Farming  without  irrigation  in  this 
valley,  while  falling  short  of  being  a  sure  thing,  is  much 
more  successful  than  in  other  sections  of  the  Sunshine  State 
Chickens  and  bees  are  also  paying  investments  in  this 
valley. 

Irrigation  by  pumping  from  engines  and  by  windmills  is 
increasing  on  our  homestead  land  a  few  miles  from  town. 
Many  wells  have  been  dug  and  drilled  in  recent  years. 
Stockraising  leads  in  our  exports  and  furnishes  a  large 
revenue  for  the  stockmen  of  this  section.  Big  areas  of 
grazing  land  both  on  the  flats  and  in  the  mountains  give 
food  to  thousands  of  head  of  cattle,  horses,  mules,  sheep 
and  goats.  Of  growing  importance  is  the  mining  industry, 
which  has  made  great  strides  in  the  past  year.  Copper, 
gold,  silver,  lead  and  coal  are  our  leading  ores.  Forty 
miles  along  the  west  side  of  the  Tularosa  Valley  extends 
the  large  body  of  phenomenon  known  as  "white  sand." 
Tularosa  is  the  shipping  point  for  the  mines  in  the  San  An- 
dres to  the  west  and  to  the  Bent  mines  and  the  Mescalero 
Indian  reservation  to  the  east.  Also  for  the  large  stock 
ranches  for  fifty  miles  to  the  east  and  to  the  west. 

From  official  figures  it  is  found  that  there  are  shipped 
by  train  alone  out  of  Tularosa  during  one  year  a  total  of 
386  cars,  while  in  the  year  before  there  were  291   cars. 
The  town  of  Tularosa  is  situated  on  the  National  South- 
ern highway.     It  has  a  first-class  public  school,  employing 


eight  teachers  and  having  an  enrollment  of  325.  Manual 
training  and  domestic  science  are  among  the  list  of  studies. 
This  year  the  full  high  school  course  will  be  put  in.  The 
1910  census  credits  Tularosa  with  a  population  of  1,088 
and  with  the  increase  it  now  has  about  1 ,200.  The  local 
newspaper  is  the  Tularosa  Valley  Tribune,  an  eight-page 
publication.  The  First  State  Bank  of  Tularosa  has  a  cap- 
ital of  $1  5,000  and  a  surplus  of  $2,500.  A  power  house 
for  supplying  the  town  with  electric  lighting,  heating  and 
power  has  just  been  completed. 

The  streets  of  Tularosa  are  being  graded  and  graveled; 
galvanized  syphon  culverts  are  being  put  in;  the  roads  be- 
tween it  and  its  neighbor  towns,  including  the  Southern 
National  highway,  are  becoming  equal  to  the  northern  and 
eastern  thoroughfares.  Tularosa  is  a  mecca  for  hunters, 
who  wish  to  get  their  yearly  deer  and  turkeys  and. smaller 
game.  The  town  is  located  in  the  doorway  to  the  famous 


I'UMPIXG  NEAR  Tl  TAKOSA 


Small 


Sacramento  and  White  Mountain  hunting  districts, 
game  is  also  plentiful  in  the  valley. 

Further  correct  information  may  be  obtained  by  writing 
the  Tularosa  Commercial  Club  Secretary. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-  95  — 


LAND  OF" 


MEXICO 


If.  after  reading  this  article  on  the  resources  and  ad-  rosa  Commercial  Club  at  Tularosa.  New  Mexico,  or  the 

vantages  offered  by  Otero  County,  you  should  desire  any  Business  Men's  Association  of  Cloudcroft.  New  Mexico, 

further  information,  if  you  will  address  the  Alamogordo  full  and  explicit  detailed  informationn  will  be  gladly  and 

Commercial  Club  at  Alamogordo,   New   Mexico;  Tula-  promptly  furnshed. 


N 


.  •    .'.          ATfX  /  CO         3  r/<  T£  "\  Q^g^yf     I       ^  ^  J^*  _ 


JUAREZ 
MEXICO 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  TTC  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-  96  - 


GUADALUPE  COUNTY 


OT  many  years  ago  the  county  of  Guadalupe 
was  practically  isolated  from  the  world  and 
even  from  its  neighboring  counties.  Today, 
it  is  one  of  the  most  prosperous  and  hustling 
communities  of  the  eastern  half  of  the  State. 
Guadalupe  County  is  located  almost  in  the 
center  of  eastern  New  Mexico  and  has  an  arear  of  3,952 
square  miles,  or  2,551,680  acres.  It  has  ample  railroad 
facilities,  the  building  of  which  caused  the  change  from 
the  old  regime  to  the  new,  several  good  towns  and  large 
and  rapidly  increasing  resources. 

Guadalupe  County  was  formerly  devoted  entirely  to 
stock-raising.  Its  wide  spaces  were  just  the  thing  for  the 
cattlemen  and  its  fertile  valleys  were  so  far  from  markets 
and  transportation  facilities  that  it  was  almost  useless  for 
even  those  who  knew  their  fertility  to  attempt  to  farm  them. 
The  railroads  changed  all  this;  they  brought  new  settlers, 
created  new  means  of  transport,  opened  new  markets  and 
when  construction  work  was  finished,  left  a  small  perma- 
nent population  strung  along  their  lines.  With  the  rail- 
roads came  telegraph  and  telephone  lines,  communication 
was  made  more  easy,  the  country  began  to  develop.  Large 
cattle  ranges  were  cut  up  and  settled  upon,  other  settlers 
fixed  upon  fertile  areas  not  pre-empted  by  the  stockmen 
and  it  was  a  matter  of  only  a  few  years  until  there  was  a 
prosperous  rural  population  in  the  county. 

Guadalupe  County  is  still  largely  a  stock-raising  coun- 
try, but  agriculture  is  next  to  stock  in  industrial  import- 
ance and  is  rapidly  approaching  that  factor  in  production 
of  wealth. 

Guadalupe  County  has  7,660  acres  of  agricultural  land, 
according  to  the  last  available  tax  rolls,  and  718,933 
acres  of  grazing  land.  The  county  had,  in  1910,  a  popu- 
lation of  10,927,  of  which  but  4.8  per  cent  was  illiterate 
but  the  school  population,  as  reported  by  the  State  last 
year,  was  3,483,  which,  at  a  ratio  of  three  and  one-half 
to  one,  would  indicate  a  population  of  close  to  12,000. 

There  is  a  great  deal  of  public  land  open  to  homestead 
entry  in  Guadalupe  County,  over  half  of  which  is  subject 
to  entry  under  the  enlarged  homestead  act.  Of  this  land 


466,096  acres  are  under  the  Fort  Sumner  land  office,  it 
being  described  as  "grazing,  broken".  All  of  this  portion 
has  been  surveyed.  In  addition,  there  are  557,503  acres 
available  under  the  Santa  Fe  land  office,  of  which  540,- 
953  acres  have  been  surveyed.  This  land  is  described  as 
"grazing,  agricultural". 

Guadalupe  County  has  no  timber  or  coal  land.  On  the 
other  hand,  it  takes  first  rank  as  a  producer  of  wool,  some 
of  the  finest  fleeces  in  the  State  being  produced  on  its 
ranges.  Sheep  are  a  very  important  industry  to  Guada- 
lupe County,  the  value  of  the  annual  wool  clip,  according 
to  the  census,  being  $142,494.  This  includes  the  mohair 
produced  from  a  comparatively  insignificant  number  of 
goats.  There  are  1  20, 1 42  sheep  in  the  county,  valued  at 
$155,188,  according  to  the  tax  rolls  for  1913.  The 
same  source  declares  there  are  15,816  head  of  cattle  in 


GUADAMJPE   COUNTY   COURT   HOt  SI. 
Santa  Rosa. 


the  county,  worth  $171,220.  There  are  also  horses 
worth  nearly  $200,000  and  mules  worth  over  $70,000  in 
the  county.  Guadalupe  County  has  produced  as  high  as 
3,000,000  pounds  of  wool  in  a  season. 

In  the  eastern  part  of  the  county  there  are  many  springs, 
affording  water  for  the  cattle  ranges  and  also  serving  to 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

.-  97  — 


LAND 


.MEXICO 

OF" 


irrigate  small  farms  in  many  cases.  The  Pecos  river 
traverses  the  county  in  an  almost  north-and-south  line,  and 
has  the  following  tributaries  within  the  limits  of  the  region: 

Gallinas.  Enteros.  Agua  Negra  Chiquita,  San  Juan  de 
Dios,  Alamogordo,  Petrillo.  Pintada,  Salado  and  Los 
Lunas.  Some  of  these  are  perennial  and  some  only  occa- 
sional streams.  All  carry  water  in  the  rainy  season,  mostly 
in  volume  out  of  all  proportion  to  their  natural  flow.  The 
northwestern  portion  of  the  county  is  part  of  the  Canadian 
drainage  basin,  but  most  of  it  is  in  the  Pecos  watershed. 
I  here  are  no  extremely  high  mountain  peaks  or  ranges,  but 
notwithstanding  this  Guadalupe  County  is  quite  rugged 
and  broken.  It  has  many  high  mesas  cut  by  transverse 
arroyos  and  has  several  alkaline  lakes.  Part  of  its  waters 
are  alkaline. 

There  are  no  very  extensive  or  very  modern  irrigation 
installations,  if  those  about  Fort  Sumner  and  Puerto  dt 
Luna  are  excepted.  Even  these  are  not  so  extensive  as 
some  of  the  works  elsewhere  in  the  State,  though  there  are 
undoubtedly  great  opportunities  for  reclamation  work  there 
and  elsewhere  in  the  county.  1  he  principal  crops  of  the 
county  are  fruits,  alfalfa,  vegetables  and  the  cereals.  Min- 
eral industries  have  taken  small  hold  in  Guadalupe  County, 
though  there  are  indications  of  gold  and  copper  ores  and 
of  oil.  There  is  plenty  of  good  building  stone  and  the  hills 
supply  a  quantity  of  pinon  and  cedar  for  fuel,  but  no  large 
timber.  The  county  has  large  possibilities  for  farming  by 
both  the  dry  and  the  irrigated  methods,  but  must  always 
remain  a  premier  stock-growing  region  because  of  its  vast 
areas  of  land  too  broken  or  too  ill  watered  to  tempt  the 
fanner. 

The  county  seat  is  Santa  Rosa,  though  formerly  Puerto 
de  Luna  enjoyed  that  distinction.  Santa  Rosa  has  an  old 
section  but  the  principal  portion  of  the  place  was  laid  out 
after  the  building  of  the  Rock  Island  system  through  the 
county.  The  townsite  is  located  in  a  picturesque  spot  on 
the  Pecos  river.  The  town  has  several  good  weekly  news- 
papers, a  bank,  churches  of  several  different  denominations, 
excellent  schools,  and  the  railroad  repair  shops  and  round- 
houses. Near  the  city  are  alkaline  and  gypsum  springs 
which  drain  into  the  Pecos.  Santa  Rosa  has  1 ,03 1  in- 
habitants, according  to  the  last  census. 

Vaughn,  on  the  Santa  Fe  system  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  the  county,  is  probably  the  next  town  in  importance. 
It  ha*  a  population  of  1,200  and  is  a  division  point  on 
the  Santa  Fe.  Other  important  towns  are  Puerto  de  Luna. 
Fort  Sumner,  an  old  army  post  now  abandoned.  Sunny- 
side,  Buchanan,  Alamo.  Cuervo  and  Anton  Chico. 


Guadalupe  County  has  nearly  twenty  per  cent  of  its 
area,  to  be  exact.  507,650  acres,  in  farms.  There  are 
1,760  farms  in  all,  most  of  them  around  the  1 60-acre 
size,  though  seventeen  are  of  over  1 ,000  acres.  The  as- 
sessed valuation  of  the  county  was  $8.864,364  in  1913 


i  KOM  (  VITI  i:  \M>  sin:i:i-  it.xxrn  TO  rn:i.i>soF 

AM-'M.I    \     \M>    «.i:  \1\- 


on  a  legally  fixed  one-third  valuation.  About  $31,000 
worth  of  this  was  in  bank  stock,  $68,000  in  merchandise 
stocks,  and  the  remainder  mostly  in  livestock,  farm  lands, 
improvements,  grazing  lands,  and  railroad  lines  and  their 
appurtenances. 

Guadalupe  County  has  seventy-four  teachers  employed 
at  salaries  ranging  from  $30  to  $75  a  month,  with  super- 
intendents, principals,  and  supervisors  not  included  in  the 
active  teaching  staff  and  paid  higher  salaries.  The  short- 
est term  held  in  the  county  at  any  district  is  five  months, 
while  the  average  is  close  to  nine  months. 

Guadalupe  County  has  very  good  natural  roads  and  is 
steadily  improving  them  and  building  new  bridges.  The 
county  is  now  engaged  on  new  bridges  at  Puerto  de  Luna 
and  Fort  Sumner  which  will  open  up  a  short  north  and 
south  road  through  the  county  and  will  also  be  valuable 
to  tourists  wishing  to  cross  the  State  from  east  to  west 
along  the  line  of  the  Sana  Fe  Railroad.  There  are  good 
roads  open  through  the  county  from  Las  Vegas  (San 
Miguel  County)  on  to  the  south. 

All  the  towns  mentioned,  except  Puerto  de  Luna,  and 
in  addition  Yeso.  Buchanan,  Ricardo  and  others  are  avail- 
able shipping  points  for  wool,  livestock  or  agricultural  pro- 
ducts. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-  98  — 


LAISID  OF"    OPPORTUNITY 


FORT  SUMNER,  NEW  MEXICO 

IMPORTANT  IRRIGATION   DISTRICT 


HE  town  of  Fort  Sumner  is  laid  out  in  an  at- 
tractive situation  near  the  tracks  of  the  Belen 
cut-off,  the  Santa  Fe's  gigantic  east-and-west 
short  line  from  California  to  Chicago.  It  is 
a  compartively  young  town,  dating  back  to 
the  settlement  and  development  of  the  county 
for  its  beginning,  though  it  is  near  the  site  of  an  army  post 
where  there  were  considerable  numbers  of  people  many 
years  ago. 

Fort  Sumner  is  a  thriving  and  progressive  place.  It  is 
a  heavy  shipping  point  for  wool  and  cattle  which  tread  the 
ranges  of  Guadalupe  County  and  has  in  it  all  the  elements 
of  prosperity. 

The  town  has  good  cement  sidewalks  in  the  business 
section  and  owing  to  its  favorable  location  on  the  Pecos 
river,  is  surrounded  by  a  fertile  and  well-watered  area. 
Its  future  is  thus  tied  up  with  the  agriculture  of  the  district, 
and  as  this  has  proved  successful,  it  is  growing. 

The  1910  census  gave  Fort  Sumner  a  population  of 
871,  including  the  outlying  settlements,  but  it  is  propably 
much  larger  in  fact.  Fort  Sumner  is  an  important  point  on 
the  Panhandle  Pacifice  highway,  the  east-and-west  auto 
road  across  New  Mexico.  Improvements  are  now  being 
made  in  the  way  of  a  substantial  steel  bridge  over  the 
Pecos  river  which  will  result  in  increased  traffic  through 
the  town. 

In  and  around  Fort  Sumner  there  are  about  ten  thousand 
acres  of  land  under  successful  irrigation.  This  area  is  di- 
vided up  into  small  farms,  all  of  which  are  in  a  high  state^ 


of  cultivation.  For  six  or  seven  miles,  on  down  the  Pecos 
Valley  from  Fort  Sumner,  one  sees  numerous  well-kept, 
comfortable  homes;  flourishing  fields  of  alfalfa,  canta- 
loupes, sweet  potatoes,  etc. ;  and  apple,  peach  and  pear 
orchards,  some  of  which  latter  will  be  bearing  this  coming 
season.  A  very  complete,  up-to-date  telephone  system  af- 
fords ready  communication  between  these  irrigated  farms 
and  Fort  Sumner,  where  all  their  trading  is  done.  The 
alfalfa  raised  in  this  section  is  of  a  very  superior  quality, 
and  it  is  no  uncommon  thing  to  get  as  many  as  five  and  six 
cuttings  a  year.  Last  year  thousands  of  tons  were  shipped 
to  the  great  eastern  markets  where  it  brought  very  satisfac- 
tory prices.  The  Fort  Sumner  cantaloupes  during  the  past 
season  successfully  competed  with  the  well-known  Rocky 
Ford  and  other  melons,  and  during  a  greater  part  of  the 
season  brought  considerably  higher  prices.  Hog  raising, 
while  in  a  somewhat  embryonic  state  in  this  section,  gives 
promise  of  becoming  a  very  successful  and  lucrative  in- 
dustry. 

One  of  the  crops  destined  to  become  leaders  in  the  dis- 
trict surrounding  Fort  Sumner  is  the  apple. 

Near  Fort  Sumner  the  soil  seems  to  have  those  peculiar 
characteristics  which  render  it  the  best  ground  for  berries 
and  vines.  Grapes  and  all  sorts  of  berries  tried  there  have 
done  well,  and  in  the  days  to  come  it  is  likely  that  the 
grapes  will  be  a  great  feature  of  Fort  Sumner's  progress. 

For  further  particulars  regarding  Fort  Sumner  and  this 
district  address  J.  E.  Pardue,  Secretary,  Fort  Sumner 
^Commercial  Club. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  99  — 


AUEX3CO 
L- AND  OF"    OF  ROFTTUNITV^ 


SANTA  ROSA-COUNTY  SEAT 


NE  of  the  most  progressive  towns  of  the 
eastern  portion  of  the  new  State  is  Santa 
Rosa,  which  for  several  years  past  has  been 
the  county  seat  of  Guadalupe  County.  This 
city  has  grown  rapidly,  and  now  num- 
bers more  than  1 ,000  people,  while  the  popu- 
lation is  constantly  being  added  to  by  the  great  influx  of 
immigrants  to  that  section  of  the  country. 

Santa  Rosa  is  the  county  seat  of  Guadalupe  County  and 
lies  on  the  main  line  of  the  El  Paso  and  Southwestern  rail- 
road. It  is  an  important  shipping  point  for  agricultural 
products  and  for  stock. 

As  the  county  lies  principally  in  the  fertile  valley  of  the 
Pecos  river,  though  parts  of  it  are  in  the  Canadian  River 
watershed,  it  is  generally  well  watered  and  well  fitted  for 
.fruit  and  grain  growing,  and  annually  produces  substantial 
crops  of  these  articles.  Because  of  the  rapid  development 
of  the  district  as  an  orchardist's  country,  the  prosperity  of 
both  Santa  Rosa  and  Puerto  de  Luna,  which  latter  town 
was  formerly  the  county  seat,  is  great. 

Santa  Rosa  has  good  schools,  with  teachers  up  to  the 
high  standard  set  in  New  Mexican  communities,  good 
churches,  with  some  of  the  ablest  pulpit  orators  in  the  State. 
The  city  has  a  water  plant,  electric  light  plant,  excellent 
banking  facilities  and  other  modern  conveniences 


The  climate  of  the  city  and  indeed  of  the  district  sur- 
rounding it  is  mild  and  the  winters  are  seldom  severe  enough 
to  be  reminiscent  of  the  east.  Nor  are  the  summers  as 
warm  as  in  the  eastern  states,  for  the  altitude  of  4,600  feet 


I'KCXJS   K1VKK,    NKAU  SAXTA   ROSA. 

makes  for  an  equable  climate  with  warm  days  and  cool 
nights,  the  year  round. 

Many  sheep  men  ship  their  annual  market  consignments 
from  Santa  Rosa,  and  the  city  is  the  purchasing  point  for  a 
wide  area  of  farms,  fruit  ranches,  sheep  and  cattle  growing 
ranches,  and  other  industries,  all  of  which  make  her  busi- 
ness men  prosperous. 


II  6    U  £  L 


^  TOR  RANG 

X-{V  J»*»««         «  ZSTAMCIA     5 

s**r.m~A* 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTfflCS  OF  THE  SUNSHINE 

—  100  - 


THE  STORY  OF 
QUAY  COUNTY 


QUAY  COUNTY 


BY 
W.  LEMING 


.  HE  story  of  the  country  now  embraced  within 
the  boundaries  of  Quay  County  begins  with 
the  coming  of  the  buffalo  hunters  and  cattle- 
men into  the  valley  of  the  Canadian  about  the 
middle  of  the  last  century.  Prior  to  that 
time  the  Indian  and  buffalo  held  possession 
of  the  country,  the  first  by  natural  right,  the  latter  by  con- 
quest, as  it  were. 

The  white  men  established  immense  cattle  ranges,  and 


shipped  long-horned  stock  to  the  northern  markets.  Con- 
trol of  the  water  holes  gave  them  the  necessary  power. 
Possibly  half  a  dozen  men  ruled  the  section,  with  the  sta- 
tions of  Liberty,  Endee,  and  Revuelto  as  their  trading 
points  in  the  county. 

Little  development  took  place,  however,  until  the  com- 
ing of  the  Rock  Island  railroad  in  1901.  Then  settlers, 
who  had  been  few  in  number  before  that  time,  began  to 
pour  into  the  valley,  and  to  cultivate  the  land,  much  to  the 


QUAY  COUNTY  CROPS  ARE  IX  SPLENDID  SHAPE 


RESOURCES  AND  TMPUSTMES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


101   — 


A1EXICO 
LAND  OF~ 


anger  and  Disgust  of  the  cattleman.  Among  these  first  set- 
tlers came  Quay  County's  present  Commissioner  from  the 
Plains,  Mr.  Fred  Walther,  who  opened  a  store  at  Puerto, 
where  he  yet  resides. 

In  1903,  Quay  County  was  formed  by  an  act  of  the 
Territorial  Legislature,  being  named  in  honor  of  Senator 
Quay,  of  Pennsylvania,  and  three  years  later,  in  1 906,  the 
town  of  Tucumcari  was  incorporated  as  a  city. 

The  county  embraced  an  area  of  1 ,854,546  acre*,  as 
large  as  the  country  of  Belgium,  more  than  two  and  one- 
half  times  the  size  of  Rhode  Island,  or  as  large  as  Rhode 
Island  and  Delaware  combined,  large  enough  to  give  a 
home  of  I  60  acres  to  nearly  eight  thousand  families. 

This  land  was  thrown  open  to  the  public  by  the  Gov- 
ernment, and  the  farmers  began  to  take  possession,  gradu- 
ally crowding  out  the  cattlemen  and  sheep  herders. 


forty,  the  most  important  being  Tucumcari  with  a  popula- 
tion of  4,000,  the  county  seat,  eight  years  old  as  a  city. 
Then  there  are  Naravisa,  Logan,  Montoya,  Obar,  San  Jon, 
Endee,  Puerto,  Plain,  House,  and  a  continuous  circle  of 
small  towns  over  the  plains. 

The  more  important  of  these,  of  course,  are  situated 
along  the  railroad  lines,  which  extend  in  four  directions 
from  Tucumcari,  giving  them  easy  access  to  each  other. 

As  the  railroads  have  brought  importance  to  the  towns 
through  which  they  run,  so  are  the  county's  good  wagon 
roads  giving  the  towns  along  them  a  place  of  importance 
in  the  county  and  State.  Gasoline  tractors  are  busy  wilh 
graders  and  plows,  building  good  roads  throughout  the 
county. 

The  main  automobile  line  of  the  Southwest  Trail  runs 
almost  due  east  and  west  from  Rock  Island  to  Montoya. 


QUAY  COUNTY  IS  FAST  BECOMING  AN  IMPORTANT  DAIRY  DISTRICT 


Thu»,  in  1 900,  began  the  third  period  of  the  history  of 
the  development  of  Quay  County. 

The  tenderfoot  had  taken  possession,  and  there  was 
much  to  be  done  toward  making  the  place  attractive  in 
hi*  eye*. 

Since  the  founding  of  the  county,  more  than  I  5,000 
persons  have  established  themselves  here,  and  practically 
everyone  of  them  wears  a  smile.  They  have  acquired  the 
habit  of  the  builder,  of  the  man  who  sees  his  dreams  come 
true,  for  the  beautiful  country  homes,  fine  roads,  and  mod- 
ern city  rapidly  are  becoming  fact*  in  Quay  County.  Thi> 
i*  because  there  are  few  drone*,  and  many  possibilities. 

Of  the  town*  in  thr  county  there  are  between  thirty  and 


through  Tucumcari,  and  other  tributary  lines  run  from  the 
plains,  through  Puerto,  and  Quay.  Road  building  has 
become  a  hobby  with  Quay  County  people,  and  soon  this 
work  of  the  county  will  compare  favorably  with  that  of 
older  counties  of  the  West.  The  county  is  expecting  big 
returns  from  its  road  work  from  the  many  tourists  who  are 
expected  to  pass  this  way  to  the  San  Diego  Exposition. 

Another  important  civilizing  influence  which  Quay 
County  has  felt  is  that  of  the  schools.  Schools  were  found- 
ed early  and  constantly  improved  until  at  thi»  time  no  com- 
munity is  without  its  temple  of  learning. 

On  the  first  day  of  September.  1914,  there  were  3,569 
»chool  children  in  the  county,  and  these  children  are  being 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  102  - 


___ 

THE:  LA  NIP 


MEXICO 

OF" 


furnished  every  modern  means  for  acquiring  knowledge. 
High  grade  teachers  are  employed  throughout  the  county, 
and  the  school  terms  are  of  sufficient  length  to  permit  of  a 
practical  course  being  given. 

Churches  throughout  the  county  represent  the  usual  de- 
nominations. Some  of  these  are  fine  structures,  and  would 
be  a  credit  in  architecture  to  older  communities. 

Telephone  and  telegraph  lines  connect  all  portions  of 
the  county,  and  the  largest  city  has  electric  lights,  water 
works,  sewers,  and  all  other  modern  equipment. 

The  county  is  well  supplied  with  newspapers,  Tucum- 
cari  having  two,  the  News  and  Sun,  other  towns  in  the 
county  supporting  ten  more. 

Many  business  industries  are  represented,  and  the  whole- 
sale and  retail  trade  is  prosperous.  Tucumcari  has  half  a 
dozen  or  more  houses  which  ship  goods  to  outside  points, 
and  there  are  in  the  neighborhood  of  a  hundred  retail  busi- 


ties,  both  in  the  nature  of  the  country  itself,  and  from  out- 
side causes.  Dry  years  have  caused  discouragement  among 
the  farmers  at  times,  but  the  drouth  and  crop  failures  only 
have  inspired  renewed  effort  on  the  part  of  the  inhabitants. 
If  it  was  found  that  the  whole  county  could  not  produce 
wheat  profitably,  the  lesson  also  was  taught  that  the  plains 
country,  in  the  southern  portion,  could  raise  this  commodity, 
and  nearly  one-quarter  million  bushels  were  reaped  there 
in  1914. 

It  was  learned  that  beans,  melons  of  all  kinds,  and  fod- 
der crops  could  be  raised  in  all  parts  of  the  county.  It 
was  found  also  that  the  grains  milo,  kaffir,  feterita,  and 
others  could  be  shipped  profitably,  and  that  the  fodder  even 
could  be  sent  out  with  big  profit  in  the  form  of  high  grade 
beef,  and  in  cream  and  butter. 

Quay  County  quickly  learned  its  lesson.  It  began  pro- 
ducing fine  beef,  cream  and  butter,  as  well  as  raising  grain 


IN  THE  STOCK  YARDS  READY  FOR  THE  MARKET 


nesses.  The  former  include  bottling  and  ice  concerns, 
produce  houses,  creameries,  and  cream  buying  firms.  Other 
towns  in  the  county  are  well  represented  with  enterprising 
mercantile  establishments. 

Of  manufacturing  plants  there  are  in  the  county  broom 
factories,  cement  block  factories,  ice  factories,  planing  mills, 
machine  works  of  various  kinds,  feed  mills,  for  the  grinding 
of  the  grain  crops  for  dairy  purposes,  and  others. 

There  are  extensive  stone  quarries  where  fine  grades  of 
building  stone  are  mined  as  well  as  the  undeveloped  pros- 
pects of  precious  metal  mining. 

All  this  has  been  brought  about  in  the  face  of  difficul- 


and  other  crops.  The  establishment  of  the  Government 
Experiment  Farm  near  Tucumcari  aided  in  the  results.  The 
first  silos  were  put  in  at  this  time,  one  at  the  station,  and 
one  at  the  Hamilton  dairy  west  of  Tucumcari.  Soon  the 
word  silo  became  a  slogan.  Hundreds  of  them  were  built. 
They  were  filled  with  anything  in  the  form  of  forage  that 
could  be  raised.  Thus  began  the  fourth  and  latest  era, 
that  of  the  dairy  and  small  stock  farm,  which  bid  fair  to 
become  Quay  County's  most  important  industries. 

Of  dairies,  there  are  hundreds  in  the  county,  some  of 
which  sell  their  output  direct  to  the  consumer,  others  which 
help  supply  the  local  creameries,  and  the  cream  buying 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THESUNSHINE  STATE 

^_'_     _         _•'_        — ••  T    ^gBI  "•  "'"    '  """  '    "-|y .  .!_.     ........  ...    .—.—  .—  ,    .  ii 

—  103  - 


"THE:  LAISIP  OF" 


hnra  from  the  outside.  Dairying  has  become  an  estab- 
lished industry. 

Of  the  stock  farms  and  ranches,  this  may  be  said,  that 
while  they  are  not  as  large  as  in  former  times,  they  are  in 
greater  number,  and  produce  more  beef  for  the  market,  for 
while  the  early  county  was  stocked  with  uncared  for  range 
stuff  of  a  low  grade,  at  the  present  time  only  the  highest 
grade  beef  animals  are  bred. 

The  same  may  be  said  of  the  sheep-raising  industry 
which  also  has  advanced  along  scientific  lines. 


Thus  is  was  that  the  inhabitant  of  the  county  ceased  to 
talk  of  moving,  the  settled  smile  became  a  characteristic 
feature. 

Civic  beautification  began  to  be  shown.  The  work  was 
led  by  the  women,  as  was  natural,  and  lawns,  trees,  flow- 
ers, beautiful  homes  and  streets  began  to  be  evidenced  in  all 
parts  of  the  county. 

Morally,  the  status  of  the  county  had  advanced  as  rap- 
idly as  in  other  respects. 


/Of' 

I       ROOSEVELT 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STOTE          Jg 

-  104  — 


THE    LAISIP 


A1EXICO 
OF* 


TUCUMCARI 


COUNTY  SEAT  QUAY  COUNTY 


.  UCUMCARI,  the  seventh  largest  city  in  the 
State,  is  located  in  Quay  County,  being  550 
miles  from  Kansas  City,  via  the  Rock  Island 
Railroad;  363  miles  from  El  Paso,  via  the 
El  Paso  &  Southwestern  Railway;  ninety 
miles  from  Dawson  coal  fields  (the  largest  in 
the  United  States),  via  the  Dawson  Railway,  and  120 
miles  from  Amarillo,  via  the  Tucumcari  &  Memphis  Rail^ 
way.  As  it  is  the  terminus  of  all  four  of  these  railroads, 
Tucumcari  may  well  be  called  a  thriving  railroad  center 
where  thousands  of  dollars  are  paid  monthly  to  the  em- 
ployees who  live  and  own  nice  residences  in  the  city.  The 
railroad  companies  maintain  terminal  shops  here  and  they 
have  lately  sunk  several  wells  and  found  an  abundant  sup- 
ply of  fine  water  at  a  depth  of  three  hundred  feet. 


The  schools  of  the  city  are  recognized  as  among  the  best 
in  the  State,  employing  none  but  first-class  instructors  in 
every  department.  The  enrollment  this  year  is  911.  The 
buildings  are  fitted  with  steam  heat,  sanitary  drinking  foun- 
tains and  many  other  modern  conveniences.  Athletics, 
music,  literary  and  commercial  courses  are  in  charge  of 
specialists  and  nothing  is  left  undone  to  give  the  student 
the  best  possible  training. 

The  city  owns  a  first-class  water  works  and  sewerage 
system  and  has  many  miles  of  cement  sidewalks  and  cement 
crossings.  The  streets  are  lighted  by  electricity.  Nearly 
every  church  organization  is  represented  and  as  well  all 
the  leading  fraternal  and  secret  organizations.  The  Elks 
own  a  beautiful  $25,000.00  home,  used  by  them  ex- 
clusively, and  the  Masons  own  property  upon  which  they 


Photo  by  Sale  Bros. 


UPPER — MAIN  STREET 
LOWER — HOTEL  VORENBERG 


UPPER — ELKS  CLUB  BUILDING 
LOWER — HIGH    SCHOOL 


1= 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  105  — 


THE    LAIVID  OF" 


A1EX1CO 


will  build  a  temple  in  the  near  future.  The  city  also  has 
good  telephone  service,  a  steam  laundry,  ice  plant,  bottling 
works.  United  States  Land  Office,  two  national  banks  and 
a  new  creamery  which  expends  large  sums  every  week  for 
cream  and  ships  thousands  of  pounds  of  butter  every 
month.  A  finely  equipped  post-office,  two  newspapers, 
splendid  hotel  accommodations  and  everything  which  goes 
to  make  up  a  first-class  city. 

The  city  is  well  supplied  with  all  kinds  of  stores  and 
wholesale  houses  where  the  necessities  of  life  may  be  pur- 
chased at  reasonable  prices.  It  is  the  market  for  a  large 
area  of  the  surrounding  country  which  is  acknowledged  to 
be  one  of  the  best  in  the  State  for  agriculture  and  cattle 
raising.  Rent  is  as  cheap  as  the  average  in  most  western 
towns  and  modern  homes  are  always  in  demand.  Local 
gardeners  and  our  splendid  railroad  facilities  keep  our 
markets  supplied  with  fresh  vegetables  and  fruit  through- 
out the  year. 

Farm  lands  surrounding  the  city  may  be  had  at  reason- 


able prices,  but  are  steadily  increasing  in  value  on  account 
of  the  steady  influx  of  settlers  from  the  east  and  north. 
The  climate  is  like  that  of  the  balance  of  the  State,  which 
is  the  best  in  the  world.  The  altitude  being  four  thousand 
feet  does  not  give  us  the  extremes  of  heat  or  cold  and  's 
ideal  for  persons  suffering  from  asthma  or  tubercular 
troubles. 

At  a  distance  of  one  mile  from  the  city  is  located  a 
United  States  Government  experiment  station  at  which 
tests  are  made  of  all  sorts  of  farm  products  in  order  to 
determine  the  varieties  most  suitable  to  this  locality.  The 
dry-farming  system  is  followed  at  this  station  and  the  re- 
sults each  year  are  wonderful. 

Tucumcari  is  also  located  on  the  Interstate  Postal  High- 
way which  extends  from  Oklahoma  City,  via  Amarillo, 
to  El  Paso,  Texas.  A  branch  runs  to  Albuquerque,  New 
Mexico,  where  it  connects  with  the  Ocean  to  Ocean  route 
to  the  Coast.  At  El  Paso  it  connects  with  the  Borderland 
route  to  the  Coast.  The  road  is  open  all  the  year  around. 


i  \\OHAMA  vn:\v  or  ri  <  i  M< MM 


Bra 


NARA  VISA—QUAY  COUNTY 


UAY  COUNTY  is  enjoying  a  marvelous 
development  just  at  present.  Her  natural  re- 
sources are  being  made  known  to  the  people, 
and  settlers  are  flocking  to  make  their  homes 
within  her  borders.  The  Nara  Visa  district 
is  receiving  a  large  proportion  of  most  de- 
sirable people.  The  thousands  of  acres  of  land  formerly 
thought  to  be  fit  for  nothing  but  the  grazing  of  sheep  are 
being  developed  by  intensive  cultivation  and  the  attendant 
great  results  are  making  the  farmer*  wealthy.  Nara  Visa 
numbers  about  600,  but  the  population  is  increasing. 

The  whole  section  is  coming  rapidly  to  the  front.    There 
•re  still  large  herd*  of  sheep  and  cattle  which  graze  through- 


out the  region,  and  their  owners  buy  their  ranch  supplies, 
feed,  and  provisions  in  Nara  Visa,  yet  these  are  rapidly 
taking  second  place  before  the  advance  of  the  farm  land 
settlers  with  their  greater  proportionate  results  from  the  soil 
and  augumented  propserity  for  themselves  and  for  the 
community. 

The  schools  of  the  district  are  good,  well  up  to  the  high 
standards  required  by  the  state  educational  laws,  and  the 
children  of  the  city  and  of  the  farmers  nearby  are  attend- 
ing them  well.  Churches  are  being  built,  and  the  large 
part  which  the  church  plays  in  the  life  of  new  countries, 
and  especially  of  new  farming  countries  i*  being  well  car- 
ried out  by  the  religious  organizations  in  the  field. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  106  — 


UNION  COUNTY 


HE  county  of  Union  occupies  the  northeast 
corner  of  the  State  of  New  Mexico.  It  is 
probably  the  premier  stock-raising  section  of 
the  State,  and  while  vast  portions  of  it  will 
ultimately  be  brought  under  cultivation, 
there  are  large  tracts  that  cannot  be  any- 
thing but  grazing  land  and  cattle  and  sheep  will  in  conse- 
quence always  be  an  important  asset  to  the  county.  Union 
County  has  and  area  of  6.037  square  miles,  or  3,346,800 
acres. 

There  are  in  the  county  about  630,000  acres  available 
for  homestead  entry,  of  which  555,720  acres  are  under 
the  Clayton  office.  This  area  is  surveyed.  Under  the 
Tucumcari  office  there  are  88,845  acres,  of  which  70,845 
are  surveyed.  Most  of  these  public  lands  can  be  entered 
for  enlarged  homesteads.  The  county  has  only  496  acres 
of  agricultural  land,  according  to  the  tax  rolls,  worth 
$7,120,  but  the  census  shows  6,288  acres  irrigated  and 
3,392  acres  included  within  private,  co-operative  or  com- 
mercial irrigation  projects  in  the  county.  Not  all  of  this, 
of  course,  is  being  irrigated  at  present  or  will  be  in  the 
immediate  future.  The  837,190  acres  of  grazing  land  in 
the  county  are  worth  $595,000. 

There  are  1,923  farms  in  Union  County,  having  a 
combined  acreage  of  814,000.  Seventy-three  of  these 
have  over  1 ,000  acres.  Farm  products  are  worth  $295,- 
000  annually,  the  principal  crops  being  hay  and  forage 
and  cereals.  Livestock  sold  and  slaughtered  in  the  county 
each  year  is  worth  $268,000;  dairy  products,  $10,000, 
and  eggs  and  poultry,  $7,700. 

There  are  6.530  horses  in  the  county,  worth  $1  33,400, 
and  845  mules,  worth  $29,000.  Cattle,  however,  are 
the  leading  livestock  asset,  there  being  30,830  of  them  in 
the  county,  worth  $383,000;  Sheep  are  a  close  second, 
the  145,000  of  them  found  in  the  region  being  worth 
$216,000.  Goats  and  swine  add  another  $7,000  to  the 
livestock  toll. 

There  are  $54,000  worth  of  shares  of  bank  stock  owned 
in  the  county,  together  with  town  lots  worth  $61,700  and 


improvements  worth  $115,500.  Its  railroads  are  worth 
two-thirds  of  a  million  dollars. 

The  assessed  valuation  of  Union  County  is  $8,21  7,255. 
Taxes  are  assessed  against  one-third  of  this,  there  being  a 
state  valuation  statute  to  that  effect. 

The  population,  in  1910,  was  7.3  per  cent  illiterate. 
The  total  population  is  1  1 ,404,  according  to  the  1910 
census,  but  the  1914  school  census  showed  4,793  persons 
of  school  age  in  the  county.  At  the  usual  ratio,  three  and 
one-half  to  one,  this  would  indicate  over  15,000  popula- 
tion now. 

There  are  ninety-one  schools  in  the  county,  taught  by 
1  09  teachers  for  a  term  of  five  to  nine  months  each. 

The  county  has  good  natural  roads  and  for  the  last 
four  years,  good  work  has  been  done  in  improving  these. 
The  Gulf-Colorado  highway  traverses  the  county  and 
furnishes  a  very  good  road  from  southeast  to  northwest. 
The  county  is  carrying  on  considerable  road  building  at 
present. 

The  county  is  traversed  by  the  Colorado  and  Southern 
railway  and  is  entered  by  the  St.  Louis,  Rocky  Mountain 
&  Pacific,  which  has  its  terminus  at  Des  Moines.  There 
are  numerous  shipping  points  along  these  lines  and  the  El 
Paso  &  Southwestern  passes  near  the  northwest  corner  of 
the  county,  but  does  not  enter  it,  affording  shipping  points 
for  the  extreme  southern  section. 

The  principal  towns  are  Clayton,  county  seat  and  head- 
quarters of  a  federal  land  district,  Des  Moines,  and  Fol- 
som.  AH  are  important  stock  shipping  points.  The 
county  is  mostly  plains  country,  though  it  has  some  moun- 
tains, isolated  hills  and  bluffs.  The  principal  ones  of 
these  are  the  Sierra  Grande  range,  in  which  is  Mount 
Cauplin,  an  extinct  volcano,  rising  to  an  elevation  of  over 
9,000  feet;  the  Don  Carlos  range  and  Rabbit  Ear 
mountain. 

The  principal  stream  is  the  Canadian,  with  Ute  Creek, 
Tramperos,  Tucumcari,  Los  Cerros,  Flag,  Carrizozo, 
Major  Long,  Leon,  Palo  Blanco,  Hoi  Kee,  Currumpaw 
Travesier  and  Dry  Cimarron  as  subsidiaries.  Not  all  of 
these  are  perennials.  Wherever  water  is  available  for 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

107  ~ 


LAND 


.MEXICO 
OF" 


irrigation,  excellent  crops  of  grains,  fruits  and  vegetables 
can  be  raised,  but  stock  raising  is  the  principal  industry. 
This  prospers  because  of  the  mild  winters,  excellent  range 
and  wide  areas  available.  Many  good  grade  Herefords 
are  to  be  found  on  the  ranges,  the  stockmen  being  rr. gaged 
in  breeding  up  their  herds.  Of  late  years  cattle  and  »hccp 
growers  have  been  raising  alfalfa  for  feed,  as  the  profits 
accruing  to  the  professional  feeders  who  annually  ship 
close  to  100,000  lambs  out  to  Kansas  and  Colorado  feed 
lots  appear  most  attractive. 


On  the  Johnson  mesa,  which  extends  into  Colfax 
County,  crops  of  potatoes  and  oats  are  raised  without  irri- 
gation. This  vast  plateau  is  8,000  feet  high.  Coal  veins 
underlie  it  and  coal  is  also  found  near  Clayton. 

Mining  in  the  county  is  in  its  infancy  as  yet,  but  there 
are  many  indications  of  the  occurrence  of  gold,  silver, 
lead  and  copper  ores  in  several  sections.  There  are  oil  in- 
dications in  several  stream-beds,  fine  mineral  springs  are 
found  near  Folsom  and  there  is  little  doubt  that  artesian 
water  exists  at  no  great  depth. 


CLAYTON,  COUNTY  SEAT,  UNION  COUNTY 


LAYTON  is  but  ten  miles  from  the  eastern 
boundary  of  Texas,  and  much  of  the  terri- 
tory across  the  line  is  commercially  subsidiary 
to  Clayton.  The  country  around  is  a  rich 
farming  and  stock-raising  section,  and  Clay- 
ton is  a  center  for  ranchers  and  farmers  for 
many  miles  around. 

Clayton  is  on  the  Colorado  and  Southern  railroad,  and 
has  long  been  a  shipping  point  for  the  produce  of  larg- 
areas  of  stock  ranches  and  farm  lands. 

The  town  is  up-to-date  in  every  way.  The  buildings 
are  substantial  and  well  built,  comfortable  and  suited  to 
their  location.  There  is  an  excellent  public  school  system 
in  Clayton,  and  a  public  school  building  of  which  a  much 
larger  town  might  well  be  proud. 

There  is  a  modern  electric  light  system,  and  a  telephone 
exchange  with  the  latest  equipment,  including  many  ranch- 
men nearby,  among  its  subscribers,  modern  and  complete 
water  plant,  and  other  improvements. 

A  large  number  of  secret  societies  and  fraternities  make 
Clayton  their  home,  and  the  Baptist.  Christian,  Methodist 
and  Catholic  denominations  have  churches  there,  at  which 
regular  services  are  held. 

The  average  annual  shipment  of  cattle  from  Clayton 
to  the  eastern  and  southern  markets  amounts  to  over  500 
carloads,  while  the  wool  shipment,  because  of  the  topo- 
graphy of  the  surrounding  country  a  naturally  far  more 
important  product  amounts  to  2,000.000.  Four  hundred 
carloads  of  sheep  and  lambs  are  annually  sent  to  the  fat- 
tening pens  of  Colorado,  or  shipped  direct  to  the  markets 
from  the  fattening  Pens  of  Clayton  growers. 

But  stock  and  agriculture  are  not  the  sole  activities  of 

the    region.     Coal    underlies    many   parts    of    the    Union 

County,  as  it  doe*  a  considerable  portion  of  the  northern 

section  of  New  Mexico,  and  this  has  begun  to  be  developed. 

The  new  courthouse  cost  $50,000  and  looks  like  it  cost 


more,    the   Claytonites   are   correspondingly   proud    of    it. 
Clayton  is  the  county  seat. 

The  population  now  numbers  about  1,500,  not  includ- 
ing the  surrounding  country,  however,  which  is  much  larger 
and  must  be  considered  when  the  resources  and  assets  of 
the  place  are  counted  up. 


COLO/ZADO 


RESOURCES  AND  JNDUSTTT1CS  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

108  — 


McKINLEY  COUNTY 


cKINLEY  COUNTY  contains  the  largest 
coal  field  in  the  State,  and  (he  production  of 
this  fuel  is  its  principal  industry,  though  of 
late  years  lumbering  has  also  taken  on  large 
importance.  The  county  is  situated  in  west- 
ern New  Mexico,  slightly  north  of  the  east 
and  west  meridian  line.  It  is  quite  rugged  in  topography, 
though  it  has  few  distinct  mountains,  and  several  elevations 


in  it  reach  a  height  of  8,800  feet.  The  continental  divide 
crosses  the  county  from  northeast  to  southwest.  It  has  an 
area  of  5,377  square  miles,  or  3,523,840  acres,  of  which 
688,193  acres  is  available  for  homestead.  This  is  under 
the  Santa  Fe  office  and  535,303  acres  of  it  is  surveyed. 
The  county  has  397,140  acres  of  national  forest  lands. 
Its  coal  deposits  underlie  800,000  acres  and  contain  five 
billion  tons  or  more,  that  amount  now  being  "in  sight". 


1.  DIPPING  SHEEP.     2.  ANGORA  GOATS.     3.  SHEEP  IN    CORRAJU   READY    FOR   THE   DIPPING    PROCESS. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

'-•  — ~' —  — 

—  109  — 


_  ___ 
THE    LAND 


A4EXICO 
OF" 


Twenty  thousand  acres  of  timber  lands  are  held  in  private 
ownership;  they  are  worth  $45,000.  Coal  lands  in  pri- 
vate ownership  total  2.199  acres  and  are  worth  $65,970. 
The  county  has  no  agricultural  lands,  as  classified  on  the 
tax  rolls,  but  about  2,500  acres  are  irrigated  within  its 
borders,  all  from  streams,  and  there  are  other  lands  capable 
of  irrigation.  Most  of  this  irrigation  is  along  the  Zuni  river 
and  Petasco  creek.  The  7.ini  Indians  also  do  a  good  deal 
of  irrigation,  being  husbandmen  in  occupation. 

The  county  annually  produces  about  575,000  short  tons 
of  coal,  much  of  which  is  used  by  the  Santa  Fe  railroad. 
Gallup  coal  is  shipped  over  the  State  and  finds  considerable 
favor,  as  it  is  good  steam  and  domestic  coal.  The  mines 
cluster  around  the  county  seat,  Gallup,  and  the  principal 
camps  are  Clarkville,  Heaton  and  Gibson.  The  timber 
resources  are  mostly  found  in  the  Zuni  range  further  east. 
A  considerable  quantity  of  this  timber  is  hauled  over  a 
logging  road  to  Thoreau  and  thence  to  Albuquerque, 
where  it  is  sawed.  There  are  said  to  be  good  copper  indi- 
cations in  the  eastern  part  of  the  county.  Stock-raising, 
especially  that  of  sheep,  prospers  in  the  county,  especially 
under  the  Navajo  Indians,  part  of  whose  reservation  in  the 
county  is  especially  adapted  to  the  raising  of  mutton  and 
wool  animals.  This  reservation  has  been  developed  by  the 
government,  which  has  sunk  many  wells  on  the  range,  mak- 
ing available  spaces  otherwise  too  distant  from  water  to 
be  used. 

The  county  has  many  attractions  for  tourists  and  these 
are  visiting  it  annually  in  great  numbers.  In  the  north  is 
the  Navajo  reservation,  with  its  expert  Indian  silversmiths 
and  women  blanket  weavers,  the  best  in  all  the  Indian 
nations.  In  the  south  is  Zuni,  one  of  the  famed  seven 
cities  of  Cibola  for  which  the  Conquistadores  sought  with 
such  energy  when  they  first  entered  the  State,  and  now- 
adays a  well-known  scene  of  the  "snake  dance".  The 
Navajos  are  nomands,  stock  raisers  and  all  that  implies, 
while  the  Zuni  are  husbandmen  and  potters. 

There  are  5,700  cattle  in  the  county,  worth  some  $53,- 
000,  and  46.500  sheep,  worth  some  $70,000.  Other 
livestock  bring  the  total  up  to  $  I  50.000.  Livestock  sold 
and  slaughtered  each  year  is  worth  about  $59,000;  wool 
and  mohair  about  $  1 0,000.  Farm  products,  despite  the 
small  area  irrigated,  are  worth  $38,000. 

One  and  six-tenths  per  cent  of  the  county  is  in  farms,  of 
which  there  are  fewer  than  600  in  the  region.  Only  two 
of  the**  are  over  1 .000  acres  and  most  of  them  are  small. 


I  60  acres  or  less.  The  railroad  property  in  the  county  is 
worth  $2,200,000;  the  telephones  and  telegraphs.  $23,- 
000;  town  lots  and  improvements,  $263,000,  mostly  in 
Gallup. 

The  county  has  a  population  of   I  2,963,  according  to 
the   last   census,    while   the    1914   school   census   showed 


\  \\  \.i<>  INDI  \\  <  nil  i    inn  u  M  \i:  «.  \i  i  i  r 

1 .676.  The  apparent  discrepancy  is  accounted  for  by  (he 
fact  that  so  large  a  proportion  of  the  population  is  com- 
posed of  unmarried  miners.  There  are  twelve  schools  in 
the  county,  which  employ  31  teachers,  paying  them  from 
$225  to  $1.800  for  a  term,  which  ranges  from  the  state 
minimum,  five  months,  to  nine  months. 

The  county  has  many  good  natural  roads  and  is  now 
expending  considerable  nuns  in  improving  them. 


RESOURCES  AND  JNDUSTTTICS  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  110  — 


GALLUP 


HE  county  seat  of  McKinley  County  is  Gal- 
lup, a  prosperous  town  located  in  the  center  of 
the  county's  series  of  coal  camps  and  ship- 
ping and  distributing  point  for  many  of  them. 
Gallup  has  a  population  of  about  3,500, 
including  that  of  the  coal  camps  immediately 
adjacent  to  the  city.  The  town  itself,  according  to  the  last 
census,  has  slightly  over  2,200.  Gallup  is  a  freight  di- 
vision point  on  the  Santa  Fe  railroad  and  has  roundhouse, 
shops,  icing  plant  for  perishable  shipments,  and  several 
other  features  connected  with  the  railroad. 

Gallup  is  the  supply  point  for  all  the  trading  stores  on 
the  Navajo  reservation  except  those  in  the  extreme  north, 
for  all  the  stores  on  the  Zuni  reservation  and  for  several 
sections  in  Arizona.  It  handles  the  Indian  products,  es- 
pecially the  Navajo  blankets,  and  is  a  supply  point  for  the 
coal  camps  which  surround  it.  These  facts  together  with 
its  location  at  the  center  of  a  vast  body  of  coal,  insure  its 
prosperity.  The  coal  of  the  Gallup  field  is  easily  mined 
and  can  be  gotten  out  with  safety.  The  roofs  in  the  dif- 
ferent mines  are  nearly  all  hard  and  sound  and  there  is  no 
gas  in  the  field,  so  far  as  work  has  gone.  One  mine  has 
produced  as  much  as  1,550  tons  of  coal  in  a  single  day 
(owned  by  the  Colorado  Fuel  &  Iron  Co.,  June  22, 
1903).  A  deposit  of  fire  clay,  free  from  iron  and  other 
impurities,  underlies  much  of  the  region  and  to  the  north 
of  the  city  are  indications  of  oil. 

The  valley  in  which  Gallup  is  situated,  though  it  is  near 
the  top  of  the  continental  divide,  is  of  rich  soil  and  can 
easily  be  irrigated  by  damming  the  Puerco  rivei  a  short 
distance  above  the  town.  This  will  surely  be  done  in  the 
future.  The  city  is  lighted  by  electricity,  has  a  modern 
water  system  and  is  amply  provided  with  local  and  long 
distance  telephone  facilities,  as  well  as  being  on  the  main 
line  of  both  Postal  and  Western  Union  transcontinental 
telegraph  systems. 

Owing  to  the  fine  clay  and  building  stone  found  in  the 
vjcinity,  most  of  the  buildings  in  Gallup  are  of  brick  or 
stone.  The  streets  of  the  town  are  wide  and  clean,  and 
frequently  are  prettily  shaded. 

The  municipal  school  system  is  very  good,  the  highest 
salaries  paid  in  the  county  being  for  instruction  and  super- 
intendence in  the  city  of  Gallup.  There  are  ample  reli- 


gious facilities  in  the  city  and  there  are  two  weekly  news- 
papers. 

The  altitude  is  not  far  from  8,000  feet,  which  assures 
cool  weather  the  year  around  and  the  climate  is  quite  dry 
and  with  a  large  percentage  of  sunny  days.  Taken  alto- 


x AVAJO  IXDIAX  curnnrr  XKAK  GAIJ.TT 

gether,  Gallup  offers  many  advantages,  either  as  a  place 
for  commercial  or  industrial  investment  or  as  a  residence 
town.  It  is  always  prosperous;  there  is  always  building 
going  on  there,  and  the  fact  that  coal  is  its  basic  industry 
prevents  the  fluctuations  which  so  often  come  to  other  classes 
of  mining  camps. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


» 


SIERRA  COUNTY 


Jlafc 


HE  county  of  Sierra  is  chiefly  interested  in 
livestock  and  mining  industries.  It  has  the 
largest  assessed  valuation  on  mine  improve- 
ments in  the  State  except  one.  The  county 
has  an  area  of  3,081  square  miles  or  1 ,995.- 
520  acres,  of  which  1,550,956  acres  is  pub- 
lic land  open  to  homestead  entry.  Most  of  this  is  grazing 
or  mountainous  land.  All  of  it  is  under  the  Las  Cruces 
land  office  and  1,334,556  acres  have  been  surveyed. 
Less  than  one  township  is  open  for  enlarged  homestead 
entry, 

Sierra  County  lies  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State, 
separated  from  Texas  and  Old  Mexico  by  Luna  and 
Dona  Ana  Counties.  Although  it  has  a  total  of  only 
1 0,426  acres  under  private  and  co-operative  irrigation  en- 
terprises it  contains  the  site  of  the  Elephant  Butte  dam, 
the  largest  single  unit  of  any  government  reclamation  pro- 
ject. It  contains  15,371  acres  of  agricultural  lands  and 
261.300  acres  of  grazing  lands,  worth  $151.000  and 
$227,000,  respectively.  It  has  much  timber  in  the  Black 
Range  and  several  saw  mills.  There  are  coal  indications 
in  the  Caballos  mountains,  but  its  mineral  lands  in  private 
ownership,  other  than  coal  lands,  are  worth  $100,600. 

There  are  363  farms  in  the  county,  mostly  in  the  160- 
acre  class,  with  four-sevenths  of  all  under  100  acres  in 
extent  and  seven  having  an  area  of  1 ,000  acres  or  more. 
Its  farm  products  are  worth  $65.000  annually,  the  princi- 
pal crops  being  hay  and  forage,  cereals  and  vegetables,  in 
the  order  named.  There  are  507.636  acres  in  farms,  or 
25.4  per  cent  of  the  total  area  of  the  county.  The  aver- 
age improved  acreage  is  but  eleven  and  six-tenths  a  farm. 
The  livestock  products,  including  stock  sold,  are  worth 
$366.200  annually,  exclusive  of  wool  and  mohair,  which 
bring  in  $29.000  additional,  and  dairy  products,  which 
are  at  a  low  figure  which  evidences  the  undeveloped  nature 
of  the  country,  since  intensive  stock  fanning  would  pro- 
duce a  much  greater  dairy  return  than  this.  Eggs  and 
poultry  are  also  a  very  small  factor  in  the  county's  pros- 
perity, bringing  in  about  $665  a  year.  There  are  4.040 
hones  in  the  county,  worth  $44.430.  while  the  26.200 


head  of  cattle  are  worth  $263.270  and  the  21.600  sheep 
are  worth  $29,500.  Goats,  of  which  there  are  nearly 
2,000.  are  worth  a  little  over  $2.000. 

Town  lots  in  Sierra  County  are  worth  $  1 4.900  and 
improvements  on  them  $51,800.  The  county's  railroads 
are  worth  $563,000  and  its  telephone  and  telegraph  sys- 
tems $9,200.  The  valuation  of  the  county  is  $4,886.- 
94 1 ,  taxes  being  assessed  on  one-third  of  this  sum,  in  com- 
pliance with  the  state  valuation  law. 

The  population  of  the  county  is  given  by  the  1910 
census  as  but  3,536,  though  the  school  census  of  1914 
shows  a  school  poulation  of  2,021,  which,  at  the  usual 
three  and  on-half  to  one  ratio,  would  indicate  a  popula- 
tion of  about  6.000.  The  ratio  is  lower  here  because  of 
so  many  bachelor  prospectors  in  the  mountains.  There 
are  twenty  schools  in  the  county,  taught  by  twenty-six 
teachers.  The  school  term  is  from  five  to  nine  months. 

Shiping  points  for  Sierra  County  at  Engle.  which  is  the 
supply  point  for  the  northern  part  of  the  county;  Elephant 
Butte,  where  the  dam  is  being  constructed;  Cutter  and 
Lake  Valley.  There  are  ample  markets  for  farm  produce 
at  the  many  small  mining  towns  in  the  county  and  at  the 
dam  site  construction  camps.  Cattle  and  sheep  are  usually 
shipped  out  of  the  State  to  market  from  either  Engle  or 
Osceola. 

Sierra  County,  a  few  years  almost  without  adequate 
means  of  communication,  now  has  a  very  good  road  sys- 
tem which  it  is  constantly  improving.  The  forest  service  is 
helping  greatly  in  this  work,  there  being  388,992  acres  of 
national  forest  lands  in  the  county.  The  State  Highway 
Commission  is  at  present  doing  a  great  deal  of  work  in 
the  county  on  the  Camino  Real,  the  principal  road  in  the 
New  Mexico  system.  It  now  has  two  camps  of  convicts  at 
work  there.  A  contract  has  been  let  for  a  new  bridge 
over  the  Rio  Grande  at  Arrey  which  will  open  up  the  di- 
rect noilh-to-south  road.  The  county  has  made  a  three- 
mill  levy  for  road  purpose*,  the  money  to  be  expended  by 
the  Slate  Commission. 

The  principal  towns  are  Hillsboro,  the  county  seat; 
Monticello.  a  wealthy  fanning  town  in  the  north,  and  Palo- 


—  112  — 


HTHE    LAND 


A1EXICO 
QF^ 


mas  Springs,  a  famous  health  resort.  The  mining  towns 
are  Kingston,  Chloride,  Fairview,  and  Hermosa. 

Although  Sierra  County  is  one  of  the  smallest  in  the 
State,  yet  it  is  larger  than  the  State  of  Delaware  by  fifty 
per  cent  and  more  than  three  times  the  size  of  Rhode 
Island.  The  water  supply  is  unusually  good  though  the 
annual  precipitation  is  only  about  ten  inches.  Irrigation  is 
principally  confined  to  the  many  streams  flowing  eastward 
toward  the  Rio  Grande,  though  not  all  of  these  reach  that 
stream,  some  disappearing  in  the  sands.  The  principal 
streams  are  the  Rio  Grande,  which  bisects  the  county  from 
north  to  south;  the  Canada  Alamosa,  Cuchillo,  Negro,  the 
Palomas,  the  Las  Animas,  the  Arroyo  Seco,  Percha,  Tru- 
jillo,  Tierra  Blanca,  Jaralosa,  and  Bercuda. 

Fruit  does  well  in  the  valleys,  though  little  has  been 
raised  so  far  and  climatic  conditions  are  such  that  any- 
thing which  will  grow  in  Kansas  and  Oklahoma  will  grow 
in  Sierra  County.  There  are  a  great  number  of  natural 
reservoir  sites.  There  is  a  good  underground  water  supply. 

The  county  is  one  of  the  banner  mineral  producers  of 
the  State,  especially  in  the  precious  metals,  though  copper, 


lead  and  zinc  will  be  developed  later.  A  body  of  vana- 
dium is  known  to  exist  near  Hillsboro  and  endlichite, 
another  rare  mineral,  is  found  in  the  same  region.  There 
are  mineral  camps  at  Andrews,  Mineral  Lode,  Pittsburg, 
Lake  Valley,  Macho,  Chloride,  Tierra  Blanca,  Kingston, 
Hermosa,  Apache  and  elsewhere. 

Th^  Palomas  Hot  Springs  are  the  most  famous  waters 
of  the  iouthwest  and  for  unknown  ages  the  prehistoric  in- 
habitants, later  the  Indians,  and  still  later  the  Spaniards 
and  Mexicans  have  used  them  against  rheumatic  and  blood 
diseses.  Their  efficacy  is  startling  and  patients  have  been 
carried  to  the  hot  baths  and  after  two  or  three  baths  have 
been  able  to  "pick  up  their  beds  and  walk".  It  is  believed 
that  they  contain  radium  in  solution  as  they  relieve  harden- 
ing of  the  arteries. 

Sierra  County  has  magnificent  scenery  as  the  Black 
Range  with  its  ever-living  water  and  running  streams,  its 
extensive  forests  of  pine,  spruce,  juniper  and  so  forth  is 
rugged  and  picturesque.  The  Palomas  Gap  in  the  Ca- 
ballos  mountains  is  a  semi-circular  cliff  'with  a  drop  of 
nearly  2,000  feet. 


UNA 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  113  — 


TAGS  COUNTY 


HE  county  of  Taos  was  one  of  the  first  regions 
developed  as  an  agricultral  district  by  the 
Spanish  conquistadores  when  they  began  the 
colonization,  but  about  the  time  of  the  Ameri- 
can occupation  or  slightly  later,  the  section 
took  on  importance  as  a  mineral  producer. 
It  has  a  very  good  water  supply,  but  as  the  terrain  is  much 
broken,  most  of  the  irrigated  sections  are  small.  It  is  well 
timbered  and  contains  much  national  forest  land  but  it  is 
only  of  late  years  that  a  great  deal  has  been  done  with  its 
lumber  resources,  though  timbers  for  the  first  bridge  ever 
built  at  El  Paso  were  cut  in  its  hills  and  floated  down  the 
Rio  Grande  to  the  place  where  they  were  used. 

Taos  County  lies  in  the  extreme  northern  part  of  the 
State,  a  little  to  the  right  of  the  north  and  south  meridian 
line.  Owing  to  its  rough  topography  and  the  fact  that  its 


only  line  of  railroad,  the  narrow  gauge  of  the  Denver  flc 
Rio  Grande  system  running  north  from  Santa  Fe,  touches 
only  its  eastern  edge,  it  is  difficult  of  access.  Improvement 
of  roads  is  gradually  removing  this,  however.  Taos 
County  last  year  made  a  five-mill  levy  for  road  purposes, 
the  funds  resulting  to  be  expended  under  the  State  High- 
way Commission  and  much  road  work  is  being  done  by 
local  communities,  especially  the  town  of  Taos,  which  is 
buildings  a  road  to  Caliente.  A  main  north  and  south 
road  is  also  being  built  to  open  the  scenic  and  historic  beau- 
ties of  the  county  to  the  autoist. 

Taos  County  has  an  area  of  2,283  square  miles  or 
1,441,780  acres,  of  which  there  is  available  for  home- 
stead entry  505,356  acres,  all  under  the  Santa  Fe  land 
office,  247,246  acres  being  surveyed.  It  has  over  56,000 
acres  of  agricultural  lands,  worth  $264.500,  and  454,- 


T 


M  1:111.0 


—   114  — 


THE    LAND  OF"    OF3 PORTUNITVr 


000  acres  of  grazing  lands,  worth  $254,000.  Its  timber 
lands  in  private  ownership  comprise  2,845  acres,  wotrh 
$5,890,  and  its  mineral  lands,  none  of  which  are  coal- 
bearing,  are  worth  $29, 1  1  7  with  improvements. 

There  are  986  farms  in  the  county,  totalling  95,540 
acres  in  extent.  Most  of  them  are  of  less  than  twenty  acres 
area  and  eight-ninths  of  them  are  of  less  than  I  00  acres, 
though  twelve  have  more  than  1 ,000  acres  each.  There 
41 ,486  acres  of  irrigated  land  in  Taos  County  and  57,700 
acres  are  included  m  commercial,  co-operative  and  private 
irrigation  enterprises.  Farm  products  are  worth  $324,000 
a  year,  the  principal  crops  being  cereals,  hay  and  foraga 
and  fruits  and  vegetables.  The  farm  area  is  6.6  per  cent 
of  the  total  area  of  the  county. 

The  livestock  sold  and  slaughtered  by  Taos  County 
owners  is  worth  $96,000  a  year.  Wool  and  mohair  pro- 
duced are  worth  $61,000  a  year;  eggs  and  poultry,  $2,- 
500 ;  dairy  products,  $4,000.  There  are  2,630  horses  in 
the  county,  worth  $41,600;  1,640  cattle,  worth  $16,227; 
40,000  sheep  and  5,000  goats,  worth  $53,700.  The 
county  has  saw  mills  assessed  at  $5,000,  and  railroads 
worth  $243,700.  There  are  $5,500  worth  of  bank  stock 
owned  in  the  section.  The  valuation  of  the  county  is 
$3,268,107. 

There  are  374,259  acres  of  national  forest  land  in  the 
county,  percentages  of  receipts  from  which  materially  in- 
crease the  road  and  school  funds. 

The  population  is  given  by  the  1910  census  as  12,000, 
but  the  1914  school  census  shows  4,129  persons  of  school 
age,  which,  at  the  usual  ratio,  indicates  a  total  population 
of  14,500.  There  are  forty-seven  schools  in  the  county, 
with  fifty-six  teachers  employed.  The  school  term  is  five 
months  and  upward,  according  to  the  district. 


At  one  time  Taos  County  included  all  of  Colorado 
south  of  the  Arkansas  river,  all  of  Colfax  and  Mora  Coun- 
ties and  part  of  Rio  Arriba  County.  The  county  is  excep- 
tionally well  watered,  the  majority  of  the  streams,  how- 
ever, being  small.  It  could  easily  support  five  times  its 
present  population,  for  its  soil  is  remarkably  fertile  and 
there  are  ample  facilities  for  its  irrigation.  Little  of  this, 
however,  is  on  the  Rio  Grande  for  that  stream  runs 
through  rocky  gorges  throughout  its  passage  of  the  county. 
Most  of  the  streams  rise  in  the  eastern  mountains  and  tra- 
verses the  middle  and  western  mesa  and  plain  section,  where 
they  are  utilized,  then  reach  the  Rio  Grande.  The  prin- 
cipal ones  are  the  Santa  Barbara,  Pueblo,  Rio  Grande  del 
Ranches,  Rio  Taos,  Arroyo  Seco,  Las  Trampas,  Petaca, 
Latir,  Cabresto,  Costilla,  Rio  Hondo,  Colorado,  Lucero, 
and  Fernandez.  The  Taos  range,  where  most  of  these 
have  sources,  has  an  altitude  in  places  of  over  1  3,000  feet. 
On  its  tree-clad  slopes  precipitation  is  greater  than  almost 
any  other  spot  in  the  State.  Only  about  one-half  the 
water  is  used  at  present  and  the  building  of  small  reser- 
voirs, for  which  there  are  numerous  sites,  would  increase 
the  cultivable  area  many  times. 

The  county  has  several  mining  camps,  none  producing 
greatly  at  present  because  of  lack  of  raihoad  facilities,  of 
which  Red  River,  Midnight,  Black  Copper,  La  Belle, 
Twining,  Glenwoody,  Copper  Mountain  and  other  are  the 
most  important.  There  are  mica  deposits  near  Ojo 
Cahente. 

The  principal  towns  are  Taos,  the  ccunty  seat;  Ranches 
de  Taos,  Red  River,  Tres  Piedras,  Embudo,  Questa, 
Cerro,  Penasco  and  Hodges.  The  ccunty  in  general  and 
Taos  in  particular  have  much  of  romance  and  interest  in 
their  history. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  115  — 


IVIEI\V  A4EXICO 
LAND   OF"    QRRQRTUNITV^ 


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BZR.NALILLO 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—   116  — 


SOCORRO    COUNTY 


.  OCORRO  COUNTY  is  the  largest  in  New 
Mexico  and  probably  in  the  country.  It  has 
shrunk  considerably  since  that  day  in  the 
Mexican  regime  when  it  included  the  whole 
State  of  Arizona  and  a  fifth  of  New  Mex- 
ico, but  now  comprises  some  1  5,065  square 
miles,  or  9,644,800  acres.  The  principal  resources  yet 
developed  are  mining,  livestock  and  agriculture,  though 
none  except  possibly  the  livestock,  has  reached  anything 
like  its  ultimate  and  legitimate  size.  Mining  is  carried  on 
in  both  eastern  and  western  parts  of  the  county,  livestock 
confines  itself  mainly  to  the  central  and  west,  while  agri- 
culture flourishes  in  the  Rio  Grande  Valley  and  in  count- 
less small  valleys  of  the  many  mountain  ranges  which  ap- 
pear in  the  region. 

Socorro  County  is  located  in  the  western  half  of  south- 
ern New  Mexico.  It  stretches  from  east  of  the  Rio 
Grande  clear  across  to  the  Arizona  line  and  has  a  north 
and  sou'h  reach  roughly  one-fourth  that  of  the  State.  The 
topography  is  varied,  as  would  naturally  be  expected  in  so 
large  an  area.  From  mountains  on  the  east  there  is  a  slope 
down  to  the  Rio  Grande  Valley,  then  a  rise  ag-iin  to  more 
mountains,  then  a  vast  plain,  succeeded  on  the  west  by 
more  mountains,  then  varied  and  broken  topographically  to 
the  State  line.  In  the  southwest  corner  is  the  very  rugged 
and  extremely  beautiful  Mogollon  range  where  the  mining 
of  precious  metals  reaches  its  climax  in  the  county.  The 
principal  ranges  are  the  Sierra  Oscura,  San  Andreas,  Mag- 
dalena,  San  Mateo,  Datil,  San  Francisco,  Tularosa,  Pin- 
yon,  Elk,  Black,  Diablo  and  Ladron,  many  of  which  at- 
tain an  altitude  of  more  than  10,000  feet.  Some  of  these 
mountains  are  heavily  wooded.  Part  of  the  timber  lands 
are  held  in  private  ownership  but  a  great  deal  of  them  are 
included  in  the  Datil  or  Gila  national  forests.  The  na- 
tional forest  lands  in  the  county  are  3,404,540,  more  than 
any  other  county  in  the  State  has  and  almost  three  times 
the  amount  in  the  next  largest  forest  section.  Considerable 
timber  is  cut  from  national  forests  or  private  lands  but 
owing  to  the  difficulties  in  the  way  of  transportation,  much 
less  is  taken  out  than  is  annually  available  or  than  will  be 


taken  out  when  railroad  facilities  can  be  had  in  the  section. 
Many  cattle  and  sheep  are  grazed  on  the  national  forests. 
All  down  the  central  portion  of  the  county  is  open  range 
for  stock.  This  range  is  probably  the  largest  open  stretch 
of  country  left  in  the  United  States.  Upon  its  vast  reaches 


IN  NOGAL   CAXYOX 


thousands  upon  thousands  of  sheep  are  grazed  each  year 
and  many  herds  of  cattle  brought  to  the  marketing  stage. 
The  importance  of  these  industries  in  the  county  can  be 


Bt         RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 
fcl"    J-  '    — —  ...      ,.     _...  ,.     --.  • — -,— ftf  I    -  _        ..  _  — ~T3»1  ^^•••i  HI!       •  •        - 


—  117  — 


LAND 


.MEXICO 
OF" 


gauged  by  the  fact  that  Magdalena.  a  station  on  a  branch 
line  of  the  Santa  Fe  system  nearer  the  ranges  than  any 
other,  is  the  largest  original  shipping  point  for  wool  and 
cattle  in  the  State.  Hundreds  and  hundreds  of  cars  of 


APIARY   NEAR  MAODATENA 

* 

cattle  are  sent  out  of  Magdalena  each  year,  some  of  the 
stock  being  "trailed"  in  over  100  miles  to  be  placed  on  the 
railroad  much  as  the  herds  were  trailed  from  Texas  to 
shipping  points  in  the  old  days.  Wool  is  brought  into 
Magdalena  in  great  caravans  of  wagons,  thirty  or  forty 
wagons  in  a  string,  the  trip  often  taking  four  or  five  days 
each  way.  During  the  cattle  shipping  season  all  hands 
work  day  and  night  at  Magdalena  to  get  the  steers  started 
on  their  way  to  the  consumers  without  loss  of  time  at  the 
•lock-yards  or  feeding  pens  and  extra  trains  crowd  the  line 
from  Socorro  up  to  Magdalena  to  get  the  loaded  cars  out. 
One  of  the  sections  which  produces  this  great  amount  of 
potential  food  and  clothing  is  the  San  Augustine  plains, 
known  to  history  and  romance  for  the  many  thrilling  events 
which  took  place  there  in  the  early  occupation  of  the  region 
by  the  Spaniards. 

There  are  98 1 ,000  acres  of  grazing  lands  in  the  county, 
according  to  the  tax  rolls,  worth  $550,000.  with  im- 
provements on  them  worth  $65,000  more.  These  lands 
support  52,000  cattle,  more  than  any  other  county  except 
Chave*  can  boast,  worth  $514.000.  They  also  support 
260.000  sheep,  worth  $350.500.  this  being  the  greatest 
number  of  sheep  found  in  any  one  county  in  the  State  by 
more  than  100.000.  There  are  also  12.000  goat*  in  the 
county,  worth  about  $1  3.000  more.  The  annual  receipts 
from  the  sale  or  slaughter  of  cattle  are  $447,000.  The 
yearly  income  from  tale  of  the  wool  and  mohair  clips  is 
$190.400.  some  11.000  goat  fleece,  being  shorn  and 


some  204,000  sheep  giving  up  their  fleeces  for  the  market. 
Socorro  County  also  produces  annually  about  $6.700 
worth  of  dairy  stuff,  while  it  is  far  ahead  of  most  of  the 
counties  in  production  of  wax  and  honey,  its  receipts  from 
these  features  of  the  livestock  industry  being  $4,000  a 
year.  Socorro  County  annually  sells  about  15,300  cattle 
and  over  60,000  sheep.  The  county's  receipts  from  poul- 
try and  poultry  products  are  about  $5,000  a  year. 

Agriculture  in  the  county  is  chiefly  of  the  irrigated  sort. 
It  flourishes  everywhere  there  is  water  enough  to  supply 
the  farms  but  not  even  a  major  fraction  of  the  opportuni- 
ties available  have  been  grasped.  Along  the  Rio  Grande 
are  hundreds  upon  hundreds  of  acres  now  covered  with 
cottonwood  scrub  which  could  be  cleared  and  made  to 
rival  in  productivity  the  famous  bottom  lands  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi river.  Further  back  from  the  river  are  vast  areas 
which  could  be  cultivated  and  made  to  produce  bounte- 
ous crops,  as  most  of  the  upper  reaches  of  the  river  valley 
are  well  drained  and  untouched  by  alkali,  that  bane  of  the 
irrigationist. 

In  every  range  of  mountains  in  the  county  are  small 
streams  whose  flow  could  be  developed  for  irrigation  pur- 
poses by  the  building  of  a  small  dam  or  the  erection  of  a 


OOOTY  COURT  HOUSE  AT  SOODIIK" 

reservoir.  Nothing  like  the  real  resource  of  the  countv 
hat  been  developed  in  the*c  lines.  The  stockmen  have 
dammed  some  of  the  streams  to  provide  a  constant  water 
supply  for  their  cattle  or  theep,  by  conserving  the  freshets 


RESOURCES  AITO  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—   118  — 


_____       ^^IE^v 

THE    LAND  OF* 


QPRQRTUNITV 


and  flood  waters  until  the  dry  seasons,  but  irrigation  has 
barely  commenced  in  the  county,  as  is  evidenced  by  the 
census  reports  that  only  4 1 ,000  acres  in  the  entire  county 
are  included  in  irrigation  enterprises,  and  none  of  these 
was  a  commercial  project,  federal  reclamation  enterprise, 
or  Carey  act  project.  The  total  acreage  irrigated  in 
1 909,  as  reported  by  the  census,  Was  but  1 4,289,  yet  farm 
products  to  the  tune  of  $31  1,188  that  year.  This  is  a 
gross  return  of  over  $21  an  acre.  Hay  and  forage  crops 
brought  in  most  of  this,  but  cereals  were  a  fairly  close  sec- 
ond and  vegetables  a  poor  third.  Fruits,  though  an  im- 
portant item  in  certain  sections,  were  almost  negligible  in 
the  total. 

There  are  626,670  acres  in  farms  in  Socorro  County, 
6.5  per  cent  of  the  total.  Of  these  twenty-eight  are  of 
over  1 ,000  acres  extent.  The  class  which  contains  the 
largest  single  number  is  that  between  1  60  and  1  74  acres. 
However,  the  greater  portion  of  these  farms  are  of  less 
than  100  acres  and  a  great  many  of  them  are  of  less 
than  twenty  acres.  The  farmers  are  native  white  people 
in  ninety-five  out  of  every  hundred  cases.  The  average 
value  of  land  included  in  farms  is  $2.49  an  acre  and  the 
average  total  value  of  all  farms  is  $4,515. 

Socorro  County  contains  property  valued  at  $9,922,- 
950,  according  to  the  tax  rolls,  and  taxes  are  required 
by  law  to  be  paid  on  one-third  of  this.  There  are  about 
$60,000  worth  of  shares  of  bank  stock  owned  in  the 
county,  only  seven  other  regions  being  richer  in  this  re- 
spect. The  county  has  $102,287  worth  of  merchandise 
property  on  its  tax  rolls,  only  seven  counties  having  more; 
some  $5,000  worth  of  saw  and  flouring  mills,  nearly  $1,- 
100,000  worth  of  railroads,  about  $10,000  worth  of 
telegraph  and  telephone  installations  and  $180,880  in 
surface  improvements  of  mines,  the  largest  amount  reported 
by  any  county  by  far.  Improvements  worth  $1  77,318  are 
reported  on  town  lots  worth  $34,218.  Electric  light  and 
water  plants  worth  $5,000  are  reported,  exclusive  of 
municipal  plants  owned  by  the  cities.  Four  hundred  forty 
acres  of  coal  lands  are  listed  for  taxation,  being  valued  at 
$3,660,  while  mineral  lands  other  than  coal,  with  im- 
provements, are  listed  as  being  worth  $69,000. 

Socorro  County  :s  declared  by  the  1910  census  to  have 
a  population  of  14,761.  'The  1914  school  census,  how- 
ever, shows  5,279  persons  of  school  age  within  the  county, 
which  would  indicate  a  total  population  of  about  1 8,200, 
at  the  usual  ratio  of  three  and  one-half  to  one. 

Socorro  County  is  well  supplied  with  schools  in  all  its 
many  districts,  there  being  fifty-four  school  building*  in 
the  county  and  severty-five  teachers  employed  at  tnem. 


The  school  term  ranges  up  from  five  months,  the  state 
minimum,  to  nine  months. 

Communication  and  transportation  are  supplied  to  the 
county  by  postal  loutes  which  go  out  from  the  various 
railroad  points  and  by  telephone  and  telegraph.  The 
former  are  extended  far  beyond  the  railroad  points,  even 
being  carried  by  the  forest  service  many  miles  away  from 
all  settlements.  Telegraph  offices  are  found  at  the  rail- 
road points.  The  Santa  Fe  railroad's  main  line  to  El  Paso 
passes  through  the  county  from  north  to  south  and  there 
is  a  division  point  at  San  Marcial.  From  Socorro  a  branch 
extends  west  to  Magdalena,  beyond  the  Magdalena  moun- 
tains and  at  San  Antonio  the  system  connects  with  the 
New  Mexico  Midland,  a  mine  railroad  which  runs  to 
Carthage,  ten  miles  away  in  eastern  Socorro  County. 

Socorro  County  has  good  roads,  having  been  the  first 
section  of  the  State  to  come  into  prominence  in  that  respect. 
The  natural  roads  are  of  earth  and  are  very  good  but  all 
the  main  traveled  routes  have  been  improved.  For  many 
years  a  single  stretch  of  highway  from  Socorro  west  was 
the  boast  of  the  state  highway  boosters.  Several  transcon- 


SAN   MIGUEL  CHURCH  AT  SOCORRO,  BUILT  1020 

tinental  automobile  routes  cross  the  county  and  the  main 
highway  of  the  State  system,  El  Camino  Real,  traverses  it 
from  north  to  south.  A  new  bridge  has  recently  been 
built  over  the  Rio  Grande  which  opens  up  communication 
with  the  east  very  conveniently  and  which  shortens  by  about 
forty  miles  the  route  in  use  by  most  cars  going  east  or  west. 
When  the  Camino  Real  is  finished  down  the  west  side  of 
the  Rio  Grande  from  Albuquerque  to  San  Marcial  and 
thence  to  El  Paso,  in  1915,  this  bridge  will  be  of  less  use 
but  at  present  it  finds  frequent  utilization. 

Two  of  the  mining  districts  of  Socorro  County,  those 
of   Cooney    and    Magdalena,    are   world-famous.   In   the 


PL          RESOURCES .ANDJNDlJSTmES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  119  — 


Magdalena  district  the  Kelly  and  Graphic  mines  produced 
o\ei  $6,000,000  worth  of  silver  and  lead  ore  before  it 
was  found  that  the  zinc  they  carried,  so  long  regarded  as 
a  mere  hindrance,  was  exceedingly  valuable  for  itself. 
This  is  now  being  worked  out.  The  Graphic  mine  was 
purchased  in  1903  by  the  Sherwin-Williams  paint  con- 
cern and  now  the  zinc  ore  it  turns  out  is  widely  used  in 
paints  and  colors.  The  Kelly  mine  is  being  worked  ac- 
tively and  is  producing  considerable  wealth.  The  district 
is  the  chief  zinc  producer  in  New  Mexico.  Considerable 
development  work  was  done  in  the  Water  Canyon  district 
near  Socorro  but  nothing  of  value  was  brought  out  by  the 
expenditures. 

The  Magdalena  district  is  situated  in  and  near  the 
north  end  of  the  Socorro  range,  from  which  it  takes  its 
name.  The  Graphic  mine,  the  most  important  of  the  dis- 
trict, is  located  east  of  Graphic  station,  between  Kelly 
and  Magdalena,  and  is  connected  with  it  by  a  tramway. 
Other  mines,  including  the  Kelly  and  Juanita,  are  further 
east  and  their  ore  is  hauled  to  the  station  by  wagon.  Ore 
is  said  to  have  been  discovered  at  this  point  by  Col.  J.  S. 


the  classes  of  ores  for  which  they  were  adapted  were  ex- 
hausted. It  was  not  until  1903  that  some  smithsonite,  sent 
to  Missouri,  brought  the  attention  of  eastern  capitalists  in 
need  of  just  such  an  ore  and  the  sale  mentioned  above  fol- 
lowed. The  deeper  workings  of  the  district  reveal  chal- 
copyrite,  galena  and  zinc  blende. 

The  Cooney  district  is  situated  in  the  Mogollon  moun- 
tains in  the  southwestern  section  of  the  county,  well  up  on 
the  southwestern  flank  of  the  range.  Mogollon  is  just  over 
the  dividing  ridge  between  two  canyons  from  Cooney  and 
a  little  further  south.  The  district  was  discovered  by 
James  C.  Cooney,  a  sergeant  stationed  at  Fort  Bayard,  in 
1875,  when  he  picked  up  a  piece  of  rich  copper-silver  ore 
near  the  camp  which  bears  his  name,  but  it  is  said  that 
knowledge  of  the  mineralization  of  the  section  antedates 
this  discovery  five  years.  Cooney,  with  associates  from  the 
camps  of  Central  and  Georgetown,  began  the  location  and 
development  of  claims.  Good  ore  was  encountered  in  sev- 
eral places,  but  the  hostilities  of  the  Apaches,  whose 
stronghold  the  Mogollon  range  had  been  for  many  years, 
because  of  its  difficult  and  broken  topography,  kept  up 


SALT  LAKE  CK.VI  I  i: 

Hutchinson.  of  Socorro,  in  1 866.  The  Graphic  was  ante- 
dated in  its  location  by  the  Juanita  by  a  period  of  three 
weeks.  The  so-called  sand  carbonates  or  lead  ores  were 
the  firit  to  be  mined  and  these  were  smelted  in  a  crude 
adobe  furnace  and  the  resultant  hauled  to  Kansas  City  by 
ox  teams.  Several  imelters  were  built  later  and  ran  until 


M    Mt   MAGDALENA 

such  marauding  that  the  development  rf  the  district  was 

badly  hindered. 

Now  the  district  is  producing  rapidly,  its  owners  and 
developers  are  prospering  greatly  and  the  country  is  clamor- 
ing for  better  transportation  facilities,  the  only  means  of 
getting  supplies  in  and  ore  out  at  present  being  a  wagon 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  120  — 


road  to  Silver  City,  eighty-five  miles  away,  and  a  road  the 
Forest  Service  is  building  in  from  the  northeast.  A  gaso- 
line rail  line  is  proposed  and  is  said  to  have  strong  backing. 
The  output  of  the  region  in  1 905  is  given  as  a  quarter  of 
a  million  dollars,  while  in  1 9 1  3  it  was  nine  times  as  much 
and  a  round  $3,000,000  is  the  anticipated  output  this 
year.  Up  to  1905,  when  a  lull  set  in  in  the  region,  the 
output  is  estimated  by  a  professional  paper  of  the  Geologi- 
cal Survey  to  have  been  about  $5,000,000  in  silver,  cop- 
per and  gold.  Ihe  thing  which  did  most  for  the  district 
was  the  development  ot  the  cyanide  process,  which  made  a 
higher  recovery  possible  and  saved  Ireigiit  on  concentrates. 

in  the  twelve  months  ending  with  May,  1914,  the  Oaks 
Company  increased  its  holdings  in  this  district  materially, 
now  owning  outright  over  ^UU  acres  and  holding  options 
on  ZUU  acres  more.  1  he  company  did  much  worn  on  its 
tunnel  above  Mineral  Creek,  which  will  serve  as  the  mam 
drainage  and  transport  tunnel  ot  the  district.  A  milling 
plant  is  to  be  built  by  the  owners  ot  the  mines  of  the 
district,  the  ore  being  hauied  to  the  mill  through  the  tun- 
nel mentioned.  the  combination  includes  over  seventy 
claims.  As  a  further  development  step,  the  erection  ot  a 
power  plant  at  the  ban  Augustine  coal  helds  and  the  trans- 
mission of  electric  energy  to  the  mining  districts  is  being 
advocated. 

Important  claims  in  this  district  include  the  Tunnel- 
Johnson-'l  hilby  group,  the  Eberle  Deep-Down  group,  the 
Mother  Lode  group,  the  Socorro  Mines  Mining  Company, 
the  Mogollon  Mines  Mining  Company,  the  Ernestine  Min- 
ing Company;  the  Maud  S,  Link,  Wilson,  and  Sunburst 
claims ;  the  Alberta  Mining  Company,  the  Precious  Metals 
Mining  and  Exploration  Company,  and  others. 

The  original  Cooney  or  Silver  Bar  mine  was  probably 
the  richest  ever  known  in  New  Mexico.  The  first  ton  of 
ore  from  this  mine  was  freighted  to  Silver  City  at  a  cost 
of  $2.50  a  hundred-weight  and  then  taken  1,000  miles 
by  rail  at  $12  a  ton.  After  deducting  these  charges  and 
those  of  smelting  and  mining,  it  still  left  a  handsome  profit 
to  the  owner.  From  November,  1  883,  to  August  of  the 
succeeding  year  Cooney  did  over  1 ,200  feet  of  develop- 
ment work  and  netted  over  $300,000  from  the  ten  months' 
earnings. 

Mogollon,  now  the  most  important  place  in  the  district, 
has  a  population  of  2,000.  Its  postoffice  did  a  business  of 
$150,000  across  the  money  order  counter  last  year  and 
its  merchants'  receipts  aggregated  60,000  tons  of  goods 
during  the  year.  The  town  was  burned  out  in  June, 
1894,  but  was  immediately  rebuilt.  Communication  with 


Mogollon  is  by  auto  to  Silver  City.     The  city  has  electric 
lights. 

On  the  eastern  side  of  the  Rio  Grande,  Socorro  has  a 
particularly  tempting  opportunity,  a  copper  location  which 


MAGDALENA  MOUNTAIN  FROM  OLD  BLUE  CANYON 
ROAD 

has  lain  almost  undeveloped  since  the  Spaniards  came. 
There  is  evidence  that  copper  exists  in  the  Oscura  moun- 
tains and  some  development  work  has  been  done,  but  little 
ore  has  been  taken  cut.  There  are  many  evidences  in  this 
district  of  crude  attempts  to  mine  and  smelt  the  red  metal 
many  years  ago  and  history  tells  of  the  securing  of  enough 
copper  for  bells  for  all  the  churches  in  the  central  Rio 
Grande  Valley  some  200  years  ago. 

In  the  northern  part  of  the  Sierra  Oscura  are  iron  de- 
posits which  have  never  been  worked.  These  deposits  are 
about  forty-seven  miles  east  from  San  Antonio,  far  dis- 
tant from  any  settlement  and  at  an  elevation  of  6,700  feet. 
The  iron  occurs  as  magnetite  in  irregular  bodies  along  the 
contact  of  certain  limestone  and  gypsum  ledges  with  mon- 
zonite  bases.  One  body  of  the  ore  is  a  partially  oxidized 
magnetite  belt  running  east  and  west  about  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  long  and  1  50  feet  wide.  Croppings,  shafts  and  pros- 
pect holes  indicate  that  the  iron  extends  about  three  mile?. 
Not  enough  actual  exploration  has  been  done  to  settle 
the  extent  of  the  deposit.  The  ore  is  said  to  contain  over 
sixty  per  cent  of  the  metal,  with  small  percentages  of  silica, 
sulphur  and  phosphorus. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


121  — 


__ 

THE    LAND 


A1EXICO 
QF^ 


At  some  time  in  the  past  Socorro  Peak  was  the  scene  of 
considerable  mining  activity,  the  chief  remains  of  which 
are  the  abandoned  prospect  holes  and  tunnels  which  honey- 
comb the  east  face  of  the  mountain.  When  prospecting 
in  the  region  first  began,  in  1 867,  it  is  said  there  were 
evidences  of  work  done  by  the  Spaniards,  probably,  in 
their  never-ending  quest  for  gold.  The  district  has  not 
produced  for  many  years,  the  Torrance  and  Merritt  mines 
having  had  the  most  importance.  A  production  of  $760,- 
000  is  claimed  for  the  district 

The  Canyoncito  district  is  located  slightly  east  of  the 
Rio  Grande,  between  San  Acacia  and  La  Joya.  The  ore 
is  a  galena  and  occurs  in  bunches  or  pockets  in  a  gangue 
of  barite,  quartz  and  fluorite  which  occupies  the  entire 
width  of  the  vein.  No  shipments  have  been  made  but  a 
shaft  is  down  300  feet  and  there  are  indications  that  the 
ore  deposit  continues  far  beyond  that  point. 

The  oldest  coal  workings  in  the  State  are  at  Carthage, 
in  eastern  Socorro  County,  where  three  mines  are  being 
worked  now.  These  mines  have  supplied  coal  to  smelters 
in  Old  Mexico  and  elsewhere  in  the  Southwest  for  many 
years,  as  well  as  turning  out  a  fine  grade  of  domestic  and 


Socorro  County  has  many  features  of  interest  to  the 
tourist  and  especially  to  the  hunter.  Its  mountain  re- 
cesses contain  much  game,  especially  of  the  "big"  variety 
and  several  of  its  lakes  and  streams  are  inhabited  by  nu- 
merous water-fowl.  The  mountain  fastnesses  offer  great 
scenic  beauties  and  the  rapid  development  of  good  roads 
is  opening  these  to  the  autoists  at  a  rapid  rate. 

The  principal  streams  are  the  Rio  Grande,  the  Salado, 
San  Lorenzo.  Alamillo,  Chupadere,  Nogal,  Parida,  Water 
Canyon,  Datil,  Alamo,  Big  Pigeon,  Whitewater,  Mangos, 
Largo,  Apache,  Bonito,  Gilita,  Diamond,  Silver,  Pueblo 
and  Beaver. 

The  principal  towns  are  Socorro,  the  county  seat,  where 
is  located  the  State  School  of  Mines;  San  Marcial.  a  di- 
vision point  on  the  Santa  Fe;  Mogollon,  Magdalena. 
Kelly,  Datil,  Cooney,  Quemado,  Reserve,  Alma,  Sabinal, 
San  Antonio,  Carthage,  La  Joya.  Lemitar,  Burley  and 
San  Acacia. 

Socorro  is  the  only  county  having  public  lands  in  three 
districts.  Under  the  Las  Cruces  district  it  has  3.667,854 
acres  of  land  available  for  homestead  filing,  of  which 
2,435,538  acres  are  surveyed.  Under  the  Roswell  dis- 


\ll\\     IKOM    s<>«>i:i:<>    I.OOKIM.    \VKST   T<>    MX1HIKO     \Mi    M  \(.l>  \1  I   N  \     Mm   \l\INs 


•team  coal.  The  coal  veins  vary  in  thickness  from  four 
to  six  or  seven  feet  and  lie  at  an  acute  angle  dipping  to- 
ward the  west  or  southwest.  Little  timbering  is  required 
in  working  them  because  the  roof  is  mostly  a  solid  white 
sandstone.  The  product  is  handled  over  a  mine  railroad  to 
San  Antonio  and  then  sent  out  over  the  Santa  Fe. 


trict  there  are  102,400  acres,  all  unsurveyed,  and  under 
the  Santa  Fe  office  are  829.925  acres,  of  which  752.485 
acres  are  surveyed.  These  lands  are  described  as  grazing, 
undulating  prairie,  mountainous,  and  coal-bearing.  There 
are  a  few  townships  in  the  county  available  for  enlarged 
homestead  entry. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OFJTE_SUNSHINE  STATE. 

—  122  — 


THE    L-A1SID  OF" 


SOCORRO,  COUNTY  SEAT,  SOCORRO  COUNTY 


HE  city  of  Socorro  is  one  of  the  quaintest  and 
most  picturesque  spots  to  be  found  anywhere. 
It  has  narrow  and  rambling  streets  in  its 
older  portions,  and  the  town  itself  is  built 
around  a  plaza,  though  the  business  districts 
are  more  modern  in  appearance  and  arrange- 
ment. On  the  plaza  is  an  especially  attractive  spot  for  it 
has  shade  trees  and  concrete  walks  and  coping  and  makes 
an  appealing  spot  of  green.  Just  north  of  the  plaza  a  short 
street  leads  to  the  old  Church  of  San  Miguel,  built  in 
1620. 

The  city  is  located  on  a  high  plateau  west  of  the  Rio 
Grande  river,  at  the  foot  of  a  protecting  range  of  hills. 
The  altitude  is  about  4,500  feet,  which  is  high  enough  to 
insure  cool  nights  and  low  enough  for  the  weather  not  to 
get  too  cold  any  time.  The  people  are  industrious  and 
are  prospering.  The  history  of  the  city  is  highly  interesting. 


city,  at  a  cost  of  $25,000.  This  will  be  located  on  a 
beautiful  site.  The  dry,  pure  air  is  the  reason  for  its 
erection  at  Socorro  instead  of  elsewhere,  thus  adding  an- 
other institution  for  healing  to  the  several  tuberculosis  sani- 
taria which  are  already  in  operation. 

Another  evidence  of  the  city's  prosperity  and  material 
importance  is  the  plan  of  the  Santa  Fe  railway  to  build 
large  new  stockyards  for  the  loading  of  sheep  and  cattle. 
Trackage  is  being  laid  out  at  present  to  open  up  a  new 
source  of  gravel  for  ballast,  the  largest  gravel  pit  on  the 
Santa  Fe  lines.  This  will  add  $2,000  a  month  in  wages 
alone  to  the  money  in  circulation  in  the  city. 

Socorro  is  the  county  seat  of  Socorro  County,  New 
Mexico,  which  is  the  second  largest  county  in  the  United 
States. 

Socorro  is  situated  on  the  main  line  of  the  Santa  Fe 
railroad,  75  miles  south  of  Albuquerque,  and  is  the  point 


NEW  MEXICO  STATE  SCHOOL  OF  MINES  BUILDING    AT  SOCORKO 


as  it  is  wrapped  up  in  the  events  of  the  Spanish  occupation, 
the  Pueblo  rebellion  and  the  reconquest  by  de  Vargas. 

Socorro  is  progressing  in  material  ways  in  strides  com- 
mensurate with  the  ability  of  her  people.  Arrangements 
have  been  made  to  erect  a  new  surgical  sanitarium  in  the 


at  which  the  Magdalena  branch  of  the  same  road  turns  off 
to  tap  the  western  part  of  the  State. 

Socorro  has  electric  lights,  a  complete  municipally  owned 
water  system,  the  water  being  shown  by  many  analyses  to 
be  99.2  pure. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  123  — 


SCHOOL    IIOI'SKS   AT   SOCOHKO 

Socorro  has  five  churches. 

Socorro  has  a  small  but  complete  hospital  in  charge  of 
an  extremely  efficient  and  experienced  surgeon. 

Socorro  stands  upon  the  bank  of  the  Rio  Grande  river 
upon  a  gentle  slope  which  runs  four  miles  back  to  the 
mountains  and  has  a  splendid  ditch  system  for  the  irriga- 
tion of  the  valley  portions  of  the  grant  belonging  to  the  city. 

The  Socorro  Grant  is  five  miles  square,  having  for  its 
center  the  front  door  of  the  Catholic  Church,  and  the  titles 
in  the  Socorro  Grant  rest  upon  a  patent  from  the  United 
States  government  to  the  municipality  of  Socorro. 

At  a  distance  of  two  miles  and  a  half  from  the  center  of 
Socorro  the  public  or  homestead  lands  begin,  underlaid 
with  water  in  rich  sufficiency  for  irrigation  purposes  under 
the  pumping  system  which  is  now  being  adopted  and  rec- 
ommended by  irrigation  experts  as  superior  to  river  or  flood 
water  irrigation  wherever  the  water  can  be  obtained  at  a 


Through  Socorro  from  the  western  portion  of  Socorro 
County  more  than  three  million  pounds  of  high  grade  wool 
passed  during  the  year  1912. 

An  enormous  coal  field  stretches  for  more  than  thirty- 
five  miles  along  the  river  opposite  Socorro. 

The  mountain  immediately  west  of  the  city  has  in  it 
deposits  of  white  clay  which  are  inexhaustible. 

There  is  an  an  enormous  deposit  of  natural  cement  in 
the  foothills. 

There  is  a  bed  of  fire-clay  in  the  same  mountain  that  is 
practically  inexhaustible. 

Within  six  miles  of  the  city  lies  a  bed  of  hundreds  of 
acres  of  the  finest  quality  of  Tripoli. 

Fruits,  such  as  apples,  pears,  peaches,  plums,  prunes, 
apricots,  nectarines,  grapes  and  cherries,  grown  in  this  val- 
ley rival  the  best  California  fruits  in  size,  beauty  and  pro- 
fusion of  yield. 

In  temperature  in  summer  it  is  rarely  the  case  that  the 
thermometer  registers  higher  than  98  which  in  our  dry  at- 
mosphere appears  to  be  about  equivalent  to  80  in  the 


depth  less  than   IUU  teet. 

\.  i  i/i  i  \—!itiu<.  ATION  mrrii    \r  «.«M-«»UHO 

|R         RESOURCES 

AND 

INDUSTRIES 

OF 

THE 

SUNSHINE 

STATE 

M 

—  124  — 


TTHE:  LA  NIP 


humid  atmosphere  of  the  East,  and  in  winter  it  has  but  once 
in  forty  years  gone  lower  than  5  below  zero;  in  fact  our 
average  winter  temperature  for  day  time  is  about  58  above, 
with  the  nights  probably  1 0  to  15  below  that,  and  our 
nights  are  cool  in  summer. 

Our  hay  and  alfalfa  lands  yield  four  cuttings  per  year, 
averaging  not  less  than  four  tons  to  the  acre  for  the  year, 
which  sells  f .  o.  b.  cars  here  at  from  $  1 0  to  $  1  4  per  ton. 

As  for  the  grain  crops,  they  yield  bountifully  and  in 


many  cases  by  a  proper  planting  and  harvest  two  crops  per 
year  can  be  taken  off  the  same  piece  of  land. 

Socorro  possesses  two  newspaper  plants  (one  Spanish), 
an  ice  plant  and  brewery,  a  $50,000  court  house,  several 
large  supply  stores,  two  hotels,  the  State  School  of  Mines, 
a  garage,  a  flour  mill,  a  lumber  yard,  a  bank,  and  a  con- 
siderable number  of  attractive  residences. 

For  further  information  address,  Secretary,  Civic  Club, 
or  Secretary,  Commercial  Club,  Socorro,  New  Mexico. 


IN  THE  PLAZA  AT  SOCOKKO 


SAN  MARGIAL 


,  AN  MARCIAL  is  the  second  largest  town 
of  Socorro  County  and  is  an  important  rail- 
road point.  It  is  located  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  county  near  what  was  formerly  a  set- 
tlement of  Piros  Indians.  These  were  driven 
out  in  the  early  days  by  the  Jicarillas  and 
Mescaleros,  the  same  tribes  which  later  harassed  the  white 
settlers.  The  city  has  passed  through  all  the  stages  of  de- 
velopment from  an  Indian  pueblo  to  a  Spanish  settlement, 
a  frontier  cow  town,  a  railroad  town,  and  now  is  a  hustling 
modern  place. 

San  Marcial  is  a  division  point  on  the  Santa  Fe  railroad, 
on  whose  main  line  it  is.  It  has  a  roundhouse,  car  and  en- 
gine repair  shops,  carpenter  shops,  blacksmith  shops  and 
all  the  equipment  and  staff  for  the  headquarters  of  a  busy 
division.  The  railroad  payroll  in  San  Marcial  is  well  over 


$25,000,  which  is  no  inconsiderable  figure  for  a  town 
much  larger  than  it.  The  town  also  has  a  flouring  mill, 
electric  light  plant,  electric  street  lights,  good  sidewalks,  ex- 
cellent schools  and  a  number  of  churches  of  all  denomina- 
tions. Its  population,  including  the  tributary  settlements 
of  Old  San  Marcial  and  Valverde,  is  about  2,500. 

San  Marcial  is  the  center  of  a  rich  agricultural  country 
and  great  quantities  of  farm  produce  are  sold  or  shipped 
there,  while  the  farmers  and  ranchers  for  a  large  district  do 
their  buying  there.  It  is  also  an  important  cattle-shipping 
point  and  supply  point  for  the  stock  ranches  in  the  more  in- 
accessible parts  of  the  county.  San  Marcial  is  only  a 
short  distance  above  the  great  Elephant  Butte  project  and 
will  be  connected  with  it  in  commercial  ways.  All  these 
things  insure  a  sound  basis  for  the  prosperity  of  the  com- 
munity. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  125  — 


LA  NIP 


A1EX3CO 
OF" 


3£    MAGDALENA  -SOCORRO  COUNTY 


PON  the  western  slope  of  the  range  of  moun- 
tains from  which  the  county  of  Socorro  takes 
its  name,  and  not  so  far  from  the  geographi- 
cal center  of  that  subdivision,  is  the  City  of 
Magdalena,  a  hustling,  bustling  community 
in  which  the  West  of  the  old  days  is  re- 
echoed amid  surroundings  which  inevitably  bring  to  mind 
the  West  of  the  present  days.  Magdalena  is  a  city  of 
prosperity,  for  tributary  to  it  are  larger  regions  than  those 
whose  trade  comes  to  any  other  city  of  the  State. 

The  City  of  Magdalena  was  founded  a  good  many 
years  ago,  exact  figures  being  difficult  to  obtain.  Any- 
how, it  was  about  1 884.  It  takes  its  name  from  a  moun- 
tain nearby,  which,  in  turn,  was  named  "Magdalen"  by 
a  Spanish  priest  who  discovered  on  its  surface  a  formation 
of  rock  which  he  believed  resembled  the  portraits  of  the 
Magdalen  he  had  seen.  This  took  place  centuries  ago, 
when  the  Spaniards  were  first  settling  New  Mexico.  To 
this  day  the  great  rock  portrait  is  a  point  of  interest  to  all 
visitors  and  is  eagerly  pointed  out  to  them  by  the  residents. 
Magdalena  has  about  1,300  souls  as  residents  and  is 
continually  entertaining  a  floating  population  of  consider- 
able size  from  the  ranches  and  camps  west  and  south. 
Magdalena  is  the  nearest  railroad  point,  and  consequently 
the  shipping  and  buying  point,  for  an  area  some  two  hun- 
dred miles  west  and  two  hundred  miles  north  and  south. 
To  her  stockyards  come  at  shipping  time  cattle  from  the 
Blue  River,  in  Arizona,  and  from  the  remote  ranges  of  the 
Mogollons.  To  her  stores  come  ranchers  from  distances 
of  two  hundred  miles  and  more  to  lay  in  their  winter's  sup- 
ply of  food,  saddles,  clothing,  hats,  hardware,  cartridges 
and  the  like.  As  a  ranch  supply  point.  Magdalena  takes 
first  rank  in  the  cities  of  the  Southwest. 

Then  there  is  another  matter,  whose  importance  to  Mag- 
dalena and  indeed  to  the  Slate  is  not  less  than  the  vast 
hrrds  of  cattle  which  for  ninety  days  each  year  pour  into 
Magdalena  as  into  a  funnel,  to  be  turned  here  and  there 
to  feed  the  people  of  the  eastern  states.  This  other  in- 
dustry i*  wool  growing.  Closely  allied  with  it  is  the 
growing  of  mutton  for  the  market.  Into  Magdalena  each 
shipping  season,  which  varies  a  little  but  is  generally  in 
June  or  thereabouts,  come  long  wagon  trains  of  wool.  This 
wool,  packed  tight  in  great  sacks  and  loaded  on  big  four- 
hone  rigs,  comes  more  than  a  hundred  miles  on  the  average. 
The  clip  of  all  the  flocks  on  the  whole  great  region  of  the 
San  Augustin  plains,  which  reach  south  into  Sierra  and 


Grant  counties,  comes  to  Magdalena  for  shipment.  Mag- 
dalena is  the  largest  original  shipping  point  on  the  Santa  Fe 
system  in  New  Mexico.  It  is  also  the  largest  wool  shipping 
point  and  the  largest  cattle  shipping  point  in  the  State. 

The  city  is  on  the  direct  line  of  the  Ocean-to-Ocean 
highway  and  is  visited  each  day  by  a  number  of  automo- 
bile tourists  on  their  way  across  the  continent.  These  are 
much  attracted  by  features  of  interest  nearby,  including 
the  stone  portrait  of  the  Magdalen  already  mentioned,  the 
salt  lake  which  is  within  a  day's  ride  and  which  so  far 
has  been  visited  by  comparatively  few  white  people,  a  coal 
outcrop  which  extends  for  twenty-five  miles,  yet  upon 
which  not  a  pick's  stroke  of  work  has  been  done,  the 
mountain  scenery,  and  other  matters  of  appeal  or  beauty. 
The  sportsmen  visit  Magdalena  for  the  reason  that  the  city 
is  a  gateway  to  regions  where  even  yet  the  mountain  lion 
can  be  shot,  where  bear  are  to  be  had  for  the  effort,  where 
deer  are  a  common  feature  of  a  day's  outing  and  where 
small  game  abounds.  They  outfit  at  Magdalena  and  then 
strike  into  the  mountains.  Naturally,  the  place  prospers  on 
their  trade  and  because  of  the  advertising  each  gives  it, 
more  are  coming  each  year. 

The  city  is  probably  the  last  stronghold  of  the  old-time 
cattle  baron,  for  it  is  the  gateway  to  the  last  of  the  open 
range,  and  even  that  is  beginning  to  be  settled  up.  Here, 
constantly  encroached  upon  by  the  settler  who  files  on  the 
running  arroyos  and  little  mountain  streams,  so  depriving 
the  cowman  of  his  water,  the  cattleman  is  making  his  final 
stand.  When  this  is  gone  cattle-raising  will  be  reformed 
on  this  continent  and  will  be  as  modernity  would  have  it — 
a  small  settler  raising  a  dozen  or  so  of  good  cattle. 

Yet  it  must  not  be  thought  from  this  that  Magdalena  is 
conservative  or  desirous  of  keeping  to  the  old  way  of  do- 
ing things.  The  change  is  coming  and  not  only  the  citizens 
but  most  of  the  cattlemen  realize  it  and  are  preparing  for 
it.  Magdalena  is  as  progressive  a  little  city  as  can  be 
found.  It  is  the  home  of  the  lives!  bunch  of  good  roads 
boosters  in  the  State,  perhaps,  certainly  in  northern  New 
Mexico.  It  is  a  place  of  good  schools,  being  noted  every- 
where for  the  high  salaries  paid  its  instructors.  It  i*  a 
place  of  churches,  having  four  of  different  denominations, 
all  well  built  and  well  cared  for.  The  business  houses 
are  managed  on  modern  and  progressive  lines,  and  the 
buildings  they  occupy,  as  well  as  the  residences  of  the  city, 
are  modem  and  handsorrte.  The  water  supply  tystem  is 
modern  and  the  water  excellent. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  126  — 


___ 
IT-IE  LAND 


.MEXICO 
OF"  QFRORTUNTCTV 


KELLY  -SOGORRO  COUNTY 


ELLY  is  the  source  of  the  zinc  carbonate 
which  furnishes  the  base  for  most  of  the  white 
paint  used  in  this  country.  A  branch  railroad 
from  the  Santa  Fe  main  line  runs  to  Magda- 
lena  and  Kelly,  making  the  towns  readily 
accessible  from  the  main  line. 
Kelly  was  originally  opened  as  a  silver-lead  camp,  be- 
ing first  worked  by  white  men  in  the  early  sixties.  The 
ore  in  those  days  was  reduced  in  primitive  adobe  furnaces 
or  "vassos".  remains  of  which  still  remain.  Not  much  at- 
tention was  paid  to  the  lead  feature,  the  silver  content  be- 
ing the  one  sought  after.  The  bullion  obtained  in  this  way 
was  shipped,  with  the  wool  raised  in  the  section,  to  St. 
Louis.  Later  ores  from  the  Kelly  district  furnished  ma- 
terial for  a  smelter  at  Socorro. 

As  the  silver  became  more  difficult  to  find  more  atten- 
tion was  paid  to  the  lead  and  finally  the  camp  was  re- 
garded as  a  lead  producer  entirely.  Then  came  the  time 
when  certain  products  of  the  camp  were  sent  to  a  Missouri 


sold  to  the  Sherwin-Williams  Paint  Company.  Other 
mines  were  also  sold  to  people  who  had  come  to  recognize 
the  zinc  values  in  the  ore.  Several  mills  and  concentrating 
plants  were  built  and  for  a  number  of  years  the  district  has 
been  worked  continuously,  with  resultant  prosperity  to  the 
town  of  Kelly.  The  production  of  the  camp  has  been  es- 
timated at  close  to  $45,000,000  since  its  opening. 

As  an  instance  of  the  way  the  camp  is  regarded,  the  New 
Jersey  Zinc  Company,  through  its  western  subsidiary,  the 
Empire  Zinc  Company,  has  purchased  large  holdings  in 
the  region,  which  it  refuses  to  sell,  and  at  the  same  time  is 
not  developing.  Cash  prices  have  been  paid  in  each  in- 
stance. As  a  further  instance,  the  paint  concern  men- 
tioned has  acquired  an  immense  acreage  since  it  came  into 
the  district  in  1 904  and  has  been  developing  systematically, 
putting  in  modern  machinery,  etc. 

Kelly  is  one  of  three  zinc-producing  camps  of  the  Rocky 
Mountain  region,  Leadville,  Colorado,  and  Butte,  Mon- 
tana, being  the  others.  Kelly  produced,  until  the  Chino 


AUTO    ROAD   THUOUGH    BLiUE    CANYOV    LOOKIXG    TOWARD    MAGDALEN A   AXD    KELLY 


smelter  for  reduction  and  word  came  back  that  the  smelter 
would  buy  in  any  quantity  the  zinc  carbonate  which  ap- 
peared with  the  other  zinc  ores  in  the  shipment.  That  was 
the  dawn  of  Kelly's  second  era  of  prosperity.  Not  long 
after,  the  Graphic  mine,  the  backbone  of  the  district,  was 


mines  at  Hurley  began  to  send  out  heavy  tonnage,  over  a 
third  of  the  mineral  production  of  the  State,  or  about  $  1  ,- 
250,000  annually. 

The  town  has  two  churches,  two  good  schools,  an  ex- 
cellent water  supply  and  some  fine  large  stores. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  127  — 


LAND 


MEXICO 

OF~ 


SAN  ANTONIO-SOCORRO  COUNTY 


PROSPEROUS  town  in  Socorro  County  on 
the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad, 
85  miles  south  of  Albuquerque  and  I  70  miles 
north  of  El  Paso.  Farm,  stock  raising,  fruit 
and  vegetable  raising  form  the  chief  indus- 
tries of  the  immediate  surrounding  country. 
The  population,  including  nearby  settlements,  is  1,500. 
Altitude.  4.300  feet. 

San  Antonio  is  the  fourth  largest  town  in  Socorro 
County. 

Before  the  Civil  War  coal  had  been  discovered  ten  miles 
east  of  San  Antonio  and  the  soldiers  mined  enough  to  sup- 
ply the  smithing  needs  of  Forts  Selden,  Bayard  and  Stan- 
ton.  Many  interesting  and  romantic  traditions  are  told  of 
the  days  when  the  mule  teams  of  the  U.  S.  Army  went  to 
the  outcrop  of  the  coal  at  the  present  town  of  Carthage  and 
dug  coal.  In  1881,  at  about  the  time  that  the  Santa  Fe 
Railroad  was  building  a  bridge  across  the  river  at  this 
point  to  the  mines  at  Carthage  two  six-mule  teams  belong- 
ing to  the  army  which  had  been  at  Carthage  for  coal,  were 
caught  in  the  treacherous  sands  of  the  Rio  Grande  at  this 
point  and  lost  and  the  Government  drivers  with  them  nar- 
rowly escaped  their  sad  fate. 

In  1 88 1  upon  the  completion  of  the  bridge  by  the  Santa 
Fe  Railroad  they  built  their  road,  into  the  coal  fields  at 
Carthage  and  opened  mines  to  supply  their  engines  with 
coal.  Upon  refusal  of  Congress  to  issue  patent  for  the 
Montoya  Grant,  of  which  their  coal  mines  formed  a  part, 
they  moved  camp,  houses,  and  everything  to  Madrid  which 
for  many  years  supplied  their  needs  thereafter. 

Coal  operations  at  Carthage  for  the  ensuing  ten  years 
were  stopped  but  the  enterprising  citiezns  of  San  Antonio 
soon  opened  new  workings  and,  while  operations  were  ren- 
dered more  difficult  on  account  of  the  removal  of  the  Santa 
Fe  of  their  branch  road,  they  gradually  induced  capital  to 
re-enter  the  field  and  a  railroad  was  rebuilt  upon  the  old 
grade  under  the  name  of  the  New  Mexico  Midland 
Railway. 

Alfalfa,  the  great  Ugume  crop  of  the  West,  is  produced 
here  in  large  quantities  and  shipped  to  the  remote  cornris 
of  the  Slate.  100  cart  being  shipped  annually  from  this 
town. 

Grapes,  the  quality  of  which  wai  declared  to  be  equal 
to  that  of  the  finest  Champaign  grapes  of  France,  by  Wil- 
liam Hammel  of  the  Illinois  Brewing  Company,  of  So- 
corro, an  old  viticulturist.  can  be  and  were  at  one  time 


raised  in  abundance  at  San  Pedro,  a  small  village  within 
two  miles  of  San  Antonio,  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Rio 
Grande,  250  barrels  of  native  wine  being  shipped  from 
San  Antonio  in  one  year. 

At  San  Antonio  the  banks  of  the  Rio  Grande  are  level 
at  both  sides  and  there  are  within  six  miles  of  San  Antonio 
forty  thousand  acres  of  land  that  can  be  put  under  irriga- 
tion by  gravity  and  pumping.  There  are  now  under 
cultivation  four  thousand  acres  within  six  miles  of  the 
town.  There  are  five  villages  within  five  miles  of  San 
Antonio.  Old  and  New  San  Antonio,  half  a  mile  apart, 
San  Antonio  to  the  south  two  miles.  San  Pedro  across  the 
river  joined  by  bridge  both  for  railroad  and  wagon  travel. 
At  San  Pedro  "Jtrre  are  fifty  or  sixty  families  and  home- 
steads have  bccii  uiken  up  there  within  three  miles  of  town 
within  the  last  tiiiee  years. 

San  Antonio  is  the  center  of  a  stock-raising  country  of 
which  the  largest  dependent  area  is  the  Jornado  del  Muerto 
(Journey  of  Death)  of  the  Spaniards,  where  the  mule- 
drawn  stage  from  Las  Cruces  to  Santa  Fe  used  to  travel 
by  stages  of  as  much  as  sixty  miles  from  water  hole  to 
water  hole. 

The  plain  lies  between  the  mountains  on  the  east  and  the 
river  on  the  west  and  is  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  long, 
stretching  from  the  Armendarys  Grant  below  Engle  to  the 
Manazno  Mountains  on  the  north,  and  thirty  miles  wide. 
Upon  it  graze  ninety  thousand  head  of  cattle,  and  in  the 
fringing  ranges  one  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  head  of 
sheep  bring  wealth  to  the  country.  Twenty-five  thousand 
Angora  Goats  and  one  thousand  horses  range  b  this  vast 
territory. 

The  Nogal  Canon  which  extends  from  the  town  of 
San  Antonio  to  its  headwaters  thirty  miles  west,  runs 
through  a  box  canyon  with  sides  ranging  from  three  hun- 
dred to  one  thousand  feet  high  perpendicularly,  and  while 
it  furnishes  mountain  scenery  serves  the  more  economic 
purpose  of  San  Antonio's  water  supply,  the  underflow 
from  this  stream  equalling  the  99.99  %  pure  of  Denting. 

The  town  of  San  Antonio  has  a  school  in  charge  of  two 
competent  teachers,  (San  Antonito  has  its  school  in  charge 
of  two  teachers)  and  San  Pedro  has  a  school  in  charge  of 
one  teacher  all  in  the  employ  of  the  educational  department 
of  the  State  which  demands  certificates  obtainable  only  by 
examination  under  the  Slate  school  law. 

One  of  the  largest  Catholic  congregations  in  the  county 
is  located  here  under  the  direction  of  Father  Pelzer. 


f* 

RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

M 

—  128  — 

HTHE:  LAND  OF" 


NEW  MEXICO  STATE  SCHOOL  OF  MINES 

BY    FAYETTE    A.    JONES,    PRESIDENT 


HE  New  Mexico  State  School  of  Mines  was 
founded  by  Act  of  the  Legislature  of  1  889. 
The  Act  provided  for  the  support  of  the 
school  by  an  annual  tax  of  one-fifth  of  a  mill 
on  all  taxable  property. 

Under  an  Act  of  the  Legislature,  ap- 
proved February  28,  1  89 1 ,  a  board  of  trustees  was  ap- 
pointed. Organization  was  effected  and  immediate  steps 
were  taken  towards  the  erection  of  necessary  buildings.  In 
the  same  year  a  special  appropriation  of  $4,000  was  made 
for  the  partial  equipment  of  the  chemical  and  metallurgical 
laboratories. 

Early  in  1892  a  circular  of  information  regarding  the 
New  Mexico  School  of  Mines  at  Socorro,  New  Mexico, 
was  issued  by  the  board  of  trustees.  In  this  circular  the 
aims  were  fully  set  forth.  The  following  year  a  president 
was  chosen  and  students  in  chemistry  were  admitted;  but 
it  was  not  until  the  autumn  of  1 895  that  the  mining  school 
was  really  opened. 

In  1893  a  second  special  appropriation  of  $31,420  was 
made  to  enable  the  School  of  Mines  to  be  organized  in  ac- 


cordance with  the  policy  outlined  by  the  Act  creating  the 
institution. 

By  Act  of  Congress,  approved  June  21.1  895,  the  New 
Mexico  School  of  Mines  received  for  its  share  of  certain 
grants  of  land  fifty  thousand  acres  for  its  support  and  main- 
tenance. From  this  source  of  revenue  the  School  has  al- 
ready received  more  than  $1  7,000. 

In  1899  the  Legislature  increased  the  former  levy  of 
one-fifth  of  a  mill  to  twenty-seven  and  one-half  one-hun- 
dredths  of  a  mill. 

In  1901  the  Thirty-fourth  General  Assembly  recog- 
nized the  growing  importance  of  the  school  by  further  in- 
creasing the  tax  levy  to  thirty-three  one-hundredths  of  a  mill. 
It  also  authorized  the  bonding  of  any  portion  of  the  grants 
of  lands  in  order  to  more  thoroughly  equip  the  school  with 
buildings  and  apparatus. 

In  1903  the  Thirty-fifth  General  Assembly  raised  the 
millage  to  forty-five  one-hundredths  of  a  mill.  This,  with 
greatly  increased  assessed  valuation  of  property,  doubled 
the  income  of  the  school  over  that  of  the  previous  year. 

Since  1 903  the  appropriation  for  the  support  and  main- 


GEOLOGICAI;   AXD   MIXERALOGICAL,   MUSEUM 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-  129  — 


tenance  of  the  School  of  Mines  has  been  increased  at  each 
session  of  the  General  Assembly.  At  the  first  session  of 
the  State  Legislature  the  appropriation  was  raised  to  $22,- 
500  a  year. 

By  the  terms  of  the  Enabling  Act  under  which  New 
Mexico  was  admitted  to  statehood,  the  School  of  Mines 
becomes  possessed  of  I  50,000  acres  of  land.  Most  of  this 
land  has  now  been  selected  and  will  soon  become  the  source 
of  a  very  considerable  revenue  to  the  institution. 

The  New  Mexico  State  School  of  Mines  is  located  at 
Socorro,  the  county  seat  of  Socorro  County,  on  the  main 
line  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe  railway,  75 
miles  south  of  Albuquerque,  and  180  miles  north  of  El 
Paso.  The  Magdalena  branch  of  the  Santa  Fe  railway 
starts  from  this  place. 

Socorro  is  situated  in  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  at 
the  foot  of  the  Socorro  range  of  mountains  at  an  elevation 
of  4,600  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  surrounding 
scenery  is  diversified  by  plains,  valleys,  mesas,  hills,  and 
mountains.  The  climate  of  the  locality  is  pre-eminently 
pleasant  and  healthful,  and  has  long" attracted  health-seek- 
ers who  would  escape  the  rigors  of  less  favored  localities. 
The  air  is  exceedingly  dry  and  the  temperature  is  mild  and 
equable.  Socorro's  public  water  supply  comes  from  warm 
springs  that  issue  from  Socorro  mountain  three  miles  away. 
The  water  is  famed  for  its  purity  and  has  always  been  an 
attraction  to  visitors  and  residents. 

The  ground  immediately  adjacent  to  the  School  of  Mines 
includes  irrigable  land,  plateaus  and  mountain  formations, 
all  affording  an  excellent  field  for  practice  in  surveying,  the 
laying  out  of  railroads  and  irrigating  canals,  topography, 
mine  engineering  and  geology,  so  that  students  can  be  pre- 
pared at  the  very  door  of  the  school  in  those  branches 
which  usually  require  tedious  excursions  from  most  other 
schools.  Almost  the  entire  geological  column  is  here 
exposed. 

The  New  Mexico  State  School  of  Mines  enjoys  the 
natural  advantage  of  being  located  in  the  midst  of  a  region 
peculiarly  rich  in  minerals  of  nearly  all  kinds,  and  is  within 
easy  reach  of  the  most  varied  geological  conditions,  all  of 
which  are  within  a  radius  of  thirty  or  forty  miles  of  So- 
corro. The  industrial  processes  connected  with  mining  and 
metallurgy  may  be  seen  admirably  illustrated  at  Magda- 
lena, Kelly,  Rosedale,  San  Pedro,  Hillsboro,  Deming. 
Fierro.  Silver  City.  Pinos  Altos,  Santa  Rita.  Burro  moun- 
tains. Los  Cerrillos,  Dawson.  Gallup.  Carthage,  and  else- 
where within  easy  reach  of  the  school.  These  illustrate  the 
most  modem  methods  of  mining,  milling.  ore-dres«ing.  con- 


centrating,  lixiviation,  cyaniding,   and  other  metallurgical 
processes. 

A  number  of  mines  of  various  kinds,  smelters,  irrigating 
systems,  and  other  engineering  works  are  accessible  to  the 
school.  Within  a  few  hours'  ride  by  rail  are  many  im- 
portant mining  camps.  The  longer  excursions  bring  the 
student  to  some  of  the  most  famous  mines  in  southwestern 
United  States.  Some  of  the  oldest  worked  lodes  in 
America  are  in  this  region.  Gold  and  turquoise  were  first 
noted  by  the  conquistadores  in  1  540-2  by  the  celebrated  . 
expedition  of  Francisco  Vasquez  Coronado,  when  in  search 
of  the  Gran  Quivira,  one  of  the  seven  cities  of  Cibola. 
The  first  modern  discovery  of  gold  in  New  Mexico  was 
made  at  the  base  of  the  Ortiz  mountains,  in  Santa  Fe 
County,  in  the  year  1828.  The  first  copper  mined  west 
of  the  Mississippi  river  was  at  Santa  Rita  in  Grant  County, 
in  1800.  The  metal  from  these  copper  mines  was  trans- 
ported on  the  backs  of  burros  to  Mexico  City  and  thence 
sent  to  the  royal  mint  of  Spain  to  be  made  into  coin.  The 
Chino  Copper  Company  now  operates  these  celebrated 
mines.  Among  the  great  wonders  of  the  West  are  the 
ancient  turquoise  workings  at  Mount  Chalchihuitl  near  Los 
Cerrillos.  An  ancient  lode  mine,  known  as  Mina  del 
Tierra,  is  situated  near  the  ancient  turquoise  workings. 
Verily.  New  Mexico  is  the  birthplace  of  American  mining. 

The  history  of  modern  mining  schools  shows  that  each 
becomes  most  celebrated  along  the  line  for  which  its  lo- 
cality is  best  known  on  account  of  its  natural  surroundings. 
Few  institutions  of  learning  are  more  dependent  for  suc- 
cess upon  what  may  be  called  the  accident  of  geographical 
location.  It  may  be  truthfully  said  that  no  mining  school 
is  more  fortunately  situated  so  far  as  natural  environment 
is  concerned  than  that  of  New  Mexico. 

The  ideal  to  which  the  New  Mexico  School  of  Mine? 
tenaciously  holds  is  the  practical  directing  of  young  men  to 
take  active  part  in  the  development  of  the  mineral  wealth 
of  the  world. 

The  school  is  a  state  institution.  It  was  established 
primarily  to  promote  the  development  of  the  mineral  re- 
sources of  New  Mexico  and  to  provide  facilities  for  the 
young  men  of  the  State  to  secure  a  practical  education  in 
all  departments  of  mining.  Naturally,  however,  the  insti- 
tution's field  of  usefulness  has  steadily  grown  broader.  Not 
only  New  Mexico  but  also  other  parts  of  the  Southwest 
have  felt  its  influence  through  its  graduates  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  mining  industries  of  this  great  region.  More- 
over, a  considerable  number  of  student*  from  other  parts  of 
the  country  who  desired  to  avail  themselve*  of  the  peculiar 
advantages  of  this  region  have  come  to  the  School  of  Mines 


-    130  — 


"THE:  LAND 


for  the  training  they  needed  and  the  number  of  such  young 
men  is  constantly  increasing. 

During  the  entire  period  of  his  training  the  fact  is  im- 
pressed upon  the  mind  of  the  student  that  intelligent  mining 
is  a  business  operation  capable  of  being  put  on  as  secure  a 
foundation  as  any  other;  that  from  beginning  to  end  it  is 
akin  to  all  other  great  business  undertakings.  While  lucky 
finds  will  doubtless  continue  to  be  made,  mining  is  no  longer 
to  be  considered  a  mere  lottery  appealing  to  the  gambling 
propensities. 

During  the  past  quarter  of  a  century  the  development  of 
the  mineral  wealth  of  the  nation  has  been  phenomenal  and 
the  calls  for  adequately  prepared  young  men  to  direct 
mining  enterprises  in  all  their  various  ramifications  have 
been  rapidly  increasing. 

Several  features  contribute  to  the  success  of  this  institu- 
tion as  a  school  of  mines: 

The  unique  natural  surroundings  of  the  school  already 
described  create  an  invigorating  mining  atmosphere  which 
is  entirely  wanting  in  institutions  remote  from  the  mines 
and  mountains. 

In  the  training  offered  by  the  school  there  is  noteworthy 
concentration  of  effort.  There  are  many  advantages  in  the 
direction  of  effort  along  few  lines.  In  contrast  with  the 
many  diversions  that  necessarily  exist  in  those  technical  in- 
stitutions of  learning  where  all  practical  branches  are 
equally  represented,  singleness  of  purpose  is  a  leading  fea- 
ture of  the  New  Mexico  State  School  of  Mines.  The  con- 
servation of  energy  growing  out  of  the  special  method  of 
instruction  happily  adapts  the  student  so  that  he  gets  the 
most  out  of  his  efforts. 

The  student  is  required  as  an  integral  part  of  his  course 
to  visit  and  critically  inspect,  under  the  direct  supervision 
of  his  instructors,  various  plants  and  works  and  to  make  in- 
telligent reports.  Being  obliged  from  the  start  to  make  the 
most  of  the  exceptional  opportunities  presented,  he  quickly 
falls  into  the  spirit  of  his  present  and  future  work  and  at 
once  necessarily  acquires  for  his  chosen  profession  a  sym- 
pathy that  is  seldom  attained,  except  after  school  days  are 
over  and  after  long  and  strenuous  effort. 

Being  within  short  distances  of  mines  and  smelters,  the 
student  has  the  opportunity  of  finding  regular  employment 
during  his  vacation  and  of  acquiring  desirable  experience  in 
practical  work. 

The  field  for  scientific  research  in  New  Mexico  is  un- 
rivalled and  the  opportunities  here  offered  are  not  neglected 
in  the  plan  and  scope  of  instruction.  New  Mexico,  so  far 
as  concerns  the  mountainous  portions,  which  comprise  about 
two-thirds  of  its  area  and  are  nearly  all  mineral-bearing,  is 


perhaps  less  known  geologically  than  any  other  section  of 
the  United  States.  A  little  study  of  the  plateau  region  of 
the  northwestern  portion  of  the  State  has  been  made  by  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey,  but  only  in  a  general 


LABORATORY — STATE  SCHOOL  OF  MINES 

way.  No  attempt  has  ever  been  made  under  government 
auspices  to  investigate  closely  the  geological  structure  of 
New  Mexico  mountains  such  as  have  been  carried  out  in 
the  other  Rocky  Mountain  states,  or  to  study  the  conditions 
of  New  Mexican  mineral  deposits,  as  has  been  done  in 
Colorado  by  Emmons,  in  Nevada  by  Curtis,  in  California 
by  Becker,  and  in  other  states  by  other  distinguished  in- 
vestigators. 

Much  of  the  advanced  professional  work  of  the  school 
is  of  an  original  nature  to  the  end  that  the  graduates  may 
be  skilled,  theoretically  and  practically,  in  the  very  prob- 
lems which  they  as  professional  men  will  be  called  upon 
to  solve.  This  work  is  carried  on  by  the  advanced  stu- 
dents under  the  direction  of  the  professors  and  involves  the 
collection  of  notes,  sketches,  maps,  and  specimens,  and  the 
results  of  directed  observations  in  all  matters  relating  to 
the  sciences  and  arts  embraced  in  the  courses  of  study. 
The  subjects  for  such  researches  in  geology  and  mining  and 
in  the  reduction  of  the  ores  of  lead,  silver,  gold,  copper, 
and  zinc  are  so  numerous  that  it  is  impossible  to  do  more 
here  than  to  mention  the  fact  that  the  conditions  of  climate, 
drainage,  water-supply,  and  geological  structure  in  New 
Mexico  differ  greatly  from  the  conditions  existing  in  other 
parts  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  thus  giving  rise  to  new 
problems  in  practice.  These  problems  are  not  by  any 
means  all  that  deserve  attention.  The  investigators  of  the 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-—131  — 


ores  of  iron,  manganese,  aluminum,  cobalt,  nickel,  tin.  and 
quicksilver,  vanadium,  and  uranium,  together  with  the  beds 
of  coal,  salt,  alum,  building  stones,  mineral-paints,  cement- 
rocks,  marls,  etc.,  are  directly  in  line  with  the  advanced 
laboratory  work  of  the  school,  and  every  student  who  un- 
dertakes such  work  is  encouraged  in  every  possible  way  to 
accomplish  the  best  results. 

The  general  management  of  the  New  Mexico  State 
School  of  Mines  is  vested  in  a  Board  of  Regents  consisting 
of  five  members  appointed  by  the  Governor  of  the  State 
with  the  concurrence  of  the  Senate  for  a  term  of  four  years. 
The  board  of  regents  elects  a  president  from  its  members 
and  also  a  secretary  and  treasurer.  The  appointment  of  a 
president  of  the  faculty  of  the  school  is  also  made  by  them, 
as  well  as  the  selecting  of  a  teaching  staff. 

Any  graduate  from  any  recognized  high  school  or 
academy  of  standing  in  any  of  the  states  of  the  Union  will 
be  admitted  to  the  institution  without  examination.  This 
prerequisite  is  necessary  for  all  students  expecting  to  take 
the  full  course  of  instruction  leading  to  a  degree. 

Students  desiring  to  take  special  courses  without  a  view 


to  graduation  may  do  so  provided  they  give  evidence 
of  proficiency  in  the  prerequisite  subjects  and  that  their 
taking  such  courses  does  not  interfere  with  the  regular 
schedule  of  classes. 

The  curricula  of  the  college  are  planned  especially  to 
meet  the  needs  of  students  intending  to  engage  in  mining  or 
metallurgical  industries,  in  mine-experting  or  in  surveying 
mines  and  mining  lands.  Accordingly,  curricula  are  of- 
fered in  the  following: 

Mining  Engineering. 

Metallurgical  Engineering. 

Geological  Engineering. 

Civil  Engineering. 

Each  curriculum  covers  four  years.  Upon  the  satisfac- 
tory completion  of  either  of  them  the  bachelor's  degree  is 
given.  The  master's  degree  is  conferred  upon  graduates 
of  the  School  of  Mines  who  have  spent  two  years  in  pro- 
fessional work,  at  least  one  of  which  must  have  been  in  a 
position  of  responsibility,  and  who  present  a  satisfactory 
thesis. 


VALENCIA 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  132  — 


GRANT   COUNTY 


BY  E.  WOODHULL 


.  F  all  the  newer  and  less  developed  portions  of 
the  Southwest,  Grant  County,  New  Mexico, 
offers  an  unusually  varied  assortment  of  at- 
tractions to  the  prospective  resident.  This 
is  due  in  part  to  the  vast  extent  of  the  county, 
which  in  area  equals  the  State  of  New 
Jersey,  and  in  part  to  the  irregular  topography,  the  alti- 
tude varying  from  2,500  to  8,000  feet,  but  most  largely 
to  its  endowment  by  nature  with  a  matchless  climate, 
fertile  soil  and  untold  wealth  of  minerals  of  many  kinds. 
Grant  County  merits  the  careful  consideration  of  the  man 
or  woman  who  feels  capable  of  meeting  conditions  some- 
what out  of  the  ordinary  and  who  wishes  to  reap  the  rich 
rewards  of  the  pioneer.  The  vast  domain  which  consti- 
tutes Grant  County  is  almost  wholly  undeveloped:  its 


problems  are  still  largely  unsolved.  To  the  man  of  origi- 
nality and  adaptability,  backed  by  some  daring  and  a 
good  deal  of  perseverance,  who  is  willing  to  face  the 
problems  of  a  new  country,  this  portion  of  the  southwest 
offers  wonderful  opportunities.  There  is  very  little  of  the 
sure  thing  about  this  country,  but  to  the  right  man  the 
rewards  are  enormous.  The  West  is  not  the  place  for  the 
individual  who  fears  to  take  a  chance  and  it  should  be 
avoided  by  the  luxury  loving,  the  conventional  and  the 
lazy. 

Grant  County  has  something  to  offer  the  healthseeker, 
the  miner,  the  farmer,  the  fruitgrower,  the  stockman,  the 
tourist  and  the  sportsman.  Healthseeker  is  placed  at  the 
head  of  the  list  for  the  reason  that  health  is  the  biggest  thing 
that  Grant  County  has  to  offer.  The  climate  of  Grant 


PAXOBAMA   VIEW    SIIjVF.H   CITY — COUNTY   SEAT   G  RANT  COUNTY 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  133  — 


THE    LAND 


A1EXICO 
OF"    QPRQR"rUNITVr 


County,  while  attractive  all  the  year  to  the  healthy,  is  a 
necessity  to  the  person  threatened  with  or  suffering  from 
the  diseases  of  cooped  up  humanity,  particularly  tubercu- 
losis. Offer  a  man  vigorous  health  for  a  disease  racked 


M-I-:XK  o\ 


IJIVKI:  —  <;IJ.\XT  IXHATY 


body  and  matters  of  employment  become  of  secondary  con- 
sideration. With  health  he  can  turn  to  any  one  of  several 
vocations  and  achieve  success.  Grant  County  makes  its 
first  and  strongest  appeal  through  its  healthgiving  climate, 
as  to  the  matchless  value  of  which  there  can  be  no  question, 


IN  Till     .....  - 


i.i;  \M    <  ,.i  \  M 


and  it  add*  to  this  many  other*  which  offer  to  the  man  who 
ha*  acquired  *ome  degree  of  health  the  mean*  of  making 
a  living  if  not  a  competence. 

The*e  remark*  apply  more  particularly  to  what  Grant 


County  has  to  offer  aside  from  its  great  basic  resource — 
the  minerals.  No  county  of  any  State  in  the  Union  can 
show  anything  like  the  varied  mineral  wealth  that  is  to  be 
found  within  the  confines  of  Grant  County.  No  county 
can  show  producing  mines  of  as  many  different  kinds  nor 
as  vast  an  extent  of  highly  mineralized  country.  Nor  is 
there  any  pcrlion  of  the  United  Slates  where  the  mineral 
wealth  still  remains  in  so  nearly  a  virgin  condition.  There 
are  in  Grant  County  producing  mines  of  copper,  gold,  sil- 
ver, zinc,  lead  and  iron,  and  known  deposits  of  aluminum, 
vanadium,  turqu-ose  and  o'hers  not  as  yet  being  worked. 
When  it  is  taken  into  consideration  that  there  is  not  a  shaft 
in  Grant  County  over  1,000  feet  d:ep,  and  that  the 
merest  fraction  of  known  mineralized  areas  is  being  mined 
commercially,  the  future  of  Grant  County  in  mining  can 
only  be  surmised  at  best.  Aside  from  what  this  means  to 
f'ie  mining  man,  is  the  important  fact  that  this  basic  m- 


l\     Mil     (.11    \    N  \TION  \l,   I  OKI  VI — (iltANI    «  01  N  M 

dustry  of  mining,  still  in  its  veriest  infancy,  means  a  nearby 
market  and  a  good  market  for  all  products  of  the  soil,  and 
added  opportunities  for  the  man  who  wishes  to  engage  in 
the  healthiest  of  all  occupations  in  the  healthiest  of  all 
cl'mates  in  the  world. 

In  common  with  other  portions  of  the  Southwest,  the 
great  drawback  of  Grant  County,  from  an  agricultural 
standpoint,  is  lack  of  moisture.  The  average  annual  rain- 
fall varies  frcm  nine  inches  in  the  lower  plains  secttion  to 
fourteen  inches  at  Silver  City,  in  the  foothills,  and  up  to 
twenty  inches  in  the  mountain  sections.  While  fourteen 
inches  of  rain  hat  been  made  to  produce  dry  farm  crops 
in  tome  partt  of  the  United  Statet  it  will  do  to  only  in 
especially  favorable  years  here  where  evaporation  is 
greater  and  the  rainfall  is  distributed  throughout  the 


B 

RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

1 

—  134  — 

twelve  months  and  not  held  by  frost  or  as  snow.  The 
rainfall  is  sufficient  to  produce  a  growth  of  grass  suitable 
for  pasture,  and  this  has  been  utilized  for  years  until  fur- 
ther development  along  this  line,  unless  accompanied  by 
the  production  of  fodder,  must  be  small.  Outside  the 
comparatively  small  areas  where  running  water  is  availa- 
ble for  irrigation,  the  problem  of  utilizing  these  vast 
stretches  of  fertile  soil  for  the  production  of  paying  crops, 
is  the  one  upon  which  depends  the  agricultural  future  of 
Grant  County.  It  is  needless  to  say  that  a  fortune  awaits 
the  man  or  woman  who  solves  the  problem. 

Nestled  in  the  valleys  where  water  can  be  secured  by 
pumping  are  to  be  found  numerous  small  ranch  homes 
where  a  few  acres  are  made  to  produce  a  living  revenue 
and  the  number  of  these  increases  year  by  year.  Many 
of  the  owners  are  those  who  were  drawn  here  by  the 
desire  to  secure  the  advantages  of  the  healthful  climate. 
1  he  room  for  ranch  development  is  practically  unlimited 
and  the  cost  largely  that  of  building  the  house,  digging 
the  well  and  equipping  with  stock  and  implements.  The 
returns  in  money  from  such  a  place  cannot  be  expected  to- 
be  large:  they  must  be  measured  in  freedom,  in  comfort 
and  in  health. 

The  area  of  Grant  County  is  7,428  square  miles  or 
4,653,920  acres.  While  a  small  amount  of  this  is  pre- 
cipitous there  is  scarcely  an  acre  of  it  which  is  absolutely 
barren.  The  steep  mountains  produce  timber  and  pas- 
turage, the  lower  mountains  are  covered  with  a  dense 
growth  of  scrub  which  is  excellent  browse  for  the  Angora 
goat,  and  the  level  stretches  prcduce  hay  and  pasturage. 
Along  the  two  rivers  where  running  water  is  obtainable 
for  irrigation,  stretch  farms  and  orchards*  returning  their 
owners,  by  reason  of  their  remoteness  from  strictly  agri- 
cultural districts,  a  handsome  yearly  revenue.  As  the 
population  of  Grant  County  averages  only  two  persons  to 
the  square  mile,  and  at  least  half  the  people  are  in  the 
towns  and  villages,  it  can  be  seen  what  wonderful  room 
for  settlement  exists. 

Grant  County  sits  astride  the  backbone  of  the  continent. 
From  the  northern  portion  of  the  county,  which  is  moun- 
tainous, flow  two  streams  of  considerable  size.  The 
Gila  on  the  west  side  flows  in  a  southwesterly  direction 
into  the  Gulf  of  California,  and  the  Mimbres,  rising  in  the 
Black  Range,  flows  south  and  would  eventually  reach 
the  Rio  Grande  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  were  it  not  for 
the  fact  that  before  it  reaches  the  county  boundary  it  dis- 
appears beneath  the  surface.  Both  these  streams  furnish 
water  for  irrigation  and  it  is  along  them  that  the  only 
real  farming  in  Grant  County  is  done.  The  southern 
half  of  the  county  is  a  comparatively  level  plateau,  lying 


at  an  altitude  of  approximately  4,000  feet  and  broken  by 
occasional  peaks.  This  section  is  one  vast  cattle  range 
with  the  exception  of  the  Animas  valley,  where  because  of 
the  presence  of  shallow  water,  irrigation  by  pumping  is 
practiced  and  will  eventually  turn  the  district  into  a  farm- 
ing and  fruit-growing  country. 

This  county  occupies  the  southwestern  corner  of  New 
Mexico  extending  for  I  30  miles  north  from  the  boundary 
of  Mexico  and  from  50  to  75  miles  east  of  the  boundary 


SILVER    GITY    YLCCA    GARDEN 

of  Arizona.  It  is  traversed  in  its  southern  part  by  the 
main  line  of  the  El  Paso  &  Southwestern  Railroad  and 
through  its  center  by  the  Southern  Pacific.  The  Silver 
City  branch  of  the  Santa  Fe  enters  the  northern  half  of 
the  county  and  has  its  terminus  at  Silver  City,  the  county 
seat.  A  branch  of  this  system  extends  into  the  copper  and 
iron  mining  section  which  centers  around  Santa  Rita  and 
Fierro.  The  El  Paso  &  Southwestern  has  running  rights 
over  the  Silver  City  branch  as  far  as  Whitewater,  from 
which  point  it  has  recently  completed  the  construction  of 
a  line  to  its  immense  copper  holdings  in  the  Burro  Moun- 
tains. 

Extending  to  within  about  six  miles  of  Silver  City  on 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

— i"  "' — 

-  135  — 


LAND 


A/IEXJCO 

OF" 


the  north  and  covering  the  greater  part  of  this  northern 
section  of  the  county  is  the  Gila  National  Forest.  The  in- 
corporation of  so  great  a  stretch  of  territory  within  a  Na- 
tional Forest  might  be  assumed  to  be  a  detriment  but 
such  is  not  the  csse.  The  United  States  government  sim- 
ply takes  charge  of  this  land  and  prevents  the  foolish 
waste  of  the  timber,  by  selling  at  a  nominal  figure  only 
matured  trees  and  seeing  that  in  logging  the  timber  the 
buyer  does  not  destroy  the  new  growth  nor  imperil  the 
whole  by  leaving  the  slashing  as  fuel  for  forest  fires.  The 
government  allots  the  pasturage  and  while  protecting  each 
stockman  from  intrusion  by  outsiders  does  not  allow  the 
rancher  himself  to  overstock  and  thus  destroy  his  range. 


owing  to  the  control  of  the  government,  will  increase  in 
value  from  year  to  year  and  be  a  constant  source  of  wealth. 
This  northern  portion  of  Grant  County,  mountainous 
and  timbered  and  traversed  by  sparkling  streams,  consti- 
tutes a  vast  sportsman's  paradise.  Deer  are  to  be  found 
in  large  numbers  and  wild  turkey  are  quite  abundant. 
Bear,  wolves,  and  mountain  lion  as  well  as  smaller  ani- 
mals, are  to  be  found,  while  the  streams  afford  the  deli- 
cious and  gamy  mountain  trout.  The  climate  is  such  at 
almost  all  times  of  the  year  as  to  make  camp  life  a  joy  in 
itself  and  it  is  this  combination  rather  than  the  abundance 
of  game  that  makes  this  particular  section  so  admirably 
suited  to  the  real  sportsman, — the  man  who  goes  into  the 
hills  for  recreation  rather  than  the  slaughter  of  game.  The 


CAMP  LIFE  IN  THE  MOUNTAINS  OF  GKANT  COUNTY 


The  grazing  fee  of  35  cents  per  head  for  cattle  per  year 
if  not  considered  exhorbitant. 

Lands  within  the  National  Forest  are  not  withdrawn 
from  settlement,  but  no  one  is  allowed  to  grab  valuable 
timber  by  locating  a  homestead  upon  it,  as  has  been  done 
in  other  states.  A  tract  of  land  that  is  more  valuable  for 
agriculture  than  for  timber  can  be  homesteaded  in  the 
usual  way  even  in  the  forest.  Such  a  homestead,  how- 
ever, is  not  allowed  to  include  any  timber  land.  An  es- 
timate by  government  experts  places  the  amount  of  timber 
on  the  Gila  Forest  at  eight  billion  feet.  This  timber. 


popular  custom  with  the  residents  of  this  part  of  the  coun- 
try, who  consider  a  few  weeks'  hunting  in  the  fall  as  al- 
most a  necessity  of  existence,  is  to  take  the  wife  and  child- 
ren along.  The  journey  in  and  out  on  horse  or  burro  back, 
the  feasting  on  venison  and  fish,  the  life  in  the  open,  miles 
from  any  human  being,  constitutes  an  outing  that  a*  a 
health  and  energy  producer  cannot  be  equalled.  Silver 
City  is  the  gateway  to  the  hunting  and  fishing  country  and 
capable  guides  can  be  secured  there  as  well  as  horses  and 
other  paraphernalia  necessary.  A  trip  into  the  Upper 
Gila  country  need  not  be  expensive  and  it  would  undoubt- 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  136  — 


"THE    LA  NIP 


A1EXICO 
OF"    OPPORTUNITY 


edly  prove  a  revelation  to  many  who  have  tried  the  better 
known  outing  resorts  of  the  continent. 

Scattered  throughout  the  Upper  Gila  country  are  to  be 
found  numerous  relics  of  prehistoric  peoples,  particularly 
the  cliff  dwellers,  those  interesting  people  who  carved  their 
homes  in  the  cliffs,  and  to  the  person  interested  this  section 
embraces  one  of  the  less  visited  fields  for  study  and  one 
where  conditions  are  always  climatically  pleasing. 

Grant  County  has  been  called  "The  Treasure  Vault  of 
New  Mexico,"  and  this  very  aptly  describes  the  wonder- 
ful wealth  which  lies  locked  in  these  mounatins.  It  was 
the  minerals  that  attracted  the  Spaniards  to  these  parts 
three  hundred  years  ago  and  it  was  the  same  thing  which 
caused  the  hardy  pioneers  to  brave  the  attacks  of  the  sav- 


of  separation  which  will  secure  to  the  miner  the  values  of 
all  the  constituents.  Once  this  problem  is  solved  this  min- 
eral zone,  roughly  speaking,  25  miles  long  by  five  wide, 
will  become  one  vast  mine.  In  the  meantime  operations 
are  confined  to  those  places  where  the  minerals  are  found 
in  simpler  combinations.  At  Fierro  the  Colorado  Fuel  & 
Iron  Company  has  been  for  many  years  cutting  down  and 
shipping  to  Pueblo,  Colo.,  what  is  practically  a  mountain 
of  iron  ore.  At  Hanover  the  Empire  Zinc  Company 
operates  a  property  in  which  this  mineral  predominates.  In 
this  neighborhood  are  mines  which  have  gold  as  their  chief 
product.  Adjoining  the  Chino  on  the  southern  side  are 
mines  where  vanadium  and  lead  are  the  values. 

The   Pinos  Altos  district  which   lies  six  miles  north  of 


OUTDOOR  MFE  IN  GRANT  COUNTY 


age  Indians  and  the  dangers  of  an  unknown  country.    They 
were  rewarded  in  gold,  silver  and  precious  stones. 

The  low  grade  deposits  of  copper,  silver,  zinc,  lead  and 
iron  which  the  earlier  expjorers  had  to  pass  by  as  useless 
to  them,  have  become,  with  modern  methods  of  mining 
and  cheaper  transportation,  the  attractive  mining  features. 
Of  these  the  Chino  Company  which  is  described  elsewhere 
is  the  greatest  example  to  be  found  in  Grant  County. 
Within  five  miles  of  the  Chino  are  producing  mines  of 
iron,  zinc,  gold  and  lead  and  over  vast  stretches  of  ground 
where  these  minerals  are  found  in  combination  are  mil- 
lions upon  millions  of  tons  of  ore  only  awaiting  a  method 


Silver  City  is  one  of  the  oldest  camps  in  the  county  and 
has  passed  through  various  ups  and  downs  to  become  today 
one  of  the  most  important  in  the  whole  district.  Pinos 
Altos  started  as  a  placer  gold  camp  and  later,  when  deeper 
mining  was  undertaken,  produced  many  rich  pockets  of 
gold,  and  is  still  producing  them.  In  addition  to  the  gold 
there  are  mines  within  a  radius  of  a  few  miles  which  pro- 
duce almost  pure  native  silver  and  others  in  which  the 
greater  values  are  in  zinc. 

West  of  Silver  City,  extending  from  the  city  limits  a 
distance  of  1  5  miles,  is  a  section  that  has  produced  about 
$6,000,000  in  silver.  Chloride  Flat,  lying  within  half  a 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


137  — 


LAND 


A1E5CICO 
OF" 


mile  of  the  town,  was  the  most  famous  producer  of  this 
group.  I  he  mining  here  has  been  superficial  in  spite  of 
the  enormous  amount  taken  out.  The  ore  was  found  in 
pockets  and  the  camp  has  been  quiescent  for  several  years. 
Practical  miners  believe  that  were  the  ground  opened  to 
the  second  limestone  contact  richer  ore  than  was  found  on 
the  first  contact  would  be  revealed  with  values  probably 
changing  to  gold.  Even  should  this  not  be  true.  Chloride 
Flat,  like  so  many  other  supposedly  "dead"  camps,  will  no 
doubt  witness  a  grand  revival.  The  silver  country  seems 
to  extend  west  of  Silver  City  as  far  as  Black  Hawk,  which 
was  a  famous  producer  in  days  gone  by. 

The  Burro  Mountain  district  was  brought  into  promi- 
nence by  the  turquoise  mines  there.  It  is  now  a  copper 
camp.  The  mineralized  area  so  far  as  proven,  covers  about 
seven  square  miles  of  country.  The  Phelps-Dodge  Com- 
pany this  year  completed  a  branch  line  of  railroad  into  the 
Burros  and  is  erecting  there  a  1 ,000  ton  mill  to  handle 
the  output  of  its  mines. 

The  southerly  portion  of  the  Burros  is  a  silver  and  gold 
country  with  mines  which  in  the  past  have  been  producers 
and  which  will  surely  enter  the  producing  class  again. 

Tributary  to  Lordsburg,  a  thriving  town  on  the  Southern 
Pacific  railroad,  is  the  Shakespeare  mining  district  con- 
taining the  famous  85  and  other  producing  mines.  The 
values  here  are  largely  copper.  Sixteen  miles  southwest  of 
Lordsburg  the  Stiens  district  has  mines  of  gold  and  copper 
and  ores  of  various  kinds  have  been  found  in  the  wide 
sweep  of  the  county  extending  to  the  international  boundary. 
About  45  miles  west  of  Silver  City,  on  the  western 
boundary  of  the  county,  is  the  Carlisle  district  named  from 
a  famous  old  mine  which  produced  its  millions  in  gold 
many  years  ago.  Undoubtedly  this  section  will  witness  a 
revival  since  low  grade  ores  in  large  quantities  exist  there 
over  a  wide  range  of  country. 

Northeast  of  Silver  City  about  45  miles  is  a  huge  de- 
posit of  aluminum  oxide  which  will  some  day  be  made  n 
source  of  this  metal.  Not  far  distant  deposits  of  meer- 
schaum have  been  worked  and  will  receive  further  atten- 
tion in  the  future. 

The  possibility  of  developing  a  large  amount  of  power 
on  the  Gila  River  some  thirty  mile*  from  Silver  City  has 
been  proven  and  this  will  have  an  important  bearing  on  the 
future  of  mining  in  all  this  section. 

To  give  an  adequate  idea  of  even  the  extent  of  the 
mineral-bearing  zones  in  Grant  County  is  an  impossibility 


in  an  article  of  this  length  but  possibly  enough  has  been 
said  to  indicate  to  those  interested  that  there  exists  here  a 
county  of  unusual  possibilities  and  one  well  worthy  of  in- 
vestigation. 

Finally,   it   should  be   emphasized   that  Grant  County 


Mill  M  \IN    (l.lMIUNt.    IN    tJHAVT  rW'XTY 

possesses  a  wonderfully  "liveable"  climate;  that  to  the  man 
in  search  of  help  to  fight  tuberculosis  it  is  the  best  obtain- 
able: that  to  the  prospect  of  health  it  adds  a  world  of 
varied  opportunity  for  wealth. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  138  — 


THE    LA1SJD 


JVIEXICO 
OF' 


SILVER  CITY,  COUNTY  SEAT,  GRANT  COUNTY 


N  THE  late  70's  and  early  80's  Silver  City 
was  the  most  flourishing  city  in  New  Mexico. 
From  Chloride  Flat,  half  a  mile  away,  Black 
Hawk,  12  miles  west,  and  Georgetown, 
20  miles  east,  big  companies  were  taking  oul 
fabulous  quantities  of  silver  while  hundreds 
of  small  miners  working  on  their  own  claims  were  turning 
in  "platas"  of  silver  to  the  banks  and  stores.  On  the  slopes 
of  the  Pinos  Altos  mountains,  six  miles  north,  rich  gold 
placers  were  putting  men  on  easy  street  every  day.  Com- 
mon miners  were  drawing  $10  per  day  as  wages.  The 
population  having  been  so  largely  drawn  from  the  ranks 
of  the  most  daring  and  the  most  reckless  in  the  whole  coun- 
try the  result  can  be  imagined.  One  famous  old  saloon 
employed  an  orchestra  imported  from  San  Francisco  which 
cost  $1,000  per  month  and  three  shifts  of  eight  bartenders 
each  were  required  to  serve  the  thirsty.  The  big  gambling 
games,  with  stacks  of  gold  and  silver  coin  on  the  tables, 
never  ceased  from  one  week's  end  to  another.  As  every 
man  carried  a  gun  killings  were  as  frequent  as  other  crimes 
were  scarce. 

Conditions  of  this  kind  seldom  last  very  long.  The  su- 
perficial but  exceedingly  rich  deposits  of  silver  were  soon 
exhausted  and  the  placers  worked  out.  When  silver  slumped 
in  price  the  ruin  was  almost  complete  and  it  looked  as 


though  Silver  City  would  soon  be  little  more  than  a  name. 
Georgetown,  Black  Hawk  and  Chloride  Flat  are  today 
without  activity  although  large  deposits  of  silver  ores  still 
exist  in  all  three  places. 

In  the  meantime  the  gold  at  Mogollon  and  Pinos  Altos, 
the  copper  and  turquoise  in  the  Burro  Mountains,  the  cop- 
per at  Santa  Rita,  the  iron  at  Fierro  and  the  zinc  at  Hail' 
over  were  attracting  capital  from  all  over  the  country,  and 
the  stock  raising  industry,  which  was  yearly  becoming  more 
extensive  and  more  profitable,  kept  Silver  City  from  fading 
away  as  so  many  western  mining  camps  have  done.  Still 
another  factor  was  already  exerting  its  influence  in  keeping 
Silver  City  alive.  This  was  the  climate.  Among  the 
earlier  residents  were  a  number  of  those  who  had  come 
west  because  they  were  doomed  to  die  of  tuberculosis  and 
their  physicians  recommended  the  west  as  the  last  desperate 
chance.  Many  of  these  people  recovered  in  this  marvel- 
lous climate  and  formed  the  neucleus  of  <«  population  that 
was  permanent  whether  times  were  good  or  not.  The  ideal 
all-the-year  climate  attracted  others,  not  healthseekers,  and 
thus  the  town  during  its  years  of  depression  maintained  its 
existence  and  even  grew  in  quite  a  substantial  manner. 

With  resources  of  such  a  varied  and  desirable  charac- 
ter behind  it,  Silver  City  quickly  recovered  from  the  de- 
pression following  the  lurid  days  of  its  early  history,  and 


in- 


PANORAMA    VIEW    COTTAGE    SANATORIUM — SIL.VE  R  CITY'S    HEALTH  COLONY 


RESOURCCS_AN^INDUSTFTIES  OFJTHE  SUNSHINE  STATE_ 

—  139  — 


— 
TTHE    LAND 


MEXICO 
OF"    QRRQRTUTSIITVr 


from  that  time  to  the  present  its  development  has  been 
steady  and  of  the  permanent  kind  that  denotes  solidarity. 
Today  Silver  City  is  a  modem  town  of  four  thousand 
people.  It  has  fine  institutions  of  learning  and  churches. 


UK. II    M  IIIXH,    III   II  HIM.    AT   K1LVKK   CITY 

electric  current  for  light  and  power,  waterworks,  sewers, 
and  is  now  paving  the  main  business  streets  with  concrete. 

As  an  indication  of  the  financial  standing  of  the  town 
it  may  be  mentioned  that  it  has  three  thriving  banks.  The 
Silver  City  National,  the  oldest  banking  institution,  with  a 
capital  of  $50.000.  has  a  surplus  of  over  $100,000  and 
deposits  of  over  a  million.  The  American  National,  also 
with  a  capital  of  $50,000.  has  a  surplus  of  over  $50,000 
and  deposits  exceeding  $800,000.  The  recently  organized 
Peoples  Savings  Bank  and  Trust  Company  has  a  capital 
of  $100,000  and  is  already  a  factor  in  the  business  life 
of  the  community. 

There  are  two  things  which  distinguish  Silver  City  from 
the  thousands  of  other  towns  of  about  the  same  size:  :ts 
unusual  climate  and  the  cosmopolitan  character  of  its 
people. 

Wide  stretches  of  the  Southwest  are  known  to  be  favor- 
able in  the  treatment  of  tuberculosis  but  there  is  not  one 
spot  in  this  whole  vast  region  that  has  a  climate  so  per- 
fectly adapted  to  the  cure  of  the  white  plague  as  Silver 
City.  Every  one  of  the  climatic  factors' so  important  in 
the  cure  of  tuberculosis  are  found  in  combination  in  the 
climate  of  Silver  City  and  found  throughout  twelve  months 
of  every  year. 

Silver  City  has  just  the  degree  of  altitude  necessary  to 
give  the  maximum  aid  to  the  consumptive.  It  has  as  much 
drynes*  a*  is  possible  without  destroying  vegetation  to  the 
point  where  dust  storms  are  possible.  It  has  more  sun- 


shine than  any  other  health  resort  in  the  world.  What  's 
of  the  utmost  importance  it  enjoys  summer  weather  abso- 
lutely devoid  of  those  extremes  of  heat  so  deadly  to  suffer- 
ers from  tuberculosis.  The  winters  are  mild  and  bright 
and  yet  cold  enough  to  lend  snap  and  vigor  to  the  constitu- 
tion and  to  generate  the  life-giving  appetite  for  fattening 
foods.  Residents  of  the  north  may  prefer  to  spend  a 
winter  vacation  in  the  tropics  or  semi-tropics,  but  such  a 
climate  is  not  the  place  for  the  person  engaged  in  a  life 
and  death  struggle  with  tuberculosis.  In  addition.  Silver 
City  is  so  located  among  the  foothills  of  the  mountains  that 
it  is  afforded  unusual  protection  from  high  winds,  a  feature 
too  often  overlooked  in  seeking  a  climate  for  the  health- 
seeker. 

The  unusual  excellence  of  the  Silver  City  climate  was 
first  noted  by  the  experts  of  a  government  commission 
seeking  a  location  for  a  sanatorium  for  the  tuberculosis 
sufferers  in  the  U.  S.  Army.  They  chose  Fort  Bayard,  an 
old  army  post  near  Silver  City,  as  possessing  the  most  per- 
fect climate  to  be  found  in  the  country.  Their  finding 
was  corroborated  by  the  sick  reports  from  this  station 
which  were  invariably  lower  than  from  any  other  place 
where  soldiers  were  stationed.  Fort  Bayard  was  selected 
as  the  site  for  the  sanatorium  and  after  several  years  trial 
proved  its  worth  so  conclusively  that  over  a  million  dollars 


MI  \  1:1:   i  1 1\    in  M.  \i.<>\\ 

have  been  spent  upon  it,  and  it  is  today  the  largest  and 
most  successful  institution  of  its  kind  in  the  world. 

A*  a  result  of  its  early  history  and  the  fact  that  its 
climate  attracts  the  wealthy  and  cultured  from  all  parts  of 
the  world  the  people  of  Silver  City  are  cosmopolitan  and 


—  140  — 


. 

THE    LAND  OF" 


metropolitan  to  an  unusual  degree.  This  is  reflected  in  the 
business  and  professional  men  of  the  town,  many  of  whom 
left  prominent  positions  to  seek  health  and  having  found  it, 
settled  down  contentedly  where  the  climate  is  always  sa- 


SILVER  CITY  RESIDENCE 

lubrious  and  where  prospects  for  the  future  are  as  promis- 
ing as  anywhere  in  the  broad  expanse  of  these  United 
States. 

Silver  City  is  the  location  of  one  of  New  Mexico's  most 
important  state  institutions  of  learning,  the  New  Mexico 
Normal  School.  Founded  in  1  894  the  school  early  estab- 
lished a  reputation  for  the  completeness  and  thoroughness 
of  its  teaching,  a  reputation  that  has  broadened  as  the 
years  went  by.  Dr.  C.  M.  Light,  who  has  been  president 
since  the  founding  of  the  school,  resigned  last  year  and 
was  succeeded  by  Prof.  E.  L.  Enloe,  who  had  been  as- 
sistant president.  Three  principal  courses  are  maintained; 
the  professional,  which  covers  six  years  and  includes  the 
regular  high  school  course ;  the  academic,  covering  four 
years  and  fitting  students  for  the  university;  the  business 
course,  which  includes  bookkeeping  and  stenography.  The 
Training  School  includes  work  from  the  kindergarten  up 
to  the  eighth  grade.  The  Summer  School  which  lasts  for 
eight  weeks  is  especially  for  teachers  although  much  of  the 
academic  work  is  covered.  A  correspondence  department 
is  also  maintained.  A  faculty  of  fourteen  is  required. 

The  institution  is  centrally  located  in  Silver  City  on  a 
campus  of  twenty  acres  and  the  principal  buildings  number 
five.  The  main  building  is  three  stories  in  height  and  con- 
tains in  addition  to  class  rooms,  the  offices  and  library. 
The  Girls'  Dormitory  is  a  commodious  building  with  par- 
lors, dining  room,  kitchen,  laundry,  etc.  In  addition  to 


this  are  the  training  school,  the  manual  training  depart- 
ment and  the  gymnasium.  The  total  value  of  the  property 
of  the  institution  is  over  $60,000. 

The  pioneer  institution  for  the  treatment  of  tuberculosis 
in  Silver  City  is  St.  Joseph's  Sanatorium,  conducted  by  the 
Sislers  of  Mercy.  St.  Joseph's  is  pleasantly  located  on  an 
eminence  in  the  western  part  of  the  town  and  is  admirably 
situated  to  secure  protection  by  the  nearby  mountains.  The 
main  building  is  so  constructed  that  the  rooms  front  on 
wide  porches  in  two  directions  thus  affording  the  patient  a 
choice  according  to  the  weather  so  that  he  may  be  out  of 
doors  in  comfort  the  year  around.  The  rooms  are  fur- 
nished with  view  to  the  entire  comfort  of  the  patient.  For 
those  prefering  it,  separate  cottages  are  available.  There  is 
a  separate  infirmary  for  febrile  cases. 

Dr.  Oliver  T.  Hyde,  medical  director  of  the  institution, 
has  had  a  very  wide  experience  in  tuberculosis  and  has 
made  a  splendid  record  in  St.  Joseph's. 

St.  Joseph's  offers  an  opportunity  of  securing  all  the  ad- 
vantages of  the  matchless  Silver  City  climate  under  condi- 
tions which  give  the  sufferer  every  possible  chance  of  re- 
covery. There  is  expert  medicai  care  and  advice,  accom- 
modations of  high  class  adapted  to  the  purpose  in  view, 
careful  nursing  and  selected  food,  all  under  the  super- 
vision of  members  of  an  order  who  has  devoted  their  lives 
to  this  work. 

The  Academy  of  Our  Lady  of  Lourdes  is  Silver  City's 
one  private  educational  institution.  It  is  one  which  the 
citizens  very  generally  are  proud  to  possess  and  glad  to 


•• 


SILVER   CITY'S   PROPOSED  NEW   HOTEL 

recommend.  The  buildings  are  admirably  located  and 
commodious  and  the  instruction  given  is  efficient  and  thor- 
ough. Aside  from  general  education  high  class  instruc- 
tion is  given  in  music,  languages  and  art,  as  well  as  fancy 
work  and  lace  making.  The  musical  department  includes 


RESOURCESAND  INDUSTRIES  OFJTHE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  141  — 


instruction  on  the  piano,  organ,  and  stringed  instruments 
and  the  art  department  offers  instruction  in  all  branches  of 
painting  and  drawing.  In  combination  with  the  healthful 
and  pleasant  winter  and  summer  climate  of  Silver  City  the 
Academy  of  Our  Lady  of  Lourdes  is  a  most  excellent 
place  for  girls  and  young  ladies. 

The  Silver  City  Hotel  Company,  comprised  mostly  of 
local  capitalists,  is  erecting  a  beautiful,  four-story  tourist 
hotel.  In  addition  to  the  one  hundred  guest  rooms,  one- 
half  of  which  are  fitted  with  private  bath,  are  ornamental 


screened  sleeping  porches  to  add  to  the  comfort  of  the 
guests.  The  lobby,  which  will  in  a  social  way  as  well  as 
political  and  otherwise,  be  the  center  of  Grant  County,  is 
large  and  spacious  and  of  a  decorative  plaster  finish.  Just 
to  the  back  of  the  lobby  and  raised  a  few  steps  is  the  beau- 
tifully appointed  dining  room.  The  mezzanine  floor  above 
the  lobby  is  devoted  to  parlors,  rest  room,  writing  rooms 
and  sample  room.  In  addition  to  the  many  attractive  fea- 
tures of  the  hotel  proper,  the  entire  roof  is  one  large  roof 
garden. 


NEW  MEXICO  COTTAGE  SANATORIUM 

=  SILVER  CITY,  NEW  MEXICO  ^= 


,T  Siher  City,  New  Mexico,  there  is  located 
one  of  the  best  and  most  thoroughly  equipped 
institutions  for  the  treatment  of  tuberculosis 
to  be  found  in  North  America.  Situated  in 
a  superb  climate — where  the  summers  are 
cool  and  the  winters  moderate;  there  being 
an  average  of  over  three  hundred  days  of  sunshine  in  each 
year — is  The  New  Mexico  Cottage  Sanatorium.  It  is,  as 
its  name  suggests,  a  "cottage"  institution.  The  cottages 
consist  of  three  kind:  frame,  with  screened-in  porches,  con- 
taining baths  and  toilets;  cement,  or  stucco;  and  tent.  They 
are  built  around  courts  or  plazas,  and  so  constructed  that 
the  ventilation  is  perfect.  While  it  costs  more  to  administer 
a  sanatorium  built  on  the  lines  of  individual  cottages,  experi- 
ence has  shown  that  patients  are  happier  and  more  com- 
fortable in  "homes"  of  their  own,  and  this  happy  spirit 
tend;  to  securing  better  results. 

I  he  general  jchcme  of  architecture  of  the  institution  is 
•hat  famous  throughout  the  Southwest  as  "Old  Mission", 
The  buildings  --  Founder's  House;  the  Elizabeth  D. 
Lowrie  Memorial  Administration;  the  Anne  Thomson  In- 
fnmary;  the  Wocdville  Memorial  Pavilion;  the  Aubrey 
Fcrrall  Lee  Memorial — are  of  cement  construction,  and 
from  these  units  the  institution  spreadt  itself  out  in  a 
beau'.iful  valley  so  surrounded  by  hills  and  mountains  th  it 
there  it  an  entire  absence  of  dust  storms  which  ar-  a  dis- 
agreeable feature  in  many  places  in  the  Southwest.  An 
abundant  «upply  of  pure  mountain  water — free  from  al- 
kali; a  fine  herd  of  tuberculin  tested  Holstein.  Durham. 
Jersey  and  Guernsey  cows;  a  cold  storage  and  refrigerat- 
ing plant;  a  complete  system  of  sewage;  an  incinerator  for 
the  disposal  of  sputum,  are  evidence*  of  the  thoroughness 
and  completeness  of  the  equipment  from  the  sanitary  and 
business  point  of  view. 

The  medical  end  is  under  the  direction  of  one  of  the 


most  competent,  painstaking  and  conscientious  specialists 
in  the  treatment  of  tuberculosis.  A  victim  of  the  disease 
himself — from  which  he  made  a  complete  recovery  in  this 
climate  seventeen  years  ago — he  understands  in  an  unusual 
degree  the  peculiarities  of,  and  the  perplexities  and  trials 
that  confront  the  average  patient.  His  rare  sympathy;  his 
kind  and  genial  nature,  and  his  splendid  medical  judgment, 
combine  to  make  a  stay  under  his  excellent  care  a  joyful 
rather  than  an  irksome  experience. 

All  the  scientific  methods  of  treatment  which  have 
proven  their  usefulness  are  employed.  These  include  tu- 
berculin, which  is  administered  in  selected  cases,  and  arti- 
ficial pneumothorax,  or  compression  of  the  lung  by  means 
of  nitrogen  gas,  used  in  patients  in  whom  this  form  of 
treatment  is  indicated.  A  complete  X-ray  apparatus,  and 
a  laboratory,  where  many  problems  connected  with  the 


\<<>i:\ii:oi    mi    <  on  \«.i    -  \\  \  mmiM. 

disease  are  worked  out,  adds  to  the  scientific  end  of  the 
work  and  is  an  assurance  and  guaranty  to  the  patient  that 
everything  connected  with  his  welfare  has  been  supplied 
by  the  management. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

•™  *™ * 

—  142  - 


THE:  LA  NIP 


A4EXICO 

OF" 


LORDSBURG— GRANT  COUNTY 


.  ORDSBURG  is  situated  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  New  Mexico,  in  Grant  County.  It 
is  the  junction  of  the  Southern  Pacific  and  the 
Arizona  &  New  Mexico  railroads.  Over 
the  Arizona  &  New  Mexico  road  it  has  con- 
nection with  the  El  Paso  &  Southwestern  sys- 
tem at  Hachita,  in  the  same  county,  forty  miles  to  the 
southeast.  Thus  it  has  the  advantaga  of  connection  wit!i 
the  two  big  railroad  systems  of  the  Southwest. 

Lordsburg  is  a  division  point  on  the  Southern  Pacific, 
the  division  east  extending  to  El  Paso,  Texas,  and  west  to 
Tucson,  Arizona.  It  has  a  large  railroad  population,  con- 
sisting of  the  trainmen  working  on  both  divisions  and  the 
shopmen  and  repairmen  needed  by  the  company  here. 

Lordsburg  is  on  other  important  lines  of  travel.  It  is 
a  station  on  the  Borderland  Route,  the  great  automobile 
highway  leading  from  Dodge  City,  Kansas,  on  the  Santa 
Fe  trail,  through  northwestern  Texas,  into  New  Mexico 
at  Roswell,  to  El  Paso,  Texas,  Lordsburg  and  Rodeo, 
New  Mexico,  to  Douglas,  Phoenix  and  Yuma,  Arizona, 
and  then  through  Southern  California  to  San  Diego  and 
other  California  points. 

Lordsburg  is  also  on  the  Southern  Transcontinental  au- 
tomobile route,  which  extends  from  Washington,  through 
the  southern  states,  joins  the  Borderland  route  at  Roswell, 
follows  it  to  Lordsburg,  where  it  forks,  and  goes  down  the 
valley  of  the  Gila  river,  through  Duncan,  Clifton,  Solo- 
monsville,  Safford,  Globe,  the  Roosevelt  dam,  to  Phoenix, 
where  it  again  joins  the  Borderland  route. 

Lordsburg  has  a  daily  auto  stage  line  running  to  Tyrone 
and  Silver  City,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county,  and 


a  semi-weekly  star  route  mail  line  to  Redrock,  a   village 
located  on  the  Gila  river. 

Lordsburg  is  the  center  of  a  great  cattle  breeding  coun- 
try.    Thousands  of«:attle  are  shipped  from  here  annually. 


STKEET  SCENE  IN  LOUDSBURG 

Nowhere  is  a  larger  percentage  of  calves  born  than  in  this 
vicinity. 

Lordsburg  has  all  the  necessities  of  modern  civiliation, 
railroads,  telegraph,  local  and  long  distance  telegraph, 
bank,  electric  lights,  water  works,  ice  plant,  garages,  gaso- 
line supply  stations,  newspaper,  schools,  churches,  lodges, 
hotels,  large  mercantile  establishments  and  an  intelligent, 
up-to-date  population,  which  will  welcome  the  visitor, 
whether  he  comes  to  call  or  to  locate. 

The  report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  for 
1912,  the  last  one  printed,  gives  the  following  as  the  min- 
eral production  of  this  district  from  1904  to  1912,  in- 
clusive : 


Year. 


Tonnage. 


Gold. 


Silver. 


Copper. 


Lead. 


Total  Value. 


904 

Short  (ons. 
250 

$     1,184 
10 
5,168 
8,761 
10,617 
25.983 
59,798 
106,648 
144,859 

Fine  ounces. 
2,580 
7,584 
27,261 
31,303 
9.889 
50,154 
130.324       1 
182,448       2 
275.251        3 

Pounds.             Pounds. 
18,200            12,000 
48,000      

$.    5,582 
12,079 
64,465 
122,646 
50,534 
129,140 
337.742 
510,359 
835,015 

905 

366 

906  . 

1,743 

212,601      ... 
463,335 
259,079 
589,969 
.627,591 
,455,336 
.155.585 

10,522 
11,363 
8,862 
19,662 
2,157 
4.562 

907 

5,645 

908 

.  .      .  .             7,532 

909  ... 

10,690 

910  ..  . 

29,220 

911   .. 

46,139 

912  . 

55,340 

ncrease 

9  201 

38,211 

92,803 

700,249 

2.405 

324,656 

S» 

RESOURCES  AND 

INDUSTRIES  OF  THE 

SUNSHINE 

STATE 

3 

—  143  — 

L-ANID  OF"    OR RQRTUNITV" 


Lordsbnrg  is  not  in  a  natural  agricultural  section  of  the 
State,  the  rainfall  here  not  being  large  enough  for  the 
support  of  the  dryest  of  the  dry  farmers.  However,  there 
are  many  valleys  where  there  is  very  rich  land,  and  where 
water  in  abundance  can  be  developed  near  the  surface.  In 
these,  irrigation,  by  the  use  of  pumps,  is  practical  and  econ- 
omical. These  valleys  are  being  homesteaded,  wells 
drilled,  pumping  plants  installed,  and.  where  water  can 
be  put  on  the  ground,  luxuriant  crops  produced.  To 
the  man  who  is  looking  for  an  opening  where  he  can  make 
a  home,  a  good  living  and  much  money,  the  valleys  of  this 


section,  which  are  underlaid  with  water,  offer  a  great  at- 
traction. The  land  is  owned  by  the  Government,  and  can 
be  homesteaded,  or  taken  up  under  the  desert  land  act. 

Lordsburg  is  the  center  of  a  large  mining  district.  There 
are  many  mines  at  from  two  to  twenty  miles  distant  that  do 
their  trading  here.  The  second  largest  copper  mine  of  the 
State  is  but  three  miles  from  Lordsburg.  It  produces  more 
than  two  million  pounds  of  copper  per  year,  and  the  copper 
carries  enough  gold  and  silver  to  bring  the  value  of  the 
product  to  above  half  a  million  of  dollars.  There  are 
many  chances  for  the  intelligent  prospector  to  make  a  strike. 


i 


N 


.  J 


MEXICO 


K~        RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  144  — 


CHINO 

COPPER  COMPANY 

SANTA  RITA 

o 

BY  JOHN   M.   SULLY 

O 

HURLEY 

THE  STORY  OF  THE  SANTA  RITA  DEL  COBRE  GRANT  AND  ITS  DEVELOPMENT  FROM  DISCOVERY 
TO  THE  PRESENT  DATE. 

IKE,  in  1  807,  refers  to  a  copper  mine  west  of 
the  Rio  Grande,  in  latitude  34°  North, 
yielding  20,000  mule-loads  of  metal  annu- 
ally; that  vessels  of  copper  are  among  the 
exports  of  the  country.  This  must  have  been 
the  Santa  Rita  mine,  as  Bartlett  says  it  was 
worked  in  1 804.  "This  mine  was  discovered  in  1 800, 
by  Lieutenant  Colonel  Carrasco,  through  the  aid  of  an 
Indian." — Twitchell,  Leading  Facts  of  N.  M.  History, 
Vol.  I,  p.  475. 


SANTA   KITA— THE  KNEELING  NUN   SEEN   AT  THE 
AI/TAR 

This  bare  statement  marks  the  beginning  in  history  of  an 
industry  which  has  raised  the  State  of  New  Mexico  from 


the  bottom  of  the  list  in  1910  to  sixth  place  in  point  of 
copper  production  among  all  the  states  of  the  Union — the 
Santa  Rita  copper  mines.  Tradition,  or  legend,  goes  back 


SAXTA  KITA — "THE  KNEELING   NUN" 

much  further  and  adds  not  a  small  flavor  of  romance  to  the 
whole,  though  surely  fact  is  romantic  enough.  Tradition 
has  it  that  for  many  years  prior  to  the  date  when  the  Santa 
Rita  copper  district  was  first  known  to  white  men,  the 
Apache  Indians,  fiercest  and  most  bloodthirsty  of  all  New 
Mexico  aborigines,  had  possessed  knowledge  of  the  great 
field  of  red  metal,  and  had  perhaps  even  known  something 
of  its  uses.  The  Apache,  being  a  hunter  and  fighter  rather 
than  given  to  peaceful  pursuits,  probably  made  no  use  of 
this  knowledge  and  acquired  it  in  his  maraudings  from  the 
Pueblos  or  other  Indians  who  followed  the  more  peaceful 
occupations.  In  any  event  tradition  has  it  that  an  Apache 
chief,  grateful  for  some  real  or  fancied  service  done  to  him 
by  a  Spanish  Colonel,  Jose  Manuel  Carrasco,  an  officer 
in  charge  of  an  army  post  in  New  Mexico,  imparted  to  him 
the  knowledge  of  the  metal  deposit,  and  some  historians  fix 
the  date  of  this  revelation  as  I  800.  Others  declare  that  it 
was  in  the  latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  century. 

The  occurrence  of  considerable  exposures  of  the  native 
copper  metal  gives  ground  for  the  belief  that  any  Indians 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  .STATED 


—  145  — 


THE    LAISID  OF*    QPRORTUNITV" 


who  had  knowledge  of  copper  and  who  lived  within  even  a 
large  radius  of  the  deposit  obtained  their  metal  from  Santa 
Rita.  This  brings  up  another  mooted  question,  for  scien- 
tists and  historians  fail  to  agree  as  to  whether  or  not  the 


I.   TIIK    KM   I   IIN«.    M  V      2.   TUT.     \I.T.\H. 

Indians  of  that  time  and  place  knew  of  copper.  Suffice  it 
that  the  Indians  gave  a  copper  hawk-bell  to  one  of  the 
companion*  of  Alvar  Nunez  de  Vaca,  and  Twitchell  re- 
cords the  speech  of  an  Indian  chief,  when  Estevan.  a 
negro,  went  to  the  pueblo  of  Hawaikuh.  "gaily  bedecked 
in  feathers,  gourds  and  bells,"  as  follows:  "Those  bells 
are  not  of  our  fashion."  Twilchell  further  comments  on 
this  statement  as  evidencing  the  fact  that  the  Indians  did 
have  knowledge  of  copper  and  made  use  of  copper  bells 
for  some  purposes.  He  also  makes  other  statements  corro- 
borative of  thr  theorv  that  the  Indians  knew  and  uwd 
copper.  Certainly,  though,  there  is  no  evidence  that  any 


New  Mexican  or  Arizona  Indians  knew  anything  of  smelt- 
ing complex  sulphide  ores,  and  this  would  lead  to  the 
opinion  that  any  copper  they  may  have  owned  or  worked 
had  come  from  the  native  metal  copper  deposits  of  the 
Santa  Rita  district,  there  being  no  such  other  deposits, 
cropping  on  the  surface,  of  this  character  known  in  the 
Southwest. 

Carrasco  evidently  recognized  the  value  of  the  mine 
immediately,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  native  copper  metal 
showed  on  the  surface.  It  is  said  further  that  he  had  a 
knowledge  of  the  Rio  Tinto,  the  great  copper  deposit  of 
Spain.  Carrasco  interested  Don  Francisco  Manuel  El- 
guea,  of  Chihuahua,  a  wealthy  merchant,  banker  and  sub- 
delegate  to  the  Spanish  court,  in  the  property.  Through  his 
large  personal  influence  as  well  as  his  great  wealth,  Don 
Francisco  was  enabled  to  obtain  a  concession  of  the  land 
from  the  Mexican  Government.  This  concession  was 
known  as  the  Santa  Rita  del  Cobre  Grant,  and  as  will  be 
shown  later,  this  grant  forms  part  of  the  present  title  to  the 
property.  Tradition  also  has  it  that  the  earliest  work  was 
done  by  Spanish  prisoners  and  convicts.  F.lguea  bought  tht 
interest  of  Carrasco  in  I  804,  and  shortly  thereafter  made 
a  contract  to  supply  the  royal  mint  with  copper  for  coin- 
age; the  native  copper  metal  as  mined  only  requiring  the 
most  primitive  methods  to  put  it  in  condition  for  minting. 
The  work  in  this  field  was  the  second  mining  work  done  in 
the  territory  now  occupied  by  the  United  States,  being  pre- 
ceded alone  by  that  in  the  Lake  Superior  copper  district. 

Elguea  made  several  trips  from  Chihuahua  to  the  source 
of  his  fortune,  and  it  was  on  the  occasion  of  the  second  of 
these  that  he  built  a  triangular  fort  provided  with  towers  of 
the  martello  type  at  each  corner,  loop-holed  not  only  in  the 
lowers  but  in  the  connecting  adobe  walls  as  well.  Without 
doubt  this  fort  was  built  not  only  to  provide  protection 
against  the  Indians,  but  also  to  safeguard  the  convict  labor 
which  Elguea  hacT  been  enabled  to  obtain  from  the  Mexi- 
can Government.  While  Elguea  was  enabled  to  obtain 
cheap  labor,  the  cost  of  transportation  was  a  costly  item, 
and  primitive  smelting  works  were  erected  by  him  to  reduce 
the  irregular  slabs,  sheets  and  flakes  of  native  copper  into 
ingots  that  were  more  easily  stored  on  mule-back  or  in  carts. 

In  1 809  Elguea  died,  and  one  Juan  Oniz  operated  the 
property  under  contract  from  the  widow  and  heir*  of  El- 
guea. The  first  American  to  visit  the  mine  was  James 
Pattie.  a  trapper,  hunter  and  explorer,  who.  in  his  "Narra- 
tive" tell*  of  the  working  of  the  mine  by  a  Spanish  super- 
intendent. Juan  Oniz.  for  the  Spanish  owner.  Francisco 
Pablo  Legara.  It  would  term  from  this  that  probably  Le- 
gar*  wa«  •  representative  of  the  Elguea  heir*,  as  there  it 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTfflCS  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  146  — 


A1EXICO 
LAND  OF"    QFF^ORTUNITV" 


no  evidence  of  a  transfer  of  the  title  of  the  Santa  Rita  del 
Cobre  Grant  from  the  Elgueas  to  anyone  until  a  transfer 
was  made  in  1873.  Pattie  and  his  associates  finally  leased 
the  mine  for  five  years,  agreeing  to  pay  $  1 ,000  a  year,  and 


"One  day  young  Pattie  and  two  companions  were  out 
hunting  deer,  when  they  discovered  the  trail  of  six  Indians 
approaching  the  mines.  Following  the  trail  for  about  a 
mile  they  came  upon  the  Indians,  who  immediately  fled. 


apparently  worked  it  until   1827,  when  Legara  was  exiled      The   Americans   pursued   and   soon   overtook   them,   when 


PARTIAL  VIEW   OF  OLD   SPANISH    FOUT 


as  a  Spaniard.  The  implication  is  that  the  mine  was  aban- 
doned at  that  time.  These  statements  are  corroborated  by 
Twitchell,  who  declares  in  his  "Leading  Facts,"  etc.,  that 
by  1825  the  trapper  himself  was  engaged  in  working  the 
mine. 

The  Indians  at  that  time  occasioned  a  great  deal  of 
trouble,  though  trappers  aided  in  keeping  them  in  bounds, 
through  treaties  and  sometimes  by  force.  The  Patties  in 


one  of  the  Indians  dodged  into  a  ravine,  where  he  was 
quickly  surrounded.  As  soon  as  he  saw  it  was  impossible 
for  him  to  escape,  the  Indian  threw  away  his  bow  and 
arrows  and  begged  the  Americans  not  to  kill  him.  One 
of  the  men  rode  up  to  him,  while  the  other  two  stood  with 
guns  cocked  ready  to  shoot  if  he  made  the  least  sign  or 
motion  to  secure  his  weapons.  The  Indian,  however,  re- 
mained perfectly  quiet  and  was  quickly  tied  by  the  hands 


IiriXS   OF   OLD   SPANISH   FORT 


1825  made  a  treaty  of  peace  with  the  Apaches  and  by  in- 
ference, this  was  afterward  adhered  to  by  both  parties 
with  the  utmost  strictness.  Twitchell  uses  the  story  which 
follows  to  illustrate  the  racial  feeling  between  the  Indians 
and  the  Spaniards  which  had  developed  by  that  time : 


and  driven  ahead  toward  the  mines.  The  party  had  gone 
only  about  a  hundred  yards  when  the  Indian  pointed  out 
a  hollow  tree,  intimating  that  another  Indian  was  concealed 
there.  He  was  ordered  to  instruct  his  companion  to  make 
no  resistance  or  he  would  be  killed.  The  Indian  immedi- 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—   147  — 


"THE    LAISIP 


A1EXICO 
OF"    ORRORTUIMTTV 


ately  came  out  with  his  bow  and  his  hands  were  tied  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  other's.  They  were  taken  to  the  mines 
and  put  in  prison.  The  Mexicans  who  were  working  at 
the  mines,  exasperated  with  their  recent  cruelties  and  mur- 
ders, were  determined  to  kill  them,  but  their  lives  were 
spared  owing  to  the  interference  of  the  Americans.  On 
the  day  following  the  Indians  were  questioned  and  one  of 
them  was  told  to  leave  the  camp  and  tell  his  chief  to  come 
in  with  all  his  warriors  and  make  peace.  One  Indian  was 
detained  as  a  hostage,  the  other  being  assured  that  if  the 
chief  did  not  come  in  and  make  peace  his  companion  would 
be  put  to  death.  After  the  Indian  left,  the  elder  Pattie. 
by  way  of  precaution,  put  in  requisition  all  the  arms  that 


been  prepared  and  a  blanket  spread  upon  which  the  chief 
might  be  seated.  As  soon  as  the  Indians  appeared  they 
threw  down  their  arms;  four  chiefs  came  up,  and  all,  in- 
cluding the  two  Patties,  sat  down  on  the  blanket.  The  sub- 
ject of  the  treaty  was  discussed;  the  Indians  were  asked 
if  they  were  ready  to  make  peace,  and  if  not,  what  wer: 
their  objections?  They  replied  that  they  had  no  objections 
to  a  peace  with  the  Americans  but  would  never  make  one 
with  the  Spaniards.  When  asked  their  reasons  they  re- 
plied that  they  had  been  at  war  with  the  Spaniards  for 
many  years  and  that  a  great  many  murders  had  been  com- 
mitted by  both  sides.  They  admitted  that  they  had  stolen 
a  great  many  horses,  but  indignantly  alleged  that  a  large 


-  \\  I  \    Kl  I  \.    V    M..   I  OOKINC.   -01  Til     \M>   I    \v|      <  I   Nil  |;    <  >|     <  II I  No    (  ori'l   1 1    «  >.'S    I'KOPKKTY 

1.   M»nmrr.  B««ld«oc».     t.  Pout  offlrr  and   Ixxlgr  Roam.     S.   MrrrlnimllM-  W  iirrhouw.     4.  Santa  KIU  Blare  Co.  Bide.     .V  Mine  Office. 

•.  Staff  Home*.     7.  Machine  Shop,     ft.  romprrmor  riant.     0.   Drill   Shop.       in     Tnin.r..rtnrr    II. .ii-r.       II.    Oil    Wnrrhouiw.      It.    Slram 

Mwrri    Hupply   Wan-home.      13.   C'arprnlpr   .shop.      14.   Wul<-r-«oft«-nln»  riant  on  (iold  Mill.     IS.  Danta  Kiln   Mountain.     IB.  Muln  Y«rd. 

17.   MM   TVrnrh.      1*.    (ISM   Ilrnrh.      1».  SlOO    llrnr'i.    of    Smilhr;..t    Orrbody. 


could  be  found  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  mines,  with 
which  he  armed  thirty  of  the  Mexicans  working  there.  He 
then  ordered  a  trench  dug  at  a  point  one  hundred  yards 
distant  from  the  place  where  the  Indian*  were  to  meet  with 
him  for  the  consummation  of  the  treaty.  This  trench  was 
to  be  occupied  during  the  consideration  of  the  treaty,  ready 
for  any  emergency  should  the  Indian*  prove  insolent  or 
menacing  in  their  conduct. 

"On  the  fifth  of  August,  the  Indian*  to  the  number  of 
eighty  appeared.      A  council  fire,  pipe  and  tobacco  had 


party  of  their  people,  who  had  come  in  for  the  purpose  of 
making  peace  with  the  Spaniards,  when  once  within  the 
wall*  of  the  town  where  the  peace  wa»  to  be  negotiated, 
nad  been  brutally  butchered  like  a  flock  of  sheep.  The 
very  few  who  had  escaped  had  taken  an  unalterable  reso- 
lution never  to  make  peace  with  the  Spaniards;  further 
stating  that  pursuant  to  thrir  determination  for  revenge. 
great  numbers  of  the  Apache  nation  had  gone  to  thr 
Spaniard*  and  been  baptized;  there  they  remained  faithful 
spie*.  informing  their  kinsmen  when  and  whrrc  there  wrrr 


RCSOURCI  IS  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


_   148  - 


HTHE:  LAND 


A1EXICO 
OF'    OPPORTUNITY 


F?ESOURCES  AND  INDUSTfTIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


149  — 


favorable   opportunities    for   plundering    and    killing    their 
enemies. 

"The  chiefs  were  told  that  if  they  really  felt  disposed  to 
be  at  peace  with  the  Americans,  the  copper  mines  were 
now  being  worked  jointly  by  the  latter  and  the  Spaniards; 
that  the  Indians  were  wrong  in  seeking  revenge  upon  peo- 
ple who  were  not  guilty  of  the  crimes  they  had  mentioned; 
that  the  Spaniards  at  the  mines  had  no  part  in  the  inhuman 
butchery  which  they  had  mentioned,  and  that  if  they  would 
not  be  peaceable  and  permit  the  work  at  the  mines  to  pro- 
ceed without  danger  from  them,  the  Americans  would  con- 
sider them  at  war  and  would  raise  a  sufficient  body  of  men 
to  pursue  them  to  the  mountains  and  kill  them.  The  chiefs 
answered  that  if  the  mines  belonged  to  the  Americans, 
they  would  promise  never  to  disturb  the  people  who  worked 
them.  They  were  of  this  opinion  and  the  Americans  did 
not  undeceive  them  as  to  the  ownership." 

About  the  time  of  the  exile  of  Legara  as  an  alien,  Pattie 
tried  to  buy  the  mine.  He  entrusted  $30,000  in  gold — 
practically  all  he  had — to  a  dishonest  agent,  who  promptly 
left  the  country  and  was  never  heard  of  again.  Pattie 
was  a  ruined  man. 

The  next  mention  of  Santa  Rita  was  by  Wislizenus. 
who,  in  his  "Tour  Through  Northern  Mexico,"  states  that 
the  mine  at  Santa  Rita,  the  most  celebrated  of  all  the  cop- 
per mine*  in  Chihuahua,  had  passed  through  the  hands  of 
several  proprietors  by  the  year  1828,  when  it  was  in  pos- 
session of  a  Mr.  Coursier,  a  French  resident  of  Chihuahua, 
who  was  re;  ort-d  and  generally  believed  to  have  cleared  in 
seven  years  abcut  half  a  million  dollars.  Wislizenus  goes 
on  to  state  that  the  owner  was  enabled  to  monopolize  al- 
most the  whole  copper  trade  of  Chihuahua  through  this 
mine,  and  found  it  a  very  profitable  business,  as  the  state 
was  coining  much  copper  money  during  that  period.  He 
concludes,  "but  at  last  the  mine,  which  seems  to  be  inex- 
haustible, had  to  be  abandoned  on  account  of  the  hostile 
Indians,  who  killed  some  of  the  workmen  and  attacked 
the  trains."  It  was  probably  about  the  date  of  this  aban- 
donment that  the  Mexican  troops  were  withdrawn  from  this 
section,  making  it  impossible  to  operate  the  mines. 

Evidently,  from  tuch  records  as  can  be  found.  Robert 
McKnight  took  possession  of  the  property  following  the 
cessation  of  Mr.  Coursier's  operations,  probably  about 
1834.  It  is  uncertain  just  when  he  took  possession,  but 
his  operations  ceased  in  1836.  Kit  Carson  was  in  the 
employ  of  McKnight  at  this  time,  working  as  a  teamster. 
In  1840  Leonardo  Sesquieros  took  over  the  property  and 
despite  a  great  many  obstacles,  successfully  operated  it  until 
the  late  fifties,  the  camp  only  being  abandoned  then  owing 


to  the  starvation  of  the  workers  through  failure  of  supplies, 
which  came  from  Mexico,  occasioned  by  the  persistent  dep- 
redations of  the  Apaches.  For  several  months  in  1851, 
the  headquarters  of  the  American  commissioners  of  the 


\\  wri-:  IMMI-S 

Boundary  Survey  were  at  the  Santa  Rita  mines,  Mr.  John 
R.  Bartlett  being  one  of  the  commissioners.  Before  1 860 
I  wo  men,  named  Sweet  and  Lacorte,  took  possession  of  the 
property  and  worked  it,  later  strengthened  by  two  others, 
named  Brand  and  Fresh.  It  is  doubtful  whether  they  ob- 
tained a  lease  from  the  original  owners  of  the  grant,  it  being 
more  likely  that  they  filed  United  States  mineral  locations 
on  the  ground. 

In  1862  General  Sibley,  in  command  of  the  Confeder- 
ate forces  from  Texas,  held  this  region  for  a  time,  and  it  is 
interesting  to  note  that  a  minie  ball  mold  was  found  in 
1910  when  part  of  the  old  fort  was  razed  to  make  room 
for  the  present  machine  shops.  It  is  reported  that  the 
operations  of  these  last  holders  of  the  property  were  suc- 
cessful in  so  far  as  the  mining  was  concerned,  but  the  Pinos 
Altos  gold  strike  had  drawn  away  most  of  their  workers, 
and  the  Apaches  were  out  preying  alike  upon  the  Confed- 
erates who  had  control  of  the  country  and  the  Federali 
who  were  resisting  them.  These  obstacles  induced  them  to 
abandon  the  property.  At  approximately  the  same  time, 
the  place  was  abandoned  as  a  military  station  until  about 
1873.  Probably  in  the  interim  of  these  ten  years  the 
ground  was  located  and  relocated  by  prospectors  without 
any  regard  to  the  original  Spanish  grant. 

In  1873.  while  the  Apaches  were  quiet.  M.  D.  Hayes. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  150  — 


THE    LAFMD 


A1EXICO 
OF"    QF*  RORTUNITVr 


connected  with  the  first  smelting  works  in  Colorado,  and 
acting  on  behalf  of  Denver  people,  succeeded  in  buying  up 
these  claims  and  attempted  to  perfect  the  title  by  obtaining 
patents  under  the  mining  laws  of  the  United  States,  in  spite 
of  the  fact  that  patents  had  been  refused  by  the  Commis- 
sioner of  the  Land  Office  on  April  21,  1870,  who  de- 
cided that  the  title  to  the  property  was  vested  in  the  Elguea 
heirs,  under  the  treaty  with  Mexico  respecting  the  acquired 
rights  of  Mexican  citizens.  The  application  of  Hayes  was 
denied  by  Commissioner  Drummond  on  April  15,  1873, 
who  reiterated  the  decision  of  his  predecessor.  From  these 
decisions  appeals  were  made  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior, 


the  possibility  of  future  question  by  locating  the  ground 
under  the  United  States  mining  laws,  and  finally  a  United 
States  patent  was  obtained.  All  of  these  papers  are  in 
possession  and  part  of  the  records  of  the  Chino  Copper 
Company,  the  present  owners  and  operators  of  the  property. 
Hayes  first  turned  his  attention  to  the  section  now  known 
as  the  "Romero,"  which  was,  according  to  tradition,  the 
first  place  shown  to  Carrasco  by  his  Indian  informant. 
Here  croppings  of  the  native  metal  showed,  and  the  Ro- 
mero has  produced  the  largest  percentage  of  metallic  cop- 
per of  any  section  of  the  field.  A  shaft  was  sunk  through 
the  old  workings  to  a  depth  of  248  feet,  and  a  small  smelt- 


Xo.   8  STKAM  SHOVEL 


who  reaffirmed  the  previous  decisions  November  6,  1873, 
ruling  that  the  claimants  had,  in  no  sense,  any  right  to  the 
ground,  which  had  been  known  to  the  department  for  more 
than  half  a  century  as  belonging  to  Elguea,  and  that  no 
interest  could  be  obtained  except  through  the  original  owner. 
Pending  this  final  decision,  Mr.  Hayes  and  his  associates 
had  been  tracing  the  surviving  heirs  of  the  Elguea  estate, 
who  were  found  to  be  scattered  through  Mexico  and  Eu- 
rope, and  in  October,  1873,  title  was  obtained  from  these 
heirs.  Steps  were  then  taken  to  complete  title  and  avoid 


ing  plant  was  erected,  which  did  not  prove  successful. 
Nevertheless,  40  tons  of  high  grade  ore  and  imperfectly 
smelted  copper  were  hauled  by  teams  through  the  entire 
length  of  New  Mexico,  by  road  from  700  to  800  miles  in 
length  to  the  nearest  railroad  station  in  Colorado  and  for- 
warded to  the  Baltimore  Copper  Works,  at  Baltimore, 
Md.,  and  the  Revere  Copper  Works  at  Point  Shirley. 
Owing  to  the  distance  of  the  camp  from  railroad  points  and 
the  great  expense  attached  to  transportation,  it  is  probable 
that  the  property  did  not  prove  profitable  during  the  period 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  15!  — 


LAND   OF" 


«.I:M  it  M,  vu:\v  or  ciiixo 

1.   Power  Plant,     t.  Cuane  Cnuhlnc   IMnnl.     3.   Sample   Ilimte.     4.  frude  Ore   Bin*.     5.  Warehouw.     8.   I  ui 


«,1    \l   KM.    \  li:\\     ill      MINI      \\<>KKI.« 

I.    S:inl»    Kil.i    HaUt   llouw.      Z.   Raamlnic    llmi-r   nnil   <  imi|i.in>    HOIIX-H     Surroiindlnc.       3.     Kroliiurtinl.       1.     Site     of     Old     (  onceatJ 
Ib-iu-h.       II.   62HO   Bench.      12.   8300   Bench.      13.   8340   llrnrh.      14.  8378    Bench.    Norlhru.l    Orebody.       IS.    630«    IVriirh        18.    8SSO    •! 

Dump  No   k.     2:t.   Simla    Rlln    Creek.      +    Approximate    Ixxvtlon    of    I'nlled    State*    »'• 


-i 


\ii\\    <>i     MINI     \\oi: 

I.    lu-.lli    HIM    I  ...,,,•"«     HmiM».      t.    H«ntu    Rita    Hill    (  »mp«nj    H««MB.      I.    -1-i"    II.."-.-         :      \l   irrliouw.      A.    M»rhln»   MM*.      I 
HIM.      12.    Hear    Mmml.ln.      11.    Tula   M»ten.      14.    Tin—    All....      1.%.    IM.Ide  •«!«»•••  *••!•   Ml*  MM  MMMTOT  <l«l^».      18.   H. 

11.    811*    Benrh.    VorthtMt  Orcbcdj.      t4.  8Mt  Bfarh.    \\  <-.!    Orehody.      15.    Wwto   IHim 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THI    SUNSHINE  STATED 

—  152 


THE:  LAISID  CDF" 


.MEXICO 


>M    HOOF   OF   MACHINE    SHOP 

le  Machine   Shop.     8.    Pipe-fitters'    Shop.      9.   Water-recovery    System.      10.    "B"    Ranch    Pumping    Station. 


BUST    HILL   LOOKING    WEST 


eater.  6.  Booth  Tank,  Domestic  Water  Supply.  7.  Hospital.  8.  Main  Yards.  9.  Water-softening  Plant  on  Gold  Hill.  10.  6250 
100  Bench,  Southeast  Orebody.  18.  Lee  Hill.  19.  Wild  Cat  Hill.  20.  Waste  Dump  No.  3.  21.  Waste  Dump  No.  5.  22.  Waste 
wny's  Property  is  About  One  Mile  Northwest  From  (him.  Workings. 


l|iOM 


GOLD  HILL  LOOKING  NORTH 

Supply   Warehouse.      7.   Merchandise   Warehouse.      8.    Santa  Rita   Store  Co.   Bldg.     0.   Pinder  Well.     10.    Main   Yarda.     11.   Lee 
fcek.     17.  6235  Bench.      18.   6300  Bench.      19.  6350  Bench.     20  6400   Bench,   Southeast   Orebody.      21.    6280   Bench.      22.   6S40   Bench. 
Waste  Dump  No.  3.     27.  Waste  Dump  No.  5.     28.  Waste  Dump  No.  B.     IB.  Ore  Pile  No.  1. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  153  — 


THE:  LAIXID 


A4EXICO 
OF"    ORROR-TUIMITY 


of  this  ownership,  but  nevertheless  it  was  the  period  in 
which  titles  were  cleared,  the  field  brought  under  one  con- 
trol, and  more  territory  opened  to  work. 

The  property  was  sold  to  J.  Parker  Whitney,  of  Boston, 
in  1 880.  Shortly  after,  in  I  88 1 ,  a  concentrating  mill  was 
built  near  the  Romero  shaft,  stamps  being  used  for  crush- 
ing the  ore,  and  was  operated  for  some  time  in  conjunction 
with  a  smelter  which  made  a  product  of  black  copper. 
The  records  of  the  assay  office,  which  was  located  at  that 
time  in  one  of  the  series  of  old  adobe  buildings  midway 
between  the  Romero  shaft  and  the  old  fort,  make  interest- 
ing reading,  in  that  they  illustrate  the  struggles  to  obtain 
metallurgical  efficiency  not  only  in  the  mill  but  also  in  the 
smelter.  The  foundations  and  a  few  scattering  pieces  of 


These  records  were  of  no  particular  use,  however,  owing 
to  the  fact  that  the  locations  of  the  holes  were  imperfectly 
recorded.  One  of  these  holes  was  cased  and  furnished  a 
small  flow  of  artesian  water  until  it  was  destroyed  by  steam 
shovel  work  in  1910. 

In  1897,  Whitney,  who  owned  the  controlling  interest 
in  both  of  these  companies,  gave  a  lease  and  bond  on  his 
holdings  to  the  Hearst  estate,  which  was  operating  at 
Pinos  Altos  at  the  time,  and  owned  a  smelter  at  Silver 
City.  In  1899  Whitney  sold  the  property  to  a  group  of 
capitalists  who  were  intimately  associated  with  the  organi- 
zation of  the  Amalgamated  Copper  Company,  this  group 
of  men  making  purchase  of  many  likely  copper  properties 
at  that  time.  Of  the  purchase  price,  $250,000  was  paid 


\  ii  \\   i  i:o\i  in; i    PII  i    \,,.  i.  M  M>K  IN  i.  i   \~.i    i  111:01  1. 1 1   NDI;  i  in  \vi   111:1  ,i;oi>\    rn   i  I:<>M  \\  I.ST  SIDE 

in    unit i»-s 

I.  Wut*  Tralp  of  ll-jrd.  Cmn.     i.  Wiutc  Train.     ».  On  Train  of  SO-li.n  ram.     4.  Hunla   Klin   II. .1.1    llouw.     S.  ssoe  Hrn<-h  funnrrl- 

ln(    NorlhruM    and    Wr«l     Orrlxxllr*.      6.   68SO   Bench.    Wr»t    Orclxxllmi. 

to  the  representatives  of  the  Hearst  estate  at  Silver  City 
for  the  release  of  their  contracts. 

A  new  corporation  was  organized,  holding  the  property, 
known  as  the  Santa  Rita  Mining  Company,  the  principal 
stockholders  being  H.  H.  Rogers.  W.  D.  Rockefeller. 
Thos.  W.  Lawson.  A.  C.  Burrage,  and  three  others.  In 
1 89 1 .  the  railroad  connection  from  Deming  to  Hanover  and 
Fierro.  New  Mexico,  was  finished,  while  the  branch  from 
San  Jose,  or  Hanover  Junction,  to  Santa  Rita  was  com- 
pleted early  in  1899.  two  year*  after  the  sale  of  the  prop- 
erty to  the  Santa  Rita  Mining  Company.  In  1 899  devel- 
opment work  was  instiluted.  and  a  lessee's  concentrator  was 
taken  over  by  the  company,  where  the  higher  grade  ore*  were 


the  old  machinery  remained  on  the  ground  up  to  1910. 
when  the  steam  shovel  work  began.  Whitney  continued 
the  Romero  shaft  to  a  depth  of  500  feet,  showing  still  fur- 
ther native  metallic  copper  at  that  depth,  occurring  in  the 
form  of  fine  metallic  flakes.  During  this  period  the  prop- 
erty was  increased  by  acquiring  additional  claims,  and  was 
divided  in  ownership  between  two  companies,  the  Bonanza 
Development  Company  controlling  the  property  on  the 
south  side  of  Santa  Rita  Creek  and  the  Santa  Rita  Copper 
&  Iron  Company  controlling  the  property  on  the  north  side 
of  the  creek. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  between   1882  and   1884 
diamond   drill   holes   were  bored   on   the   property. 


ft 

RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTTTIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

JM 

—  154  — 

milled.  At  the  same  time,  under  the  stimulus  of  the  new 
operations,  the  system  of  leasing  was  encouraged,  and  a 
considerable  part  of  the  revenues  of  the  company  came 
from  the  royalties  paid.  In  1 904  interest  in  the  property 
was  lost  by  the  owners  as  the  direct  result  of  a  period  of 
low  price  copper,  improper  equipment  and  adverse  reports, 
and  the  continued  working  of  the  property  was  practically 
turned  over  to  the  lessees,  though  the  mill  continued  to 
operate  in  a  desultory  way. 

In  the  latter  part  of  the  year  1  904,  the  General  Electric 
Company,  through  a  subsidiary,  (the  Hermosa  Copper 
Company)  became  interested  in  properties  lying  outside 
the  Santa  Rita  holdings,  and  began  active  development 
work.  The  Hermosa  Copper  Company  made  arrangements 
whereby  they  began  an  investigation  of  the  Santa  Rita  basin 
in  December,  1905.  This  examination,  which  was 
conducted  in  a  very  thorough  manner,  covered  a  period  of 


the  property  along  the  lines  suggested  by  the  original  re- 
port. His  associates  refused  to  undertake  any  further  ex- 
penditures, but  finally  agreed  not  to  stand  in  his  way,  giving 
Mr.  Burrage  options  on  their  stock  at  agreed  figures. 

In  May,  1908,  Mr.  Burrage  got  in  touch  with  the  en- 
gineer, hitherto  unknown  to  him,  who  made  the  original 
report,  and  arranged  for  a  further  examination  to  bring 
the  data  up  to  date,  and  also  undertook  the  development 
of  the  property  by  churn  drills.  The  new  report  was  com- 
pleted in  October  of  the  same  year. 

The  history  of  the  efforts  to  raise  the  necessary  amount 
of  capital  to  carry  on  the  plans  for  the  development  of  the 
property  is  one  full  of  pathos  and  human  interest.  Especi- 
ally is  this  so  of  Mr.  Burrage's  efforts  to  interest  his  asso- 
ciates in  their  property,  and,  failing  with  all  others,  how 
Mr.  H.  H.  Rogers  late  one  afternoon  agreed  to  stay  with 
Mr.  Burrage  in  the  matter  with  the  understanding  that  the 


SOUTHEAST    OIIEBODY  SPECIAL  MODIOj,   MAKION   STEAM   SUOVEL 

I.    standard   Shovel.      2.  6200  Intermediate  Bench.     3.  <;•::::>    II.-nHi.  .    fiO-ft.  Boom,  3-yd.  Dipper;  Dumps  :'.."._.  Feet  Above  Its  Bail. 

4.    G300   Bench.      5.    6350    Bench.      6.    6400   Bench,    <>f    tile    Southeast  1.  Blast-hole  Churn  Drill.     2.  6235  Bench.      3.  6300  Bench.     4.  6350 

Orebody.  Bench.     5.  6400  Bench,  of  Southeast  Orebody. 


some  nine  months  before  the  final  report  was  made.  The 
General  Electric  Company  had,  in  the  meantime,  become 
discouraged  with  their  work  on  the  surrounding  claims,  and 
nothing  came  of 'the  investigation. 

In  1908,  the  report  which  was  made  to  the  General 
Electric  Company  fell  into  the  hands  of  President  A.  C. 
Burrage  of  the  Santa  Rita  Mining  Company,  owners  of 
the  property.  Impressed  with  the  truthfulness  of  the  find- 
nigs  reached  in  this  report,  he  caused  two  engineers  to  visit  the 
property  at  different  times.  Both  checked  the  more  important 
details  forming  the  basis  of  the  calculations  and  recommenda- 
tions of  the  previous  report.  As  a  result  he  approached 
the  stockholders  of  the  company,  who  were  few  in  number, 
endeavoring  to  interest  them  in  the  further  development  of 


papers  were  to  be  prepared  that  night  and  signed  the  next 
day.  Early  the  next  morning  he  saw  in  the  papers  that 
Mr.  Rogers  had  died  but  a  few  hours  earlier.  This  dis- 
appointment happened  at  the  eleventh  hour,  but  President 
Burrage,  who  had  now  become  determined  to  see  the  prop- 
erty come  into  its  own,  while  considering  his  old  associates 
first,  had  not  relied  on  their  assistance  entirely,  turned  im- 
mediately to  a  firm  of  powerful  bankers  with  whom  ar- 
rangements were  made  to  take  over  and  carry  on  the  de- 
velopment of  the  property,  so  that  in  June,  1909,  the  old 
Santa  Rita  del  Cobre  Grant,  with  the  additions  to  the 
original  ground  that  had  accumulated  during  all  these 
years,  passed  to  the  powerful  and  intelligent  mining  inter- 
ests who  now  control  the  Chino  Copper  Company. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  155  — 


LAND 


JWEX3CO 
OF"    QRRQRTUIMITV^ 


Immediately  upon  the  acquiring  of  the  property  by  the 
Chino  Copper  Company,  the  rate  of  churn  drill  develop- 
ment work  was  quadrupled,  until  by  the  first  of  January, 
1914,  over  520  drill  holes  had  been  put  down  in  the  ore 
zones  and  as  scouts  in  new  territory.  The  average  depth  to 
which  these  holes  were  drilled  is  over  500  feet,  one  hole 
being  put  down  to  a  maximum  depth  of  1 ,670  feet.  The 
total  depths  of  these  holes  aggregate  nearly  300,000  feet. 
Of  this  total  drilling  93 'i  was  completed  by  the  end  of 
191  I,  but  by  the  end  of  1909  the  development  outside  of 
the  original  estimates  based  on  the  sampling  of  underground 
workings  had  shown  a  sufficient  amount  of  ore  to  assure 
ample  tonnage  for  the  erection  of  a  2,000-ton  concentrat- 
ing mill.  The  designing  of  the  mill  had  been  undertaken, 
its  site  had  been  selected  near  an  abandoned  sidetrack  on 
the  Whitewater-Pierro  branch  of  the  Santa  Fe  railroad, 
known  as  Hurley,  and  steps  taken  to  acquire  the  necessary 
lands.  Arrangements  had  also  been  made  for  the  water  of 
the  Apache  Tejo  Spring',  about  four  miles  from  the  mill 
site  and  1 4  miles  from  the  mine ;  also  for  other  water  rights 
on  Whiskey,  Cameron  and  Whitewater  Creeks  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  mill  site. 

The  Chino  Copper  Company  publishes  full  quarterly  re- 
ports, supplemented  by  very  complete  detailed  annual  re- 
port*. The  data  which  is  given  in  the  following  para- 
graphs have  been  gleaned  from  their  1912  and  1913  an- 
nual reports,  and  their  quarterly  reports  for  the  year  1914: 
On  January  I.  1914,  the  mining  property  at  Santa  Rita, 
comprising  an  area  lying  in  one  body,  covered  2,645  acre*, 
of  which  2.4 1 2  acres  were  patented  mining  claims.  The 
total  area  owned  and  controlled  in  connection  with  its  mill- 
ing camp  at  Hurley  and  its  various  water  rights  in  that 
neighborhood  contained  16.700  acres.  Of  this  total  10.- 
660  acres  were  patented,  the  balance  being  in  process  of 
patent  or  held  as  leased  lands  from  the  State.  The  fully 
developed  ore  at  the  close  of  1913  exceeded  90.000.000 
tons,  containing  an  average  slightly  in  excess  of  1 
In  connection  with  the  mining  operations  there  were  10 
steam  shovels.  2 1  locomotives.  50  six-yard  cars.  50  twelve- 
yard  cars.  24  twenty-yard  cars  and  20.3  miles  of  standard 
gauge  track  in  use.  and  for  the  repairs  of  the  shovels  and 
locomotives  a  machine  shop  was  in  operation.  The  pro- 
gress of  the  development  of  the  property  and  it*  operation 
made  it  necessary  to  take  care  of  •  great  number  of  em- 
ploye*, and  at  Santa  Rita  and  Hurley  the  company  has 
built  a  large  number  of  comfortable  houses  that  are  lighted 
by  electricity  and  furnished  with  water  and  connected  with 
sewer  system*.  At  Santa  Rita,  owing  to  the  coutour  of 
the  ground  and  the  mining  operations,  it  wa*  impossible  to 


locate  these  houses  in  any  regular  order,  but  at  Hurley, 
owing  to  the  fact  that  the  town  is  located  at  the  edge  of  the 
plain  where  it  breaks  to  the  mountains,  it  was  possible  to 
locate  the  houses  in  a  regular  manner.  At  both  places 
comfortable  rooming  houses  and  boarding  houses  are  pro- 
vided, as  well  as  dormitories  and  mess  houses  for  the  em- 
ployes. At  Santa  Rita  a  large  general  hospital,  provided 
with  all  modern  equipment,  has  been  completed,  and  em- 
ployes are  taken  care  of  by  the  physician  and  his  staff  free 
of  expense  except  for  the  nominal  sum  which  every  em- 
ploye contributes  monthly  to  its  partial  support.  All  sani- 
tary conditions  are  carefully  controlled,  being  directly  un- 
der the  supervision  of  the  hospital  staff.  Under  the  aus- 
pices of  the  company  there  are  places  of  amusement  pro- 
vided, and  all  concessions  of  whatever  nature  are  subject  to 
the  approval  and  oversight  of  the  company  at  both  places. 
Plans  for  the  erection  of  a  library,  reading  room  and  gym- 
nasium building  at  each  camp  are  under  consideration. 

What  the  Santa  Rita  field  has  produced  is,  to  a  great 
extent,  problematical.  An  advance  chapter  from  the  "Min- 
eral Resources  of  the  United  States,"  by  B.  S.  Butler, 
dated  1912,  is  quoted  as  follows:  "From  1845  to  1912 
New  Mexico  has  a  recorded  output  of  124,353,963  Ibs. 
of  copper,  or  0.71%  of  the  output  of  the  country  since 
1845.  The  principal  production  has  been  from  the  dis- 
tricts in  Grant  County."  The  "districts  in  Grant  County" 
practically  may  be  interpreted  as  the  Santa  Rita  district. 

No  recorded  figures  are  vailable  for  the  years  previous 
to  1845,  but  from  the  various  works  in  which  the  Santa 
Rita  del  Cobre  Grant  is  mentioned,  it  is  estimated  that  pre- 
vious to  1845  there  were  produced  not  less  than  41,000,- 
000  Ibs.  of  copper,  which  would  make  the  production  to 
1912.  165,353,963  Ibs.  From  the  annual  reports  of  the 
Chino  Copper  Company  the  production  for  the  year  1912 
was  29.237.966  Ibs..  while  for  the  year  1913  the  pro- 
duction was  53, 1  70. 1 45  Ibs..  or  a  total  for  the  two  operat- 
ing years  of  1912  and  191  3  of  82.408.1 1  I  Ibs..  making 
a  total  production,  recorded  and  estimated,  of  247.762.- 
074  Ibs.  This  is  assuredly  evidence  of  the  extent  and 
value  of  the  Santa  Rita  district,  and  when  it  is  considered 
that  the  90,000.000  tons  of  ore  that  are  now  known  mean 
an  addition  to  the  world's  wealth  of  not  less  than  2,268,- 
000.000  Ibs.  of  copper  and  that  there  is  a  large  portion 
of  the  territory  which  has  still  not  been  developed,  though 
ore  of  commercial  value  is  indicated,  the  importance  of  this 
industry  to  the  Slate  of  New  Mexico  becomes  most  evident. 

Without  any  increase  in  the  mill  capacity  at  Hurley 
there  would  be  required  more  than  40  years  for  the  ex- 
traction of  the  known  developed  ore  at  Santa  Rita.  There 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  156  — 


____ 

THE    LAND 


A4EXICO 
Of    OPPORTUNITY 


are  alone  in  the  State  of  New  Mexico  10,000  individuals 
dependent  on  this  industry.  In  other  words,  the  direct  em- 
ployes of  the  Chino  Copper  Company,  the  railroad  com- 
panies and  the  coal  companies  with  their  dependents  amount 
to  10,000  people.  The  industry  disburses  during  a  year 
approximately  $2,000,000  for  its  payroll  account  alone,  it 
pays  nearly  $1 ,000,000  a  year  in  freight,  $1 ,250,000  for 
supplies,  such  as  powder,  machinery,  etc.,  and  over  $600,- 
000  each  year  is  paid  for  coal,  that  goes  to  sustain  the 
coal  industry  of  New  Mexico,  this  coal  being  used  in  its 
power  plant  at  Hurley,  and  'for  the  operation  of  its  steam 
shovels  and  locomotives. 

The  Chino  Copper  Company  has  an  authorized  capi- 
talization of  900,000  shares  of  a  par  value  of  $5  each. 
Of  this  authorized  capital  870,000  shares  are  issued,  leav- 
ing 30,000  shares  in  the  treasury.  The  Board  of  Direc- 
tors of  the  Chino  Copper  Company  is  composed  of  Charles 
M.  MacNeill,  President;  D.  C.  Jackling,  Vice-President 
and  Managing  Director;  Charles  Hayden,  Vice-President; 
Spencer  Penrose,  A.  Chester  Beatty,  Sherwood  Aldrich, 
Mark  L.  Sperry,  Berthold  Hochechild,  W.  Hinckle  Smith, 
The  Executive  Committee  is  composed  of  D.  C.  Jack- 
ling,  Chairman;  A.  Chester  Beatty,  Charles  Hayden, 
Charles  M.  MacNeill  and  Sherwood  Aldrich.  K.  R. 
Babbitt  is  the  General  Counsel;  Keith  Stewart,  Treasurer; 
and  A.  J.  Ronaghan,  Assistant  Secretary.  The  general 
offices  are  located  at  25  Broad  Street,  New  York  City. 
The  transfer  agents  are  the  Bankers  Trust  Company  of 
New  York,  and  the  American  Trust  Company,  of  Boston ; 
the  registrars  of  stock  being  the  Guaranty  Trust  Company 
of  New  York,  and  the  Old  Colony  Trust  Company  of 
Boston.  The  operating  officials  in  New  Mexico  are  John 
M.  Sully,  Manager;  Horace  Moses,  Superintendent  of 
Mines;  and  Wm.  H.  Janney,  Superintendent  of  Mills. 
The  consulting  officials  are  R.  C.  Gemmell,  Consulting 
Engineer  of  Mines;  Frank  G.  Janney,  Consulting  Engineer 
of  Mills,  and  Geo.  O.  Bradley,  Consulting  Mechanical 
Engineer,  the  last  three  named  having  their  offices  in  Salt 
Lake  City,  Utah.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  all  of  the 
prominent  officials  of  the  company  and  the  directors  have 
been  associated  in  the  great  success  accomplished  in  the 
Utah  Copper  Company,  the  pioneer  in  steam  shovel  mining 
of  copper  ores  in  the  United  Stales.  Beginning  with  June 
30,  1913,  dividends  have  been  paid  upon  this  stock  quar- 
terly at  the  rate  of  $3  per  share  per  annum.  Upon  the  or- 
ganization of  the  company  the  stock  was  quoted  upon  the 
Boston  Curb  market  at  $7  per  share.  These  prices,  as  de- 
velopment work  went  on,  gradually  increased,  until  at  the 
time  of  the  declaring  of  dividends  they  have  been  quoted 


firmly  on  the  New  York  Stock  Exchange  at  $40  per  share, 
at  which  price  the  stock  of  the  Chino  Copper  Company  has 
become  a  sound  investment  of  the  highest  class. 

Having  given  the  history  of  the  Santa  Rita  del  Cobre 
Grant,  it  may  be  interesting  to  state  that  Santa  Rita  is  sit- 
uated in  the  Central  Mining  District,  Grant  County,  New 
Mexico,  on  a  branch  of  the  Santa  Fe  Railway  System 
which  connects  at  Whitewater  with  the  Deming-Rincon 
branch  of  the  Rio  Grande  division  of  the  same  railway 
company.  The  section  of  country  in  which  Santa  Rita  is 
located  is  characterized  by  ridges  having  a  general  trend 
northeast  and  southwest,  and  it  is  situated  at  an  average 
elevation  of  6,300  feet  above  sea  level.  The  ridges  above 
referred  to  are  lowest  on  the  southwest  extremity,  rising 
gradually  from  the  valley  level  in  a  general  northeasterly 
direction.  The  ore  body  and  the  town  of  Santa  Rita 
itself  are  located  in  a  distinct  basin.  This  basin  has  a 
high,  abrupt  barrier  or  rim  on  the  east  and  southeast, 
formed  by  the  northwestern  extremity  of  the  Santa  Rita 
mountains,  which  rise  to  a  height  of  from  1 ,000  to  1 ,600 
feet  above  the  basin  level.  The  Santa  Rita  mountains 
present  a  prominent  landscape  feature  by  virtue  of  the 
prominent  escarpment  some  1 50  feet  high  forming  the 
top.  Just  above  the  camp  and  at  the  point  of  the  bluff  is 
a  monolith  of  rhyolite,  which  when  viewed  from  the  south- 
west looks  like  the  roughly  hewn  statue  of  a  nun  kneeling 
before  an  altar.  This  monolith,  which  from  its  appear- 
ance has  been  termed  the  "Kneeling  Nun,"  is  a  prominent 
landmark  for  miles,  and  many  striking  legends  are  asso- 
ciated with  the  mammoth  figure. 

Extending  in  a  northerly  direction  from  the  Kneeling 
Nun  is  the  slope  of  one  of  the  ridges  forming  the  north- 
easterly boundary,  which  is  broken  through  by  Santa  Rita 
Creek.  Further  around  toward  the  north  is  the  main  and 
prominent  divide,  rising  up  to  a  greater  height  than  the 
Santa  Rita  mountains  in  its  northeast  trend.  Northwest 
of  Santa  Rita  this  prominent  ridge  breaks  down  rather  ab- 
ruptly to  a  ridge  which  continues,  gradually  getting  lower, 
until  it  is  broken  through  by  Hanover  Creek  some  four 
miles  to  the  southwest.  A  main  spur  from  this  ridge  ex- 
tends to  the  south  and  southeast  toward  a  prominent  foot- 
hill, extending  northwesterly  from  the  foot  of  the  Santa 
Rita  mountains.  Thus  are  formed  the  northwest,  west, 
southwest  and  south  boundaries  of  the  basin,  Santa 
Rita  creek  cutting  through  the  southwest  boundary,  making 
a  break  between  the  foothill  and  the  ridge. 

The  rocks  exposed  in  the  Central  Mining  District  may 
be  roughly  divided  as  follows:  1,  Sedimentary;  2,  In- 
trusive; 3,  Extrusive.  The  sedimentary  formation,  of 


RESOURCES  ANDJNDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-  157  — 


A1EXICO 
OF"    QF>RQR'TUISIITVr 


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RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

158  - 


TTHE    LA  NIP 


MEXICO 
OF" 


which  there  is  a  large  area  in  comparison  with  the  intrusive 
exposures,  consists  of  limestones  of  more  or  less  purity  and 
belonging  to  the  sub-carboniferous  and  carboniferous  series, 
there  also  being  some  isolated  exposures  of  Devonian  rocks. 
These  beds  vary  from  nearly  pure  limestones  through  cherty 
limes  and  shaly  limes  to  shales.  Through  faulting  there  is 
also  exposed  a  considerable  area  of  Cretaceous  sandstones 
and  shales,  the  former  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of 
the  intrusives  appearing  as  quartzites.  The  principal  in- 
trusive rocks  in  the  Santa  Rita  basin  are  grano-diorite,  a 
quartz-monzonite  porphyry,  and  another  of  distinct  porphy- 
ritic  texture  which  may  be  classed  as  andesite.  This  latter 
rock  intrudes  the  two  general  types  as  also  the  sedimen- 
taries,  in  sills,  lacoliths  and  dikes.  The  boundary  forming 
the  southeast  side  of  the  Santa  Rita  basin  is  composed  of 
two  flows,  the  principal  one  being  ryholite  and  rhyolite  tufa 
overlying  an  older  flow  which  is  of  an  andesitic  nature. 

The  grano-diorite  is  intrusive  into  and  across  the  edges 
of  the  sedimentary  series,  which  form  a  syncline  dipping 
to  the  south  from  the  northerly  bordering  ridges  toward 
the  lowest  point  of  the  basin.  The  area  within  the  basin 
had  been  strongly  faulted  in  wide  zones  and  in  two  general 
directions.  The  intersections  of  the  numerous  faults  have 
resulted  in  a  roughly  circular  shear  zone  that  has  a  diameter 
of  three-quarters  of  a  mile.  This  shear  zone  on  the  south- 
eastern side  of  the  property  has  a  width  of  some  three- 
eighths  of  a  mile.  The  narrowest  part  is  in  the  northwest 
portion  where  it  is  some  400  feet  wide.  Generally  speak- 
ing, the  center,  or  core,  is  of  grano-diorite.  As  a  result  of 
the  conditions  mentioned,  there  is  the  center  of  the  basin  of 
grano-diorite,  surrounded  by  shear  zones  which  affect  it  at 
times  as  well  as  the  surrounding  sedimentaries,  the  rhyolite 
tufa  and  the  quartz-monzonite  porphyry,  the  two  lattei 
rocks  being  on  the  southeast,  east  and  southwest.  This 
shear  zone  has  been  the  depository  of  the  valuable  copper 
minerals,  chalcocite,  cuprite  and  native  copper.  Bornite, 
chalcopyrite,  and  cupiferous  pyrites  also  are  found  but  to  a 
much  lesser  extent  than  the  previously  named.  There  also 
occurs  in  small  restricted  areas  malachite  and  azurite  with 
a  very  limited  amount  of  chrysocolla. 

Many  of  the  lessees  in  pursuing  their  underground  work- 
ings for  the  extraction  of  the  high  grade  metallic  ores  ran 
across  evidences  of  the  old  Spaniards,  finding  "seroni," 
skeletons,  and  even  the  old  "fills"  of  the  original  Spaniards, 
together  with  many  of  their  timbers.  Since  the  beginning 
of  steam  shovel  operations  some  interesting  finds  have  been 
made.  In  the  stripping  of  the  Romero  section  a  skeleton 
was  found  of  a  very  tall  man  of  the  Indian  type,  with  the 
skull  and  teeth  practically  replaced  by  carbonate  of  cop- 


per. There  was  also  found  two  copper  bars,  about  a  yard 
long,  1  Y&  inches  wide  and  half  an  inch  thick.  These  bars 
were  punched  with  a  hole  at  the  end,  and  showed  that  they 
had  been  hammered  into  their  present  shape.  There  have 
been  several  vessels  of  hammered  or  cast  copper  found  in 
the  old  caved  portions  of  the  workings,  and  a  hoe  of 
beaten  metallic  copper  was  captured  after  one  trip  through 
the  72-inch  by  20-inch  rolls  at  the  mill,  the  eye  and  shank 
being  slightly  damaged  by  the  latter  experience.  There 
have  also  been  found  bullets  cast  out  of  the  solid  copper. 
On  the  northern  extremity  of  the  Hearst  pit,  while  stripping, 
some  50  skeletons  were  found,  lying  within  a  small  area 
and  at  a  depth  of  about  six  feet  under  the  natural  surface 
and  some  1  5  feet  below  the  top  of  an  old  dump.  No  rec- 
ord could  be  found  of  the  existence  of  such  a  burying 
ground.  The  native  laborers  who  attended  the  shovels  were 
very  nervous  about  working  in  this  locality,  being  supersti- 
tious as  to  the  results  to  themselves. 

In  the  same  neighborhood  the  steam  shovels  uncovered  a 
lot  of  old  workings,  filled  with  old  timbers  of  juniper. 
Amongst  these  timbers  were  "chicken"  ladders,  such  as  are 
used  in  parts  of  Old  Mexico  today  by  the  natives.  An 
effort  was  made  to  save  a  complete  set  of  timbering  of  the 
old  Spanish  type,  one  portion  of  the  timbers  being  cut  and 
hollowed  to  fit  as  posts  to  set  over  the  horizontal  timbers  in 
their  natural  state.  Notches  were  cut  in  these  timbers  to 
allow  their  being  bound  together  by  rawhide.  A  great 
many  of  these  rawhide  bindings  were  found  in  place.  Be- 
ing of  juniper  the  larger  part  of  the  timbers  taken  from  this 
section  were  found  in  excellent  condition.  Tradition  has  it 
that  at  one  time  there  was  a  cave-in  in  one  of  the  Spanish 
workings  on  the  Hearst  side  where  some  30  convicts  were 
buried,  their  bodies  never  being  recovered.  The  truth  of 
this  tradition  will  be  verified  when  the  steam  shovels  finally 
mine  the  ore  from  that  portion  of  the  deposit. 

The  foregoing  is  but  a  brief  history  of  Santa  Rita,  and 
but  little  has  been  given  in  detail  of  the  romance  that  usu- 
ally follows  in  the  wake  of  the  pioneers  with  all  their  hopes, 
fears  and  strivings.  There  has  been  set  forth  by  simple 
statement  the  circumstances  of  the  discovery  of  the  prop- 
erty by  the  European  race  through  the  gratitude  of  an 
Indian;  the  making  use  of  the  deposit  through  the  channels 
then  afforded,  by  use  of  the  copper  in  the  coinage  for  a 
Spanish  province.  With  this  outlet  mining  was  continued 
for  a  period,  then  conditions  changing,  the  wealth  in  the 
useful  metal  copper  that  lay  in  the  ground  failed  of  value 
because  there  was  no  outlet  to  the  outside  world  where  it 
was  needed  for  greater  purposes  than  the  minting  of  Mexi- 
can "claque,"  and  years  of  succeeding  unnamed  and  un- 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-   159  - 


___ 
"THE    LAND 


AIEXICO 
OF* 


known  prospectors,  locating,  dreaming  of  this  vast  wealth, 
without  accomplishment,  passed  by;  then,  following  the 
Civil  War,  came  new  pioneers  to  the  West,  seeking  the 
development  of  its  resources.  They,  too,  went  through 
their  sturggles  in  an  endeavor  to  place  the  copper  in  a 
market  where  there  would  be  some  returns  of  value  to 
themselves,  and  thus  to  others.  It  was  not  until  the  be- 
ginning of  the  twentieth  century  that  the  advent  of  that  great 
civili/.er,  the  railroad,  made  it  possible  for  these  deposits  of 
nature's  wealth  to  be  placed  where  they  were  needed.  Even 
then,  it  was  only  the  highest  grade  of  material  that  could 
be  utilized. 

The  people  in  whose  hands  this  great  wealth  was  at  that 
time  intrusted  failed  to  recognize  that  outside  of  the  com- 
partively  small  high  grade  zones  there  was  a  wealth  far  in 


excess  of  that  then  being  utilized.  It  was  left  for  an  un- 
known engineer,  by  chance  assigned  to  this  search  for 
truth,  to  prove,  by  painstaking  detail  work,  investigation 
and  careful  study  of  the  correlated  facts,  to  him  who 
would  hear  that  this  deposit  was  valuable  beyond  the  wild- 
est dreams  of  all  who  had  passed  before. 

It  was  more  or  less  through  accident  that  this  report  fell 
into  the  hands  of  a  man  who  had  been  derided  because  of 
his  primary  belief  in  the  property,  and  this  man  seized  upon 
the  facts  disclosed  to  convince  those  who  blamed  him  that 
his  beliefs  were  well  founded.  But  it  was  not  until  these 
facts  were  brought  before  others  who  had  been  through 
the  same  experiences  and  could  understand,  that  the  final 
success  of  this  great  ore  deposit  was  assured. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

160  - 


MORA  COUNTY 


HOUGH  one  of  the  four  small  subdivisions 
of  the  State,  Mora  County  is  one  of  the 
banner  agricultural  producers.  The  county 
lies  in  the  northeastern  quarter  of  the  State, 
somewhat  near  the  center,  and  has  a  slope 
generally  toward  the  southeast.  It  has  the 
main  range  of  the  Sangre  de  Cristo  mountains  on  its  western 
boundary ;  some  of  the  peaks  rise  to  1  2,000  feet  or  more. 
There  are  many  valleys  where  irrigated  farming  is  carried 
on,  however,  and  the  eastern  section  gradually  becomes 
more  and  more  regular.  The  county  is  exceptionally  well 
watered  and  could  be  developed  to  a  far  higher  degree 
than  it  is,  there  being  ample  facilities  for  irrigating. a  vast 
area. 

The  principal  streams  of  the  county  are  the  Canadian, 
most  of  the  county  lying  in  its  drainage  area;  the  Pecos, 
and  the  Santa  Cruz,  both  of  which  rise  within  its  borders. 
Thje  Mora  river,  a  tributary  of  the  Canadian,  furnishes 
most  of  the  water  used  for  irrigation.  There  is  an  irri- 
gated area  twenty-two  miles  long  and  from  440  yards  to 
three  miles  wide  along  this  stream  and  its  extension,  the 
Agua  Negra.  Along  the  Guadalupita  there  are  lands  five 
miles  long  and  three  miles  wide  which  are  irrigated,  and  in 
the  extension  of  this  district  to  Lucero  there  is  a  strip  ten 
miles  long  and  a  quarter  of  a  mile  across.  The  Caherry, 
Watrous,  La  Cueva  and  Llano  del  Coytoa  districts  also 
have  considerable  irrigated  areas.  The  total  irrigated  land 
in  the  county  was  19,080  acres  in  1910,  with  32,668 
acres  included  in  private  and  co-operative  irrigation  pro- 
jects. The  irrigation  is  mostly  from  streams,  though  there 
is  a  small  amount  of  irrigation  water  taken  from  springs. 

There  are  88,013  acres  of  national  forest  land  in  the 
county,  from  which  a  great  deal  is  cut  every  yeai.  The 
principal  portion  of  this  is  included  in  the  Pecos  forest, 
whose  game  and  fish  attract  many  hunters  and  tourists  each 
year.  This  forest,  with  the  Mora  grant,  covers  the  entire 
western  portion  of  the  county. 

There  are  very  promising  mineral  indications  in  the 
mountain  sections.  At  Rociada  some  development  work 
has  been  done,  also  at  Coyote.  There  are  large  deposits 


of  good  brick  clay,  red  and  white  sandstones,  and  lime- 
stones, all  of  good  quality,  in  the  county.  There  are 
workable  deposits  of  coal  also. 

Mora  County  has  about  forty  miles  of  the  Santa  Fe 
main  line  within  its  borders  and  is  crossed  by  the  El  Paso 
&  Southwestern  line  to  Dawson. 

There  are  64,400  acres  of  agricultural  lands  in  Mora 
County,  valued  at  $332,000,  and  512,000  acres  of  graz- 
ing lands,  worth  $321,000.  The  mineral  lands  do  not 
appear  on  the  tax  rolls,  since  so  little  development  has  been 
done.  The  timber  lands  in  private  ownership,  of  which 
there  are  1,521  acres,  are  valued  at  $3,424. 

There  are  1 ,988  farms  in  Mora  County,  730  of  them 
being  of  less  than  1  00  acres  extent,  while  sixty-one  are  of 
more  than  1 ,000  acres.  Most  of  them,  however,  are  of 
between  1 60  and  1 74  acres.  Farm  products  in  the 
county  are  worth  $558,000  a  year,  which  places  Mora 
County  very  near  if  not  at  the  lop  of  New  Mexico  agri- 


MORA  COUNTY  BOASTS  OF  FIXE  ANGORA  GOATS 

cultural  counties.  The  principal  crops  are  cereals,  hay 
and  forage,  vegetables  and  fruits  in  the  order  named. 

There  are  601,515  acres  in  farms  in  Mora  County, 
36.6  per  cent  of  the  total. 

Livestock  is  also  an  important  industry  in  this  section, 
the  annual  receipts  from  the  sale  and  slaughter  of  animals 


RESOURCES  AND  NDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


5J 


—  161 


being  $588,000.  In  addition  to  this  wool  and  mohair 
clipped  from  the  county's  producers  of  these  staples  each 
year  are  worth  $64,580.  Poultry  and  eggs  bring  in 
$8.765  a  year  and  dairy  products  $3,200. 

The  county  has  $81,000  invested  in  4,600  horses,  has 
162  mules  worth  $4.900;  10.600  cattle,  worth  $114.- 
700;  60,000  sheep,  worth  $82,000  and  goats  and  swine 
worth  $4,700  more. 

Shares  of  bank  stock  owned  in  the  county  are  valued  at 
$11,100  and  town  lots  at  $28,500,  with  improvements 
worth  almost  as  much  more.  The  railroads  in  the  county 
are  valued  at  $857,000.  The  valuation  of  the  county  is 
$6,084.410,  on  one-third  of  which  taxes  are  required  to 
be  paid. 

Of  the  area  of  the  county,  there  are  lands  open  to 
homestead  entry  as  follows:  Under  the  Clayton  land  of- 
fice, 52,900  acres,  arid,  broken  and  grazing  land,  all  of 
which  is  surveyed;  under  the  Santa  Fe  land  office,  162,- 
888  acres,  of  which  141,724  acres  are  surveyed.  About 
three  tiers  of  townships  on  the  eastern  end  of  the  county. 


and  one  or  two  isolated  regions,  are  subject  to  entry  under 
the  enlarged  homestead  act 

The  county  has  a  population  of  12,61  I  according  to  the 
1910  census,  but  the  1914  school  census  shows  4,288 
persons  of  school  age  in  the  county,  which  would  indicate 
a  population  of  about  1 4,850  in  all.  The  county  has 
thirty-four  schools,  taught  by  sixty-six  teachers,  all  of 
which  have  at  least  a  five  months'  term. 

The  county  has  shipping  points  along  the  Santa  Fe  and 
El  Paso  &  Southwestern,  the  principal  ones  being  Wagon 
Mound,  Watrous,  Shoemaker,  Roy.  Other  important 
towns  are  Mora,  the  county  seat,  in  the  western  portion  of 
the  county ;  Guadalupita,  Holman,  and  Gascon. 

A  great  deal  of  road  improvement  is  being  done  in 
Mora  County  and  as  the  natural  roads  are  very  good  any- 
way under  ordinary  circumstances,  a  fine  highway  system 
is  resulting.  The  county  recently  let  contracts  for  two 
bridges  at  Watrous,  which  will  close  a  bad  gap  in  the 
transcontinental  auto  routes  which  follow  the  Santa  Fe 
trail. 


WAGON  MOUND-  MORA  COUNTY 


HE  city  of  Wagon  Mound,  probably  the 
largest  settlement  of  Mora  County,  has  al- 
ways been  a  point  of  some  importance  in 
northern  New  Mexico.  In  the  early  days  it 
was  an  important  Mation  on  the  Santa  Fe 
trail.  Later  it  was  important  as  one  of  the 
few  towns  so  far  north,  and  later  still  it  has  come  into 
prominence  as  an  agricultural  center.  All  sorts  of  farm- 
ing has  been  carried  on  near  Wagon  Mound  within  the 
last  few  years,  the  discovery  that  the  rainfall  was  sufficient 
to  grow  crop*  there  without  irrigation  having  helped  ma- 
terially in  the  development  of  the  community. 

Wagon  Mound  is  now  on  the  Santa  Fe  trail  automobile 
route  to  the  Pacific  Coast,  a  ft  t  which  insures  the  daily 
passage  through  the  place  of  at  least  five  cars  and  this  year 
the  number  has  been  several  times  that.  It  is  surrounded 
by  beautiful  country. 

than  of  the  eastern  idea  of  New  Mexico,  and  has  a  pic- 
turesque setting  at  the  fool  of  the  "wagon  mound". 

Wagon  Mound  was  formerly  called  Santa  Clara. 
Stories  differ  as  to  how  it  obtained  its  present  cognomen, 
but  the  most  reasonable  one  is  to  the  effect  that  the  town 


was  named  for  the  great  isolated  butte  or  mound  which 
stands  about  it  and  which  is  said  to  resemble  a  prairie 
schooner  when  seen  from  a  certain  point.  The  place  is  the 
center  of  a  large  sheep  and  wool  producing  section  for 
which  it  is  the  shipping  point.  With  other  industries  in 
and  around  the  place,  there  is  every  reason  for  it  to  evi- 
dence the  prosperity  which  it  displays  to  the  observer. 

A  remarkable  feature  of  the  place  is  its  schools.  Al- 
though its  population  is  only  about  1 ,600  souls,  it  has 
four  schools.  Two  of  these  are  private  schools,  one  of 
which  has  an  enrollment  of  twenty-five.  All  grades,  in- 
cluding the  tenth,  are  taught  and  the  attendance  is  very 
good.  The  teaching  staff  is  excellent. 

Wagon  Mound  has  three  large  mercantile  houses,  two 
modern  hotels,  a  good  garage  and  a  prospering  bank.  The 
development  of  the  surrounding  region  from  a  strictly  graz- 
ing country  to  one  verging  closely  on  the  strictly  agricultural 
has  aided  in  '.he  growth  and  prosperity  of  the  place  and  as 
this  development  continues  to  its  logical  end  the  town  will 
continue  to  grow.  The  so-called  "dry"  farming  has  made 
a  marked  success  near  Wagon  Mound,  oats  and  alfalfa 
doing  especially  well  there.  There  are  several  good  busi- 
ness opportunities  in  Wagon  Mound. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  162  — 


HTHE:  LAND 


MEXICO 

OF* 


WATROUS-  MORA  COUNTY 


ATROUS  is  an  important  railroad  point  of 
Mora  County  and  one  of  the  largest  com- 
munities of  that  section.  Watrous  is  much 
interested  in  livestock,  though  the  region  im- 
mediately surrounding  it  is  a  field  of  success 
for  agriculture  in  almost  any  form,  due  to 
the  large  supply  of  water  for  irrigation  purposes,  and  the 
heavy  rainfall  which  makes  irrigation  unnecessary  in  many 
instances. 

Watrous  has  a  population  of  about  500  souls.     It  has 


wheat,  kafir  corn,  cane  and  millet.  Crops  of  these  are 
certain  every  year  and  there  are  some  good  crops  of  wheat, 
oats  and  barley  matured  in  the  vicinity.  Watrous  is  an 
important  shipping  point  for  wool,  sheep  and  cattle  raised 
in  the  regions  east  and  west  of  the  railroad  line  which 
crosses  Mora  County  from  north  to  south.  The  prosperity 
of  the  place  is  secure  in  its  position  as  a  shipping  and  supply 
point  for  the  stock  ranches  but  the  development  of  the 
agricultural  lands  in  the  section  is  yearly  bringing  a  great 
measure  of  progress  and  advancement  to  the  town. 


good  public  schools  where  all  the  grammar  grades  are 
taught,  several  churches  and  some  rather  large  mercantile 
houses  which  supply  the  cattle  and  sheep  ranches  which 
make  Watrous  their  shipping  and  supply  point.  Near  the 
town  are  grown  considerable  quantities  of  beans,  buck- 


VALMORA    SANATORIUM   AT  WATROUS 

It  is  located  on  the  route  of  the  Old  Santa  Fe  Trail, 
where  now  thousands  of  automobiles  travel  east  or  west 
each  year,  replacing  the  stage  coach  traffic  of  the  old  days 
with  one  much  faster  and  much  more  to  the  benefit  of  the 
country  traversed. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  163  — 


• 


TORRANGE  COUNTY 


HE  county  of  Torrancc  is  one  of  the  latest  to 
be  created  in  the  State  of  New  Mexico  and 
is  chiefly  remarkable  for  the  rapid  growth 
the  dry-farming  system  has  made  there  in 
recent  years.  Dairying  has  also  had  large 
advances.  The  county  contains  considerable 
'in.ber  and  lumbering  is  an  important  industry  in  the  Man- 
zano  mountains  in  the  eastern  section.  Some  mineral  has 
also  been  located  there  and  in  the  Gallinas  range. 

Torrance  County  lies  almost  at  the  geographical  center 
of  the  State.  It  has  no  streams  and  is  principally  grazing 
country,  though  agriculture  has  prospered  in  the  more 
heavily  watered  sections  and  wherever  wells  have  been  put 
down.  Water  can  be  obtained  for  irrigation  at  many 
points  in  the  county  from  an  underflow  which  seems  to 
reach  a  wide  area.  Torrance  County  has  an  area  of 
3,330  square  miles,  or  2,156,160  acres.  Of  this  there 
are  61  5,981  acres  under  the  Santa  Fe  land  office  open  to 
homestead  entry,  of  which  468, 141  are  surveyed,  and 
166,472  acres  under  the  Roswell  district,  all  of  which  ha? 
been  surveyed.  A  very  large  area,  nearly  all  the  public 
land,  in  fact,  is  open  to  enlarged  homestead  entry. 

There  are  359,683  acres  of  national  forest  lands  in  the 
county,  most  of  which  is  in  the  Manzano  mountains  and 
on  the  attendant  slopes. 

Torrance  County  has  good  schools  and  pays  its  teachers 
well.  Term  runs  from  five  months,  the  state  minimum,  up 
to  nine,  in  the  different  districts.  The  school  population 
in  1914  was  2,184.  There  are  forty-three  school  build- 
ings and  the  county  employs  fifty  teachers. 

There  are  good  natural  dirt  roads  in  Torrance  County. 
The  Gran  Quivera  highway  crosses  the  county  from  south- 
east to  northwest.  It  reaches  through  several  other  countir* 
•nd  is  the  first  highway  of  ill  general  direction  in  the  State. 
The  main  east  and  west  road  it  a  part  of  the  Panhandle- 
Pacific  highway  and  is  a  very  good  road  on  which  much 
maintenance  work  is  done.  The  main  north  and  south 
road  is  in  very  good  condition  and  is  being  improved. 

The  county  has  three  railroads  in  it.  the  Belen  cut-off 
of  the  Santa  Fe  system,  the  El  Paw  &  Southwestern'* 


line  northeast  from  El  Paso  to  Tucumcari,  and  the  south- 
ern end  of  the  New  Mexico  Central,  which  connects  with 
the  Rock  Island.  There  are  several  good  towns  along 
these  railroads,  furnishing  easy  markets  and  shipping  points 
for  the  farmers  and  stock-raisers.  Among  these  are 
Mountainair,  the  smallest  city  in  the  world  where  a  Chau- 
tauqua  is  held  each  year;  Willard,  Torrance,  Moriarty. 
Estancia,  Mclntosh,  Duran  and  Encino. 

There  are  2,069  farms  in  the  county,  having  a  com- 
bined area  of  369,774  acres,  or  17.1  per  cent  of  the 
total  area  of  the  county.  Most  of  these  farms  are  in  160 
acre  class,  being,  in  fact,  homesteads,  but  there  are  a 
vast  number  in  the  class  of  260  acres  and  over  and  five 
have  more  than  1 ,000  acres  each.  The  most  important 
crops  are  cereals,  vegetables  and  hay  and  forage,  in  the 
order  named.  Farm  products  are  worth  $233,000  an- 
nually. 

Although  it  has  been  pushed  back  somewhat  of  late 
years  by  the  dry-farming  and  dairying  lines,  livestock  re- 
mains the  most  profitable  industry  in  Torrance  County. 
Its  annual  revenues  from  stock  sold  and  slaughtered  total 
$232,000.  with  $129,000  added  from  wool  and  mohair 
sales.  Eggs  and  poultry  bring  in  $  I  3,000  a  year.  Ther<* 
are  2.170  horses  in  the  county,  350  mules.  2.900  cattle. 
50,000  sheep  and  some  goats  and  swine,  the  whole  having 
a  value  of  $1  76.000.  The  county  has  $1  1 .700  in  bank 
stock.  $4 1 ,000  worth  of  town  lots,  whose  improvements 
are  worth  about  as  much  more;  some  saw  milU  and  salt 
gathering  plants,  $7,000  worth  of  telegraph  and  telephone 
lines  and  about  one  and  two-thirds  millions  of  dollars 
worth  of  railroad  lines. 

The  population  is  10, 1  19,  according  to  the  1910  cen- 
sus, and  the  assessed  valuation  $7.888,071,  taxes  being 
paid  on  one-third  of  this,  according  to  law. 

Torrance  County  has  361,000  acres  of  agricultural 
land,  valued  at  $445.000.  but  the  method  of  classifica- 
tion is  evidently  different  in  this  county  from  any  other, 
dry-farming  land  being  classed  as  agricultural.  There  are 
13.855  acre*  of  grazing  land,  worth  a  dollar  an  acre; 
3,960  acres  of  timber  land  in  private  ownership. 


-    164  — 


i 


BERNALILLO  COUNTY 


A  GREAT  IRRIGATED   FARMING   DIVISION   OF   NEW    MEXICO 

BY  H.   B.   HEN1NG 


ERNALILLO,  one  of  the  original  counties, 
created  when  New  Mexico  became  a  terri- 
tory of  the  United  States,  has  been  reduced 
by  a  long  succession  of  new  county  creations 
until  it  is  now  the  State's  smallest  political 
division.  It  is  located  close  to  the  geographi- 
cal center  of  the  State ;  its  eastern  end  being  covered  by  the 
towering  Sandia  and  Manzano  mountain  ranges,  its  western 
half  being  a  succession  of  high  mesas  rising  toward  the 
Continental  Divide  and  suited  only  for  grazing,  save  where 
the  Puerco  river  supplies  a  meager  and  uncertain  water 
supply  for  scattered  tracts  of  irrigated  land  along  its  nar- 
row valley. 

The  Rio  Grande,  New  Mexico's  principal  river,  runs 
almost  through  the  center  of  the  county,  from  north  to 
south,  flowing  within  a  mile  of  the  city  limits  of  Albuquer- 
que, and  creating  a  valley  from  two  to  seven  miles  wide  in 
which  lies  one  of  the  most  fertile  agricultural  areas  in  the 
west.  Incontestable  and  adequate  water  rights  are  owned 
in  this  valley  for  an  acreage  considerably  larger  than  that 
which  is  now  being  reclaimed  by  the  government's  great 
Elephant  Butte  storage  project,  1 80  miles  to  the  south. 
This  area  of  approximately  250,000  acres  offers  an  ex- 
ceptionally attractive  field  for  development,  especially  for 
the  small  farmer  who  is  equipped  to  undertake  intensive 
farming.  It  has  the  advantages  of  abundant  and  certain 
water  supply  through  the  most  economical  form  of  irriga- 
tion, the  old-time  community  ditch,  or  acequia;  ideal  cli- 
matic conditions  and  markets  in  Albuquerque  and  through 
splendid  railroad  facilities,  which  cannot  be  over-supplied. 
Practically  the  entire  population  of  the  county  live  in  Al- 
buquerque and  in  this  tributary  valley,  and  outside  of  Al- 
buquerque the  population  is  almost  wholly  agricultural. 

The  irrigation  system  is  an  enlargement  of  the  primitive 
covimunity  acequia  which  the  first  Spanish  explorers  found 
the  Indians  using.  Farmers  in  a  given  district  band  to- 
gether and  build  a  ditch  to  serve  their  lands,  diverting  the 
water  from  the  Rio  Grande  by  wing  diversion  dams  of 
logs  and  earth,  and  apportioning  the  cost  of  maintenance 
according  to  the  number  of  acres  and  volume  of  water  used. 


There  are  twelve  large  community  canals  of  this  kind  in  the 
county  and  a  number  of  smaller  ones.  Cost  of  water  under 
this  system  is  the  lowest  of  any  irrigation  system  in  the 
world,  frequently  being  as  low  as  90  cents  an  acre  a  year. 
On  the  other  hand  the  system  is  wasteful  of  water  that 
is  precious.  A  majority  of  the  canals  are  maintained  along 
the  original  ditch  lines  of  the  Indians,  laid  out  centuries 
ago,  and  wander  over  the  landscape  almost  at  will,  result- 
ing in  large  waste  of  land  and  serving  less  than  one-third  of 


BERNALIIJX>  COUNTY  COURT  HOUSE— 
ALBUQUERQUE 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  165  — 


____ 
"THE    LAND 


A1EX1CO 
OF"    QRRORTUNITV 


the  total  acreage  for  the  irrigation  of  which  water  rights 
are  available. 

The  reconstruction  of  this  community  ditch  system,  its 
concentration  into  main  canals  on  either  side  of  the  river, 
and  its  extension  to  take  in  all  the  land  owning  water 
rights,  form  the  chief  development  work  before  the  com- 
munity, now  possible  through  laws  permitting  bonding  of 
lands  for  district  irrigation  and  drainage  projects.  A  sur- 
vey of  Bernalillo  County  has  just  been  completed  which 
opens  the  way  to  immediate  carrying  out  of  these  necessary 
projects.  Adjustment  of  water  rights  in  the  Rio  Grande 
watershed,  following  completion  of  the  Elephant  Butte  pro- 
ject, will  release  water  for  a  considerable  additional  acre- 
age. In  the  meantime  the  supply  for  the  ditch  systems  now 
in  use  in  this  county  is  adequate  and  never-failing. 

Because  of  the  primitive  character  of  the  irrigation  sys- 


and  to  farm  it  intelligently  and  thoroughly,  the  opportun- 
ity for  large  and  quick  profit  in  the  section  of  the  Rio 
Grande  Valley  immediately  tributary  to  Albuquerque 
probably  has  no  equal  in  the  whole  of  the  United  States. 
To  the  practical  farmer  of  irrigated  land,  prepared  to 
finance  his  preliminary  operations  it  is  as  nearly  "a  sure 
thing"  as  any  human  undertaking  can  be. 

The  climate  in  this  valley  is  almost  ideal  and  climate 
weather  conditions,  character  of  water  and  of  soil  are 
adapted  to  all  forms  of  general  farming,  truck  farming,  vine 
culture  and  fruit  growing,  with  the  single  exception  of  the 
citrus  fruits  for  which  the  winters  are  too  severe.  The  first 
frosts  come  in  mid-October  and  the  last  in  early  April,  but 
the  winters  are  open  and  except  for  six  weeks  in  mid-win- 
ter when  at  this  altitude — 4.900  feet — nights  are  quite 
cold  and  snow  flurries  frequent,  outdoor  farm  work  is  pos- 


\i  u  s< 


-si     vr 


>>-  PMUI.I.AS.   IHSTUHT  N«>. 


tern  lands  along  the  community  ditches  can  be  bought  at 
price*  which  are  very  low,  when  compared  with  land  price? 
generally  in  the  irrigated  west.  Land  with  water  rights 
may  be  had  within  five  miles  of  Albuquerque  as  low 
as  $50  an  acre;  while  improved,  irrigated  farms  within 
three  miles  of  the  city  limits  may  be  bought  as  low  as  $  1 00 
an  acre.  The  possibilities  of  this  cheap  land  are  seen  im- 
mediately when  it  is  stated  that  highly  improved  land  close 
to  the  city  limits  of  Albuquerque,  now  being  farmed  inten- 
sively, is  held  at  $1.000.  $1.500.  and  $2.000  an  acre. 
It  is  not  a  district  for  the  homesteader,  for  there  are  no 
homestead  lands  open  lo  entry  in  the  entire  county  which 
are  suitable  for  fanning.  Nor  is  it  a  district  for  the  settler 
without  means  and  expecting  to  farm  "upon  a  shoestring". 
Bui  for  thr  practical  farmer  of  moderate  means,  who  is 
prepared  lo  buy  a  tract  of  this  land,  to  equip  it  properly 


sible  the  year  through.  The  main  field  crop  is  alfalfa 
which  grows  for  four  cuttings  each  season  and  produces, 
under  careful  farming,  two  tons  to  the  acre  per  cutting 
Although  alfalfa  prices  generally  are  high  enough  to  make 
jelling  the  crop  in  the  open  market  a  strong  money  maker, 
many  farmers  now  are  beginning  to  feed  their  hay,  finding 
a  larger  profit  in  fat  cattle  and  sheep  and  in  the  large  and 
certain  profits  from  dairy  stock.  The  Albuquerque  cream- 
ery, the  largest  in  the  State,  made  435.000  pounds  of 
butter  in  1914  and  paid  farmers  $101,000  for  cream.  It 
was  the  creamery's  first  full  year  of  operation.  Its  esti- 
mated production  for  1915  is  750,000  pounds  of  butter. 
Poultry  farming  is  a  proven  industry  with  quick  and 
heavy  returns.  The  annual  New  Mexico  poultry  show*, 
held  in  connection  with  the  State  Fair,  and  the  Albuquer- 
que mid-winter  poultry  shows  have  been  pronounced  by 


B 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  166  - 


TTHE:  LAND  OF" 


A1EXICO 


experts  the  equal   in   character   of  exhibits   of  any   in  the 
West. 

Apples,  peaches,  apricots,  plums,  pears  produce  enor- 
mous crops  in  this  valley  of  the  highest  class  of  fruit.  Mod- 
ern orchard  culture  is  just  in  its  beginning,  but  the  results 
obtained  prove  beyond  any  question  where  the  greatest 
farm  profits  of  the  valley  eventually  will  be  found.  Grape 
culture  also  is  a  maker  of  money.  The  Spanish  Mission 
grape,  introduced  by  the  early  Spanish  pioneers,  and  now 
native  to  the  region,  is  one  of  the  most  delightful  of  table 
varieties,  and  fair  for  wine  making.  But  almost  every 
variety  of  grape  known  on  the  continent  has  been  tried  in 
this  valley  and  has  succeeded.  The  light,  sandy  soil  and 


M-:\V    SCIIOOI,    BUII/UING    AT    RANCHOS 
AIJ3UQUERQUE,  DISTRICT  No.  4 

ihe  clear,  pure  air  and  almost  continual  sunshine  produce  a 
grape  of  most  superior  quality. 

Especially  for  fruit  and  grape  growing  the  first  level  or 
bench  lands  along  the  valley  furnish  an  exceptionally  at- 
tractive opportunity  for  development.  There  are  approx- 
imately 100,000  acres  of  these  lands,  held  generally  in 
small  tracts  to  be  had  at  from  $25  to  $100  an  acre,  and 
which  can  be  irrigated  by  pumping  from  the  inexhaustible 
underflow  of  the  Rio  Grande,  with  a  lift  varying  from  ten 
to  sixty  feet.  Power  lines  already  have  been  extended  for 
five  miles  north  and  south  of  Albuquerque  and  a  number 
of  pumping  plants  are  in  operation.  Government  and 
other  irrigation  engineers,  after  years  of  study,  have  con- 
cluded that  at  least  two-thirds  of  the  whole  annual  flow  of 


the  Rio  Grande  watershed  runs  through  the  several  sand 
strata  beneath  the  river  bed.  This  series  of  strata  extend 
clear  across  the  valley  in  Bernalillo  County  and  provide  an 
inexhaustible  water  supply  for  pumping.  Very  extensive 
development  will  be  carried  out  with  these  bench  lands,  and 
by  pumping  for  the  irrigation  supply  during  the  next  few 
years,  and  large  profits  will  be  realized  from  the  develop- 
ment. It  is  an  opportunity  in  western  irrigable  land  which 
is  worthy  of  very  careful  investigation  by  any  man  looking 
for  a  home  or  a  land  proposition  based  on  plain  provable, 
clean-cut  merit. 

Stock  farming  in  Bernalillo  County  will  be  confined 
chiefly  to  feeding.  A  large  number  of  the  wealthiest  stock- 
men in  the  State  make  their  homes  and 
headquarters  in  Albuquerque,  and 
about  two-thirds  of  the  entire  cattle  and 
sheep  and  wool  business  of  the  State 
passes  through  that  city's  markets  and 
banks,  but  the  stock  for  the  most  part 
is  grazed  in  other  counties  of  less  re- 
stricted grazing  area.  The  grazing 
lands  of  Bernalillo  County,  aside  from 
the  Sandia  and  Manzano  mountain 
ranges,  covered  by  the  Manzano  na- 
tional forest,  are  limited  in  area  and  of 
inferior  quality  as  compared  to  grazing 
lands  elsewhere  in  the  State.  The 
county's  chief  resource  is  its  agricultural 
land  in  the  Rio  Grande  Valley  and 
with  this  enormous  resource  its  future 
growth  in  farm  area  and  wealth  is 
certain. 

**E  While  still  in  the  prospecting  stage, 

the  making  of  a  great  mining  district 
has  been  opened  up  in  the  Sandia 
and  Manzano  mountain  ranges  which  cover  the  eastern  end 
of  the  county  and  stand  as  a  protecting  wall  again  winter 
winds.  A  vein  of  lead-zinc  ore,  identified  as  the  same 
vein,  has  been  traced  by  reliable  mining  engineers  for  a 
distance  of  fifteen  miles  through  these  mountains.  In  places 
it  has  been  opened  up  on  rich  ore  faces  and  in  the  opinion 
of  a  great  many  engineers  the  district  will  show  very  large 
deposits  of  both  lead  and  zinc  as  development  proceeds. 
Some  gold  has  been  encountered  and  two  large  deposits  of 
copper  have  been  opened  up.  Transportation  facilities  will 
be  required  for  profitable  mining  of  the  latter,  but  the  zinc 
and  lead  ores  are  sufficiently  rich  to  permit  of  hauling  fif- 
teen to  twenty  miles  to  the  railroad.  The  mining  prospects 
of  Bernalillo  County  were  never  brighter. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—   167  — 


LAISIP  QF~ 


ATTE 


f\       CULTIVATING  yOUflGCOKH 


MOWING  ALFALFA         f 


K.VNt  H    M-KNKS    IX     ItKUNAI.II.IX)    rOI'XTV     X\U  AI.IH 


K 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTFfjES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

!'.« 


HTHE    LAND 


A4EXICO 
OF" 


TRADE    CENTER 
OF  THE  STATE 

ALBUQUERQUE 

BY  H.  B.  HENING 

METROPOLIS  OF 
THE  STATE 

LBUQUERQUE  is  New  Mexico's  largest 
city  and  the  chief  business  center  of  the 
State.  Its  people  are  accustomed  to  speak  of 
it  with  a  pardonable  boastfulness,  as  "the 
biggest  little  city  in  the  United  States".  The 
boast  is  founded  largely  on  fact,  for  Albu- 
querque, although  its  population  is  relatively  small — about 
25,000  within  a  radius  of  three  miles  of  its  business  cen- 
ter— through  its  established  reputation  as  one  of  the  great 
health  resorts  of  the  continent,  through  varied  industries, 
and  through  the  widely  varying  industries  and  resources  of 
the  great  trade  territory  surrounding  it,  has  a  cosmopolitan 
population,  an  industrial  and  trade  range  and  a  business 
volume  which  give  it  all  the  atmosphere  of  the  larger  cities 
of  the  West. 

The  original  settlement  was  founded  by  the  early  Span- 
ish colonists  who  followed  the  Conquistadcies,  and  was 
named  for  the  Duke  of  Albuquerque.  The  cathedral  of 


San  Felipe  de  Neri,  in  the  old  village,  was  built  in  the 
seventeenth  century,  and  stands,  restored,  in  its  original 
form.  The  present  city,  however,  was  not  founded  until 
1  879  when  the  Santa  Fe  railroad  neared  the  northern  New 
Mexico  line,  and  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific,  now  the  Santa 
Fe  coast  lines,  began  its  construction  from  Albuquerque 
to  the  coast.  The  railroad  from  the  east  was  completed 
into  Albuquerque  in  1 880  and  the  town  became,  almost 
immediately,  the  trade  center  of  the  State  and  of  a  terri- 
tory with  a  radius  of  250  miles  in  every  direction  and  to 
the  north  and  west  of  nearly  twice  that  distance. 

Located  almost  in  the  geographical  center  of  the  State, 
Albuquerque's  position  as  a  trade  center  has  been  strength- 
ened by  almost  all  the  railroad  construction  which  has 
followed  the  pioneering  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa 
Fe.  Lines  of  that  system  reached  north,  south  and  west 
into  a  larger  part  of  the  State,  and  when  in  1911  the 
Atchison's  east  and  west  line  was  completed  into  Texas 


COMMERCIAL    CLUB    BUILDING — ALBUQUERQUE 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


169  — 


and  the  gulf,  the  city  became  the  center  of  a  four-point 
railroad  star,  the  railroad,  as  well  as  the  trade  center  of 
the  State. 

The  strength  of  Albuquerque's  industrial  position  may 
be   better   understood   when   it   is   said   that   three  of   the 


State's  greatest  industries,  livestock,  agriculture  and  tim- 
ber, center  here.  New  Mexico  livestock  transactions  rep- 
resent a  gross  business  of  ten  million  dollars  yearly  in  sheep 
and  wool  and  half  as  much  again  in  cattle.  Two-thirds 
of  this  business  is  handled  through  Albuquerque  firms,  com- 


plant  of  the  American  Lumber  Company,  with  a  daily  ca- 
pacity of  300,000  feet,  is  within  the  city  limits,  and  the 
general  offices  of  the  Santa  Barbara  Tie  &  Pole  Com- 
pany also  are  in  Albuquerque.  This  latter  company 
operates  in  northern  New  Mexico,  driving  its  logs  and  ties 
down  the  Rio  Grande  with  the  summer  flood  waters,  a 
distance  of  200  miles  or  more. 

The  city's  trade  position  is  best  shown  by  its  banks  and 
wholesale  houses.  The  First  National,  with  capital  and 
surplus  of  $400,000,  has  total  resources  of  approximately 
$5,000.000,  the  strongest  bank  in  the  two  far  southwest- 
ern state?  The  State  National,  a  husky  ten-year-old  in- 
stitution ,ias  resources  of  approximately  two  and  a  half 
million.  The  Citizens  Bank  is  a  young  and  rapidly  grow- 
ing bank  with  a  state  charter,  and  two  flourishing  trust 
companies  complete  the  city's  equipment  of  financial  insti- 
tutions. Nineteen  wholesale  establishments,  covering  prac- 
tically all  staple  lines,  with  trade  covering  not  only  New 
Mexico  but  southern  Colorado,  west  Texas  and  Arizona, 
have  their  main  offices  and  warehouses  in  Albuquerque. 
These  establishments  form  a  wholesale  community  which 
might  properly  be  expected  in  a  city  of  250.000  instead  of 
25,000.  And  this  is  one  feature  of  Albuquerque  which 
must  be  kept  in  mind  for  a  proper  appreciation  of  the  city's 


xi  1:1  '.n  i  i:«.n  i     \XIM.I    -<  .11  i:i\<.   MIII-. 
O»«»    10O  FSnplojrce  IlamlUtl   <MIT  Forty-Two    Million  rounds  of  \V<M>| 


In 


houses,  banks  or  livestock  owners.  The  third  dis- 
trict headquarters  of  the  national  forest  service  are  located 
here,  the  district  offices  having  charge  of  forests  of  New 
Mexico,  Arizona,  Oklahoma  and  Arkansas.  The  huge 


financial  and  trade  position.  It  is  a  small  city,  in  popula- 
tion, but  it  has  a  tributary  trade  territory,  range  and  farm 
and  forest,  of  which  any  city  in  the  nation,  large  or  small, 
could  be  fairly  boastful.  There  is  no  city  of  double  the 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE 

170  — 




THE    LAND  OF" 


population,  in  the  entire  country  which  has  so  large  a  trade  range,  including 
resources  and  development  opportunities  as  varied.  That  is  the  reason  Al- 
buquerque is  an  opportunity  city.  It  is  the  center  of  and  in  immediate 
touch  with  the  greatest  undeveloped  section  of  the  continental  United  States. 
New  Mexico's  resources  of  coal,  the  metals,  forests  and  agriculture  have 
barely  been  scratched.  Its  livestock  possibilities  are  but  half  developed; 
and  to  all  of  these  fields  of  almost  boundless  opportunity,  Albuquerque  is 
the  gateway,  as  it  will  remain  the  center  as  development  proceeds. 

Experts,  scientific  students  of  the  national  scourge,  tuberculosis,  have 
designated  the  region  within  a  radius  of  twenty  miles  around  Albuquerque, 
as  "The  Heart  of  the  Well  Country,"  the  region  above  all  others  in  the 
western  hemisphere  where  climatic  conditions  are  best  adapted  to  the 
successful  treatment  of  diseases  of 
the  throat  and  lungs.  There  is  an 
area,  of  which  Albuquerque  is  the 
center,  extending  for  twenty  miles 
up  and  down  the  Rio  Grande  Val- 
ley and  of  an  average  width  of 
twenty  miles,  in  which  the  average 
rainfall  through  thirty-five  years  of 
government  recorded  observation,  is 
less  than  eight  inches  annually.  The 
elevation  is  approximately  4,900 


feet.  There  are  three  hundred  days 
of  sunshine,  upon  an  average,  in 
every  year.  High  mountain  ranges 
to  the  north  and  east  protect  the  re- 
gion from  winter  winds  and  guard 
against  extremes  of  heat  or  cold. 
These  conditions  students  of  climate 
as  it  relates  to  the  treatment  of  tu- 
berculosis, pronounce  most  favor- 
able of  any  to  be  found  even  in  the 
Rocky  Mountain  plateau.  The  result 
has  been  to  attract  national  attention 
to  Albuquerque  as  a  health  resort.  The  Presbyterian  church  has  placed  its 
national  sanitarium  for  tuberculosis  here,  as  has  the  Methodist  church.  The 
city  is  being  favorably  considered  by  the  Loyal  Order  of  Moose  and  the 
Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows  as  the  location  for  the  great  sanitaria 
these  orders  propose  to  build.  A  number  of  private  institutions,  thoroughly 
modern  in  equipment,  are  filled  to  capacity  and  hundreds  of  people  from 
all  parts  of  the  United  States  make  their  homes  in  Albuquerque  primarily 
for  health.  Albuquerque  has  only  recently  begun  the  exploitation  of  its 
great  climatic  resources.  The  response  has  been  instantaneous  in  a  great 
influx  of  healthseekers ;  people  who  are  building  homes  and  whose  expen- 
ditures contribute  materially  to  the  city's  prosperity. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  171   — 


_ 

TTiC    LA  NIP 


JVIEXICO 
OF" 


While  Santa  Fe  is  New  Mexico's  seat  of  government, 
Albuquerque  is  the  State's  educational  capital.  The  Uni- 
versity of  New  Mexico  is  located  here,  occupying  a  large 
tract  of  land  on  the  brow  of  the  mesa  which  overlooks  the 


I.MHAN  <  i  KIO  m  II.IMM;— s\vi  \  i  i:  i:\ii  KO\I> 
STATION — AUtnji  I:KVII: 

city  and  the  Rio  Grande  Valley;  its  unique  buildings, 
copies  of  the  best  architecture  of  the  Pueblo  Indians,  and 
standing  out  strikingly  against  a  background  of  towering 
mountains,  housing  one  of  the  best  equipped  of  western 
Universities.  The  institution,  in  addition  to  its  state  sup- 
port by  direct  appropriation,  has  an  endowment  from  the 
federal  government  of  a  vast  area  of  valuable  land,  given 
when  New  Mexico  became  a  state. 

The  city's  public  school  equipment  is  adequate  for  a  city 
of  a  hundred  thousand  people,  centering  around  a  modern 
high  school  building  completed  in  1914  and  representing 
an  investment  of  $125.000.  Five  ward  school  buildings, 
all  modern  in  every  respect,  complete  the  city  school  sys- 
tem. St.  Vincent  Academy,  a  Catholic  school  for  girls, 
hat  a  patronage  gathered  from  all  parts  of  the  Southwest. 
as  has  the  Immaculate  Conception  school,  for  boys.  The 
United  States  Indian  Training  school,  the  largest  of  the 
government  institutions  of  the  class  in  New  Mexico,  rep- 
resents an  investment  of  $250.000  and  cares  for  400 
Indian  boys  and  girls.  The  Harwood  schools  for  boys 
and  girls,  the  Menaul  Mission  school,  and  the  Rio  Grande 
Industrial  school  are  denominational  institutions  of  state- 
wide scope.  The  Albuquerque  Business  College  has  a 
state-wide  patronage.  Educationally.  Albuquerque's 
equipment  is  superb. 

All  of  the  principal  churches  hive  their  own  buildings 
in  Albuquerque,  nearly  all  of  them  modem  and  many  of 


them  architecturally  beautiful.  This  is  especially  true  of  the 
Catholic  churches,  of  which  there  are  three.  The  cathe- 
dral of  San  Felipe  de  Neri,  in  the  old  village  of  Albuquer- 
que is  a  perfect  type  of  the  later  Spanish  architecture  in 
New  Mexico,  while  the  Immaculate  Conception  cathedral 
is  a  beautiful  modern  church.  The  Methodist  denomina- 
tions, the  Presbyterian,  Congregational,  Baptist.  Christian. 
Lutheran,  all  have  their  own  buildings,  and  Temple  Al- 
bert, the  Jewish  synagogue,  is  an  especially  fine  building. 
The  churches  are  well  supported  with  growing  congrega- 
tions in  every  instance. 

Late  in  1914  Albuquerque  in  a  campaign  of  ten  days 
raised  $75,000  for  a  Young  Men's  Christian  Association 
building,  which  is  now  under  construction.  The  Young 
Women's  Christian  Association  has  owned  its  own  building 
for  a  number  of  years.  The  Albuqu?rque  Woman's  club 
owns  its  own  home,  a  one-story  building  built  by  the  club, 
especially  for  club  purposes  and  serving  all  the  purposes 
of  a  social  center.  The  Country  club  completed  its  own 
building  in  1914,  an  attractive  club  house  in  mission  style, 
located  near  the  University  campus  and  surrounded  by 
golf  links,  tennis  courts  and  with  all  the  equipment  of  a 
first-class  country  club. 

The  city's  chief  community  institution,  however,  is  the 
Commercial  club,  an  organization  of  business  men  founded 
when  the  modern  city  was  founded  and  since  that  time  the 
motive  power  behind  every  important  forward  movement. 
The  club  owns  and  occupies  its  own  building,  a  handsome 
three-story  brownstone  structure  in  the  center  of  the  city, 


mi. II  M  IKMII.  in  ii  IHN». 

built  at  a  cost  of  $75.000  when  Albuquerque  had  lesi 
than  10,000  people.  It  is  one  of  the  best  known  com- 
munity organizations  in  the  West  and  is  as  vigorous  and 
as  effectively  active  today  as  when  fint  established. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

2S^^^S^^^^3 

172  - 


_  ____ 
THE    LAND 


A1EX3CO 
OF"    OF=»RORTUISnTVr 


The  various  fraternal  orders  are  especially  strong  in  Al- 
buquerque. The  Masonic  Temple,  a  beautiful  building, 
was  completed  in  1912.  The  Odd  Fellows,  the  Knights 
of  Pythias  and  the  Elks  own  their  own  buildings,  the  latter 


GARDEN  TRUCK  UNDER  GLASS  AT  ALBUQUERQUE 

now  being  remodeled  from  a  theater  building,  for  which  it 
was  originally  built,  into  a  fine  modern  three-story  club 
house.  The  other  leading  fraternal  orders  own  their  build- 
ings or  have  well  appointed  lodge  quarters. 

Albuquerque's  public  utilities  are  in  private  ownership, 
but  are  modern,  well  managed  and  efficient.  The  water 
supply,  obtained  from  wells  at  varying  depths,  is  abso- 


BERNALILLO  COUNTY  ONION  FIELD 

lutely  pure  and  abundant.  Water  rates  are  moderate  and 
the  service  excellent.  The  electric  light  and  power  plant 
and  gas  plant  are  thoroughly  modern  and  adequate  for  all 
demands.  The  city  is  well  lighted  from  boundary  to 


boundary  and  an  ornamental  lighting  system  contributes 
materially  to  the  attractiveness  of  the  business  district.  Nine 
miles  of  trolley  line  reaching  all  sections  of  the  city  furnish 
good  transportation  service. 

The  city  owns  its  own  municipal  building,  completed  in 
1914  without  a  bond  issue,  the  work  being  paid  for  from 
current  funds  surplus  as  completed.  It  houses  the  police 
station,  all  city  offices  and  one  of  the  city's  two  fire  sta- 
tions, both  of  which  are  equipped  with  thoroughly  modern 
motor-driven  apparatus.  The  city  government  is  the  old 
form  of  mayor  and  aldermen,  elected  every  two  years,  but 
is  singularly  free  from  any  taint  of  corruption  and  generally 
recognized  throughout  the  Southwest  as  a  model  of  clean 
efficiency.  Vice  is  rigidly  controlled  and  saloons,  operat- 
ing under  high  license,  are  carefully  supervised.  In  propor- 
tion to  population,  Albuquerque  has  less  of  serious  crime 


TRUCK  GARDEN  NEAR  ALBUQUERQUE 

against  its  record  for  the  past  ten  years,  than  any  other  city 
in  the  country;  the  result  of  a  small,  but  thoroughly  effici- 
ent police  force. 

The  city's  sanitation  equipment  is  modern  and  adequate, 
a  new  sewer  system  having  been  completed  in  1 9 1  2  at  a 
cost  of  about  $450,000.  This,  with  several  miles  of 
paved  streets,  covering  the  whole  of  the  business  district 
and  several  residence  streets,  and  about  fifty  miles  of  ce- 
ment sidewalks  and  crossings,  and  well-organized  health 
department  combine  to  make  Albuquerque  a  healthy  and 
pleasant  residence  city. 

The  Raynolds  free  public  library,  a  three-story  brick  and 
stone  building,  the  gift  to  the  city  of  Joshua  Raynolds,  is 
a  well-stocked  institution,  maintained  to  meet  the  city's 
needs. 

The  government  building,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $200,000 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  173  — 


.MEXICO 
OF~ 


in  1911,  hat  now  become  inadequate  for  the  needs  of 
postoffice,  federal  court  and  other  purposes  and  an  ap- 
propriation of  $200.000  for  enlargements  is  pending  be- 
fore congress. 

This,  briefly,  is  Albuquerque's  municipal  equipment. 
The  public  spirit  of  its  people  will  keep  it  adequate  to 
meet  every  demand  as  the  demand  arises.  For  the  public 
spirit  and  community  loyalty  of  Albuquerque  is  proverbial 
in  New  Mexico. 

During  1914  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  began 


construction  of  additions  to  its  already  large  locomotive 
and  car  repair  shops  in  Albuquerque  which  when  com- 
pleted will  have  cost  $2,000,000  and  will  give  employ- 
ment to  two  thousand  men.  This  will  mean  a  railroad  pay- 
roll alone  sufficient  to  support  a  good  sized  town.  When 
there  are  added  the  other  well  established  local  industries 
and  the  rapid  development  now  general  throughout  Albu- 
querque's trade  territory,  it  is  clear  that  growth  and  devel- 
opment on  an  important  scale  are  immediately  in  prospect 
for  New  Mexico's  chief  city. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

BY  DR.  DAVID  ROSS  BOYD,  PRESIDENT 


sity  is 
success 
people' 


HE  last  three  years  have  turned  the  fortunes 
of   the   University   of   New   Mexico   into   a 
channel   somewhat   different   from   that  they 
have  pursued  in  former  days  and  have  placed 
the  institution  on  a  firm  foundation  for  future 
prosperity.     The  present  aim  of  the  Univer- 
that  which  has  made  other  state  institutions  most 
ful,   namely,    to   make   it    "the   servant  of   all    the 


eral  extension  departments.  The  extension  departments 
were  arranged  that  the  institution  might  be  able  to  carry 
its  work  to  those  who  were  unable  to  attend  it  in  person 
and  that  communities  might  call  upon  it  for  expert  re- 
search, information  or  opinion  in  matters  of  science  or  pub- 
lic economy. 

The  University  has  145  students,  of  whom  all  but  six 
are  of  college  standing.  Until  the  high  schools  of  the 
State  are  sufficient  in  number  and  standing  to  enable  all 


•  \\iri  -    vi    (MM  n-m 


The  University  at  present  is  offering  courses  in  all 
branches  of  engineering,  in  the  arts  and  letter*  branches,  in 
educational  and  advanced  pedagogical  work,  and  in  sev- 


their  graduates  to  enter  college  immediately  upon  leaving 
them,  the  University  will  be  compelled  to  give  sub-fresh- 
man instruction  and  it  is  in  this  department  that  are  en- 


RESOURCCS  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATC_ 

—  174  — 


1VJE)  W  A1EXICO 

THE    LAIStD  OF"    OPPORTUNITY 


rolled  the  six  students  mentioned.  This  enrollment  is  the 
greatest,  in  point  of  college  students,  that  the  University 
has  ever  had.  In  total  figures  it  is  double  that  of  two 
years  ago.  From  all  indications,  it  will  be  doubled  once 
more  in  another  two  years. 

The  University  now  has  a  campus  of  3 1  5  acres,  over 
250  acres  being  added  in  the  last  year.  It  is  housed  in 
thirteen  buildings,  the  three  most  important  of  which  are 
valued  at  $100,000;  the  others  are  valued  at  $27,800. 
Its  equipment  is  valued  at  $45,000,  which  makes  the  total 
physical  valuation  of  the  plant  $202,800.  The  annual 
appropriation  made  by  the  legislature  in  the  past  has  gradu- 
ally increased  until  for  the  past  two  years  it  was  $45,000. 
The  University  also  has  income  from  its  lumber  and  salt 
lands,  of  the  last  named  of  which  it  owns  practically  all 
there  are  in  the  State.  These  are  very  valuable.  All 
told,  the  University  owns  about  400,000  acres  of  land,  a 
great  deal  of  which  is  still  to  be  selected. 

The  library  of  the  institution  contains  some  12,000 
volumes  exclusive  of  duplicates  and  unbound  pamphlets. 
There  are  department  libraries  in  each  of  the  sections 
where  reference  books  must  be  used  in  actual  class  work. 
The  library  is  a  depository  for  federal  documents  and  con- 
sequently has  a  vast  amount  of  reference  material  which  is 
available  for  public  use. 

The  president  of  the  University  and  a  committee  named 
by  him  are  vested  with  the  power  of  choosing  the  State's 
representatives  at  Oxford  as  Rhodes  scholars  and  have  so 
far  sent  five  men  abroad  to  take  advantage  of  the  oppor- 
tunities so  presented. 

The  University  was  created  as  a  territorial  institution  by 
act  of  the  legislature,  January  28,  1889.  The  passage 
and  introduction  of  the  act  which  created  the  institution 
was  due  to  Bernard  S.  Rodey,  since  called  the  Father  of 
the  University,  in  honor  of  whom  Rodey  Hall  is  named. 
When  the  State  was  erected  from  the  territory  the  insti- 
tution was  continued  under  the  constitution  as  a  state  affair. 
It  is  non-sectarian  in  character  and  tuition  is  free  to  all  resi- 
dents of  the  State  of  New  Mexico. 

The  government  of  the  University  has  always  been  in 
the  hands  of  a  board  of  regents,  five  of  whom  are  appointed 
by  the  governor  with  the  confirmation  of  the  senate,  the 
governor  himself  and  the  state  superintendent  of  public 
instruction  being  the  other  two.  The  first  regents  were 
Elias  S.  Stover  and  Frank  W.  Clancy. 

Former  Governor  E.  S.  Stover  was  the  institution's  first 
president,  being  succeeded  by  Hiram  Hadley  as  vice-presi- 
dent in  charge,  then  by  C.  L.  Herrick,  William  George 
Tight,  Edward  McQueen  Gray  and  the  present  president, 
Dr.  David  Ross  Boyd. 


The  first  building  to  be  erected  was  the  one  now  known 
as  Administration  Hall,  where  in  June,  1892,  the  first 
course  was  offered,  a  summer  normal  course.  In  1 896  the 
gymnasium  followed,  then  the  Hadley  laboratory,  since 
destroyed,  and  the  power  plant,  dormitories  and  other  struc- 
tures, including  the  new  engineering  building. 

If  three  years  of  college  work  are  done  prior  to  the 
work  in  the  school  of  pedagogy,  the  degree  of  bachelor  of 
pedagogy  is  conferred  upon  its  graduates.  Otherwise  cer- 
tificates showing  the  amount  of  work  done  are  given.  These 
entitle  the  holder  to  practice  teaching  for  three  years  with- 
out examination,  are,  in  fact,  equivalent  to  a  second  grade 
teachers'  certificate. 

The  school  of  applied  science  affords  courses  in  elec- 
trical, mining,  mechanical,  civil  and  chemical  engineering, 
with  several  variations.  Ample  laboratory  facilities  of  the 
finest  grade  are  on  hand  and  the  University  exhibits  great 
liberality  in  providing  apparatus  for  special  research  work 
by  advanced  students.  The  elementary  work  in  the  en- 
gineering courses  is  largely  standarized,  specialization  being 
confined  more  to  the  later  years. 

The  arts  and  letters  college  offers  attractive  courses  in 
ancient  and  modern  languages,  history,  English,  music  and 
other  branches.  The  degree  of  B.  A.  is  given  in  each 
branch  section  of  the  University,  but  the  requirements  are 
particularly  difficult. 

One  hundred  twenty  hours  of  "A"  work  are  demanded 
for  graduation  of  an  arts  and  letters  student,  while  slightly 
more  is  asked  of  a  science  student.  If  the  grading  falls 
below  A,  which  is  reckoned  as  ninety  per  cent  or  more,  one 
additional  hour  is  demanded  for  each  seven  hours  of  such 
delinquent  work.  If  the  grading  falls  below  eighty  per 
cent,  or  the  lower  limit  of  the  "B"  grade,  one  additional 
hour  is  demanded  for  each  fourteen  hours  of  such  delin- 
quent work. 

The  University  has  recently  added  materially  to  its 
faculty  and  plans  still  further  advancements  in  the  near 
future. 

One  of  the  most  striking  features  of  the  institution  is  the 
uniform  application  of  an  unique  style  of  architecture.  The 
buildings  are  all  designed  in  imitation  of  the  dwellings  of 
the  Pueblo  Indians,  and  afford  an  attraction  for  the  Uni- 
versity at  once  unique  and  pleasing.  The  types  followed 
in  general  line  at  the  University  are  to  be  found  in  the 
Pueblo  of  Taos,  where  the  pure  Pueblo  type  of  dwelling 
is  best  preserved.  Owing  to  this  feature  the  institution  has 
attained  a  good  deal  of  publicity  over  the  country  and  has 
developed  a  special  appeal  among  its  students  and  others 
who  have  been  in  contact  with  it  and  observed  its 
buildings. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTfflES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  175  — 


HTHE:  LANJP  OF"  OPPORTUNITY 


I L_ 


RESOURCES  ANDNDUSTmCS  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  176  — 


CHAVES  COUNTY 


HE  county  of  Chaves,  second  largest  sub- 
division of  the  State,  is  a  striking  example  oi 
the  change  from  strictly  grazing  or  livestock 
communities  to  agricultural  or  intensive  culti- 
vation communities  as  characteristic  of  New 
Mexico,  and  this  despite  the  fact  that  large 
areas  of  Chaves  County  will  never  be  brought  into  cultiva- 
tion. The  county  in  former  days  was  entirely  a  stock- 
raising  community.  When  beef  was  high,  it  was  prosper- 
ous, when  that  staple  went  down,  its  prosperity  declined. 
Of  more  recent  years,  however,  the  use  of  electricity  foi 
pumping  irrigation  water  from  the  underflow  has  been  de- 
veloped and  worked  out  to  its  highest  efficiency  in  the 
Pecos  Valley  section  of  Chaves  County,  while  the  dis- 
covery and  development  of  a  large  artesian  belt  in  the  same 
section,  and  of  a  shallow  pumping  belt  of  even  greater  di- 


done  so  with  sufficient  emphasis  to  make  the  county  as  a 
whole  able  to  stand  on  its  feet  and  accept  comparison  with 
any  agricultural  county  in  the  State  as  a  producer  of  field 
crops,  horticultural  products,  garden  stuff  and  many  spe- 
cialized cfops. 

Chaves  County  has  an  area  of  9,599  square  miles,  or 
6,02 1 , 1  20  acres,  being  exceeded  in  size  only  by  Socorro 
County,  which  is  approximately  fifty  per  cent  larger.  It  is 
a  plains  country  almost  entirely,  though  on  its  western 
boundary  the  foothills  of  the  White  and  Sacramento  moun- 
tains break  the  terrain  somewhat.  On  the  southwestern 
edge  lie  the  Guadalupe  mountains.  The  principal  stream 
is  the  Pecos  river,  which  divides  the  section  from  north  to 
south  and  receives  the  flow  of  such  tributaries  as  the  Ar- 
royo Yeso,  Arroyo  Conejos,  Deep  Creek,  Salt  Creek,  the 
Hondo,  the  Berrendo  and  the  Rio  Feliz.  The  county  has 


OHAVKS   COUNTY    OOUUT   HOUSE 


mensions,  combined  with  this  to  bring  the  naturally  fertile 
soil  of  the  section  into  productivity. 

Where  once  was  waste  land,  arid  bench  and  rolling 
swale,  is  now  graded  and  leveled  orchard  or  field.  The 
Chaves  County  valley  section  has  come  into  its  own,  and 


some  valuable  timber  lands,  as  more  than  30,000  acres 
of  woodland  are  included  in  farms  and  the  national  forest 
territory  within  its  boundaries  totals  69,760  acres. 

Within  the  last  few  years  the  improved  land  in  Chaves 
County  farms  has  increased  more  than  fifty  per  cent.     At 


RESOURCES  AIMDUSTlESTTIE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—   177  — 


LAND  OF" 


present  the  area  included  in  its  farms  is  1,049.696  acres, 
or  considerably  more  than  one-sixth  of  its  total  area.  Of 
these  farms  twenty-nine  are  of  more  than  1 ,000  acres, 
which  in  itself  is  evidence  enough  of  the  importance  of  the 


diction  over  1,596,583  acres,  of  which  1,048,703  is  sur- 
veyed, and  the  Fort  Sumner  office  having  jurisdiction  over 
803,521  acres,  all  of  which  is  surveyed,  of  these  lands. 
This  is  characterized  as  broken,  rolling  and  grazing. 


i. \UM   HOUSKS — itosui  11 


area  as  a  stock  producer.  Most  of  the  farms  of  the  county 
are  between  260  and  499  acres  in  area,  though  there  are 
great  numbers  of  them  which  have  less  than  1 00  acres.  In 
fact,  the  large  number  of  small  farms  is  an  indication  of 
the  practice  of  intensive  cultivation  in  this  county.  Accord- 


Nearly  two-thirds  of  this  land  is  subject  to  enlarged  home- 
stead entry. 

The  principal  crops  of  Chaves  County  are  hay  and  for- 
age products,  which  are  worth  three-quarters  of  a  million 
dollars  annually,  cereals,  and.  some  distance  behind  them. 


.  i  ITIM;    \i.r\i.r\   M:\I:  i«)*\\  1:1.1. 


ing  to  the  tax  roll*,  there  are  145,794  acre*  of  agricultural 
land  in  private  ownership  in  the  county,  having  a  value  of 
$1.583.567.  There  are  (till  large  area*  of  government 
land  tubject  to  entry,  the  Rofwell  land  office  having  juri« 


fruit*  and  nut*  and  vegetables.     The  farm  crop*  are  worth 
$1.020.514  a  year. 

The  importance  of  the  livestock  industry  to  thr  county 
i*  evidenced  amply  by  the  census  report  of  the  annual  value 


178  - 


"THE    LAISID  OF" 


JV1EXICO 


of  animals  sold  or  slaughtered  by  Chaves  County  growers. 
This  report  places  the  value  of  such  stock  at  $2,375,744, 
without  the  value  of  the  wool  clip,  which  is  worth  $233,- 
378  a  year  additional.  Dairy  products  are  worth  more 


at  $241,306.  The  10,537  horses  of  the  county  are 
valued  at  $210,567,  and  the  1,500  mules  at  more  than 
$60,000.  The  excellence  of  this  stock  is  evidenced  by  the 
high  total  valuation  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  stock 


T\VO-YKAK-OLJ>   OKCHAKD   AT  ItOSVVELLi 


than  $84,000  a  year  beside,  while  poultry  produces  $76,- 
052  every  twelve  months.     The  county  has  568,566  acre 
of  grazing  land  in  private  ownership,  valued  at  $379,767. 
The   total   number   of   cattle   owned   within    its   borders   is 


listed.     Both  goats  and  swine  are  raised  in  Chaves  County 
in  considerable  numbers. 

There  are  more  than  $566,000  worth  of  town  lots  in 
Chaves  County,  with  improvements  that  are  worth  $850,- 


SIX-YEAU-OUD  ORCHARD  AT  KCSWEIX 


given  by  the  tax  rolls  at  59,729,  about  three-sevenths  as 
many  as  are  owned  in  Grant  County,  the  only  one  which 
exceeds  it.  These  cattle  are  valued  at  $688,628.  The 
Chaves  County  sheep,  which  number  107,487,  are  valued 


000.  The  development  of  irrigation  pumping  by  elec- 
tricity has  called  forth  important  electric  developments, 
which  are  listed  as  worth  $75,000.  The  telephone  and 
telegraph  facilities  of  the  section  are  valued  at  $38,910 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE:  STATS 

- •          "       •-•     •  — '-• —      "  '  '         — 

—  179  — 


"THE    LANJP 


A1EX1CO 
OF* 


and  ihe  railroads  at  $595.620.  The  county  has  the  sec- 
ond largest  listing  of  mercshandise  stocks  in  the  State. 
Chaves  County  has  $325.420  worth  of  bank  stock. 
The  county  ranks  first  in  number  of  automobiles  owned. 


school  population  was  5,370,  indicating  a  total  population 
of  approximately  1 8,000.  The  1910  census  gave  the 
county  a  population  of  I  6,850.  Of  this  6, 1  72  is  in  the 
city  of  Roswell.  The  population  at  the  time  of  the  twelfth 


l\  1  I  K10U  OF  EI,K<TI!I<      I:  \KN 


The  total  valuation  of  the  county  is  $20,371,155,  taxes 
being  levied  against  one-third  of  this,  according  to  law. 
This  is  the  highest  total  valuation  of  any  county  in  the 
State. 


census  was  only  4,773.  The  percentage  of  illiteracy 
among  the  males  of  voting  age  was  three  and  four-tenths  at 
the  time  of  the  thirteenth  census,  while  ten  years  before  it 
had  been  nine  and  two-tenths. 


III<I,;K     n\n:%    IIAU.X— itosXVKI.l 


The  schools  of  Chaves  County  are  among  the  best  in 
the  Slat".  There  are  sixty-two  school  buildings  in  the 
county,  I  16  instructors  holding  forth  in  these.  The  1914 


The  thirteenth  census,  which  has  the  latest  available 
figures  on  irrigation  in  the  county,  gives  the  total  acreage 
irrigated  in  the  year  it  was  taken  at  56,064  acres,  or  about 


RESOURCES  AND  jNDUSTfTICS  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-  180  - 


.MEXICO 

"THE    LAND  OF^ 


nine-tenths  of  one  per  cent  of  the  total  area  of  the  county, 
but  it  is  certain  that  this  has  increased  materially  since  that 
time.  However,  it  was  about  9,000  acres  more  than  any 
other  county  irrigated  the  same  year.  There  are  10,000 


being  capable  of  irrigating  55,703  acres.  There  are  471 
individual  irrigation  enterprises  in  the  county.  Flowing 
wells  to  the  number  of  404  produce,  at  maximum  flow, 
428,640  gallons  of  water  a  minute  for  irrigation  purposes. 


ROSWELL  ARTESIAN   WELL 


acres  in  the  county  under  federal  reclamation  projects, 
which,  however,  irrigated  but  1  ,200  acres  in  1  909.  Co- 
operative  enterprises  included  9,600  acres  the  same  year, 


One  hundred  thirty  pumped  wells  are  capable  of  produc- 
ing  50,000  gallons  a  minute  additional.  The  water 
sources  are  about  evenly  divided  between  streams  and 


ffurnni 
fl  in  HI  SB 


LEA   HALL — NEW   MEXICO   MIL1TAKV   INSTITUTE 


and  commercial  enterprises  some  3 1 ,000,  8,450  acres  and 
12,500  acres,  respectively,  being  irrigated  by  projects  of 
these  classes  in  1909.  The  same  year  individual  and 
partnership  enterprises  irrigated  33,814  acres,  the  projects 


wells,  though  springs  and  lakes  furnish  a  small  amount  of 
water.  Of  the  wells,  most  water  is  taken  through  natural 
flow,  while  from  th«  streams  gravity  brings  the  water  for  all 
but  about  200  acres.  The  county  has  an  exceedingly 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE:  STATE 


-    181  — 


HTHEZ    LAND 


A1EXICO 
OF" 


large  amount  of  money  invested  in  irrigating  enterprises 
of  various  characters,  many  times  what  was  similiarly  in- 
vested a  decade  ago. 

One  of  the  most  striking  features  of  the  Chaves  County 
agricultural,  horticultural  and  livestock  enterprises  is  the 
uniform  high  character  of  the  material  used  in  each  instance 
and  the  correspondingly  high  returns.  The  cattle  are  very 
largely  of  the  Shorthorn  and  Hereford  varieties.  The  old 
type  of  Texas  Longhorn  has  disappeared  from  the  region. 
His  place  is  taken  by  a  single  animal  which,  perhaps,  eats  as 
much  as  two  of  the  old  type  but  brings  seven  times  as  much 
in  the  beef  market  and  a  little  less  from  the  glue  factory. 
The  sheep  are  blooded  animals,  or  are  being  bred  up  from 
blooded  rams,  for  the  growers  have  found  that  the  high 


dition  will  keep  large  amounts  of  money  within  the  state 
that  now  go  to  Colorado,  western  Kansas  and  Texas. 

The  principal  towns  of  Chaves  County  are  Roswell, 
Hagerman.  Dexter,  Lake  Arthur,  Kenna  and  Lower 
Penasco. 

The  county  seat  is  Roswell,  a  bustling  little  city  which 
prides  itself  on  its  large  area,  wide  streets,  numerous 
churches,  fine  business  blocks,  stable  and  prosperous  banks 
and  unusually  large  mercantile  establishments. 

Hagerman  is  exceeded  in  size  only  by  Roswell.  It  is  a 
shipping  and  supply  point  for  a  large  and  extremely  fertile 
area  of  orchard  and  farming  land  and  was  named  in  honor 
of  J.  J.  Hagerman,  whose  enterprise  and  sagacity  were 
largely  responsible  for  the  development  of  the  Chaves 


IMI     <.II.KI>M>\    IKHI.I.    VI     lt<»»\\||.|. 1.    |       i.llM-sii.\,    PROP. 

0m-  of  tin-    I  in.  -I    lli.n-ls  In   (I,,-  SoiitlmoC 


grade  sheep  eats  no  more  than  the  "scrub"  but  brings  in 
several  time*  a*  much  for  hit  wool.  The  raising  of  hogs 
and  mules  for  the  market  is  attracting  the  attention  of  many 
of  the  valley  farmers,  while  in  the  past  year  the  fattening 
of  beef  cattle  for  the  market  has  been  taken  up  by  the 
growers  and  alfalfa  raisers  in  co-operation.  This  has  given 
evidence  of  eventually  becoming  very  profitable,  and  in  ad- 


County   valley   region.      The  irrigation   enterprises  of   the 
section  are  noteworthy. 

Dexter  and  Lake  Arthur  are  -more  recent  settlements 
but  are  prospering  and  are  filling  the  demand  for  shipping 
and  supply  points  at  closer  intervals  in  the  valley.  Both 
have  substantial  foundation  for  their  continued  prosperity 
as  they  are  solidly  founded  on  good  agricultural  region*. 


\K~ 

RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

JM 

—  182  — 

5v 

QE 

&            —  =*-Es£3s^  IVTETV^  A1EXICO      ^^^^^-             f&LJ 
THE    LAISID  OF"    OPPORTUNITY            H^f! 

ROSWELL,  NEW  MEXICO 

COUNTY  SEAT—  GHAVES  COUNTY 

OSWELL,  the  seat  of  Chaves  County,  has 
the  distinction  of  having  the  finest  public 
buildings  of  any  town  in  the  State  with  the 
possible  exception  of  the  Capital. 

The  county  court  house,  built  of  gray 
brick,  at  a  cost  of  $1  75,000  all  told,  is  the 
finest  structure  of  its  kind  in  the  Southwest.  The  high 
school  building  cost  $75,000,  the  federal  building  $75,- 
000,  the  various  structures  of  the  New  Mexico  Military 
Institute  represent  an  investment  of  $1  75,000,  the  Masonic 
Temple  cost  $75,000,  and  so  on  through  a  list  of  the  very 
highest  class  structures. 

Roswell  has  a  population  of  about  8,000  and  the 
standard  of  intelligence  is  very  high.  It  has  a  school 
system  costing  around  $200,000  with  a  staff  of 
forty-eight  teachers,  and  the  course  of  instruction  is  com- 
plete and  modern,  all  the  way  from  the  kindergarten  to 
the  ranking  high  school  of  the  State.  The  Catholics  also 
maintain  a  fine  system,  and  the  New  Mexico  Military  In- 


finest  electric  light  and  power  systems,  gas  and  ice  plants, 
churches  of  every  denomination,  all  secret  societies,  two 
daily  newspapers,  fine  hotels,  hundreds  of  splendid  homes, 
the  beginning  of  an  elaborate  system  of  street  paving,  four 
national  banks  with  a  combined  business  of  over  $2,000,- 
000,  a  well-organized  and  efficient  Commercial  club,  or- 
ganized retailers,  a  battery  of  state  militia  with  an  $150,- 
000  equipment,  a  model  fire  department,  and  all  other 
city  appurtenances. 

Roswell  as  the  center  of  one  of  the  greatest  range  cattle 
sections  in  the  United  States,  is  fast  coming  to  be  a  notable 
dairy  center.  Some  of  the  dairies  are  equipped  with  elec- 
tric machinery,  silos,  and  stocked  with  the  finest  grades  of 
cattle.  Of  the  total  county  valuation  of  over  twenty  mil- 
lions, a  large  part  is  represented  in  cattle,  and  both  the 
beef  and  the  dairy  sections  are  steadily  increasing. 

In  1914  the  total  value  of  the  herds  of  Chaves  County 
placed  in  the  markets  aggregated  more  than  a  million  and  a 
half  dollars,  and  1915  will  be  larger  still. 


KOSXVKM/   HIGH   SCHOOL 


stitute,  the  great  school  for  boys,  ranks  high  in  the  grading 
of  the  national  government. 

Under  the  state  law  all  education  is  free. 

Roswell's  equipment  as  a  city  includes  a  fine  municipal 
water  plant,  sewers,  a  model  telephone  system,  one  of  "the 


Roswell  is  the  center  of  one  of  the  greatest  artesian 
basins  in  the  world,  which  furnishes  water  not  only  for 
the  city  itself  but  for  irrigation  over  a  vast  area.  These 
wells  are  from  250  to  1,100  feet  deep,  and  flow  Tip  to 
3,000  gallons  per  minute,  of  absolutely  pure  water. 


PT        RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  183  — 


LAFS1P 


.MEXICO 

OF" 


The  wells  and  the  rivers  supply  vast  irrigated  areas, 
over  50.000  acres  of  general  farm  lands,  worth  from  $40 
to  $500  per  acre,  and  make  possible  the  great  valley  staple, 
alfalfa,  of  which  over  1.700  cars  were  shipped  in  1914, 
not  counting  the  heavy  tonnage  ground  into  meal  and  used 
for  feed. 

Roswell  is  the  center  of  25.000  acres  of  the  finest  apple 
orchards  in  the  world,  and  the  area  of  the  trees  is  constantly 


increasing.  The  industry  under  proper  conditions  is  highly 
profitable,  many  cases  of  a  net  profit  of  $500  per  acre 
having  been  reported. 

All  other  fruits  do  well,  but  apples  are  the  great  fruit 
staple,  and  under  modern  methods  of  control  and  care  and 
frost  fighting,  the  croppage  is  certain.  All  farm  crops 
yield  abundantly. 

The  Roswell  Commercial  Club  answers  any  question. 


A  BKAI  TII  i  i.  H<»\\I-:I.I.  «>ri  \«.i 


ISOSN  111      Cl  Ml. I   \<  1      i  <i|;\|   i; 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  184  — 


THE    LAND 


MEXICO 
OF*    QRF3QRTUNITVr 


NEW  MEXICO   MILITARY   INSTITUTE 


.  HE  State's  distin- 
guished military 
training  school 
for  young  gentle- 
men is  located  at 
Roswell. 
The  well-known  remark  that 
a  man  should  exercise  great 
care  in  selecting  his  grandpar- 
ents appeals  to  principals  of 
schools  whose  founders  selected 
unfortunate  sites. 

The  authorities  of  the  New 
Mexico  Military  Institute  have 
nothing  to  regret.  In  1898 
the  State  opened  at  Roswell  a 
school  so  favored  in  location 
and  so  adequate  in  equipment 
that  its  extraordinary  success 
has  not  been  surprising. 


For  Roswell  is  a  town 
where  nature  is  lavish  in  the 
things  that  make  for  health. 
The  Pecos  river  flowing  past 
and  the  hundreds  of  artesian 
wells  form  a  rich  oasis  in  the 
arid  Southwest,  a  veritable 
garden  spot.  Here,  at  an  ele- 
vation of  3,700  feet,  is  the 
forty  -  acre  campus,  studded 
with  trees  and  grass  flats.  The 
air  is  clear,  dry,  and  bracing; 
air  with  the  tang  of  outdoor 
life;  air  that  means  health  and 
vigor  and  keenness  of  mind. 
With  the  sun  shining  every 
day  in  this  unrivaled  climate, 
open  -  air  sports  and  open  -  air 
drill  are  daily  builders  of  phy- 
siques that  stand  the  test  of 


THE  XKW  MEXICO  MIIJTAR.Y  INSTITUTE  BAXD 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  185  — 




"THE    LAND 


MEXICO 


time.      Physical    examinations 
are  made  upon  entrance. 

To  the  climate  of  Roswell 
add  a  military  system  that 
yearly  wins  the  highest  ranking 
bestowed  by  the  United  States 
government.  Military  training 
is  especially  effective  under  the 


spell  of  the  West.  All  the 
broadness,  the  big.  self-reliant 
way  of  doing  things,  the  love 
of  action,  so  typically  western, 
seem  to  be  of  the  essence  of 
military  instruction.  The  spirit 
of  the  section  makes  execu- 
tive ability  and  self-command 
easy  to  develop. 


<  \i>i  i  v  UN   111:11  i. 


K~      RESOURCES  AND  ]NDUSTfTlCS  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-  186  - 


THE  L-ANID  OF" 


.MEXICO 


DEXTER,  NEW  MEXICO-  CHAVES  COUNTY 


,  LFALFA  farms  produce  from  six  to  eight  tons 
of  baled  hay  in  a  year  that  sells  at  from  $  1  0 
to  $12  loaded  on  the  cars  direct  from  the 
harvest  fields.  The  farmer  is  independent  of 
droughts,  and  a  failure  of  the  alfalfa  crop  is 
unknown. 

There  are  two  well-proven  agricultural  methods  of  mak- 
ing money  in  the  Dexter  country.  One  of  these  is  alfalfa 
raising  and  the  other  is  fruit  farming. 

Of  these  two  there  is  none  more  certain  of  immediate 
returns  than  the  alfalfa  farm,  with  its  four  and  five  harvests 
a  year,  with  its  wealth-producing  fields  that  stand  for  years 
without  re-plowing,  and  which  makes  money  for  its  own- 
ers in  winter  as  well  as  in  summer. 

The  region  in  and  around  the  town  of  Dexter,  N.  M., 
is  not  the  only  prosperous  part  of  the  Pecos  Valley,  but  it 
is  one  of  the  best  parts.  It  has  the  largest  scope  of  coun- 
try subject  to  irrigation,  the  largest  scope  of  fertile  land, 
and  the  largest  water  supply. 

The  town  of  Dexter  is  one  of  the  youngest  towns  of  the 
Pecos  Valley,  and  is  steadily  growing.  It  has  never  been 
boomed,  but  its  growth  has  been  along  conservative  lines 
and  it  is  certain  to  continue  to  grow. 

Of  last  year's  crop  of  alfalfa  hay,  between  1 ,200  and 
1 ,300  cars  were  loaded  at  the  local  switch  of  the  Santa  Fe 
railroad.  Together  with  the  hay  that  has  and  will  be 
shipped  from  two  other  sidings,  one  two  miles  and  the 
other  five  miles  distant  from  Dexter,  a  total  of  over  1,500 
cars  will  be  the  total  of  the  hay  crop  that  was  raised  in 
the  Dexter  country  and  which  was  not  used  locally.  This 
is  a  conservative  estimate,  and  in  all  probability  the  figures 
will  be  greater  than  this  by  the  time  all  the  hay  is  shipped. 

There  is  now  a  well-established  market  for  the  produce 
of  the  alfalfa  fields.  Hay  buyers  stand  ready  to  pay  cash 
for  the  baled  hay  delivered  on  board  cars  at  the  railroad 
sidings.  The  market  has  been  constantly  growing  and  the 
demand  increasing  with  the  increase  in  production  due  to 
new  fields  being  sown  to  alfalfa.  The  big  state  of  Texas 
continues  to  take  the  most  of  the  hay,  but  several  hundred  . 
cars  are  shipped  into  Tennessee,  Louisiana,  Mississippi, 
Alabama,  and  even  as  far  east  as  Florida,  the  Carolinas 
and  Virginia. 

Wherever  Pecos  Valley  hay  and  particularly  the  hay 
raised  by  the  careful  farmers  of  the  Dexter  country  has 
found  an  opening  it  has  made  a  reputation  for  itself  and 
has  created  a  demand  for  more. 


It  has  been  learned  that  horses  doing  light  work  will 
thrive  on  alfalfa  without  grain;  that  the  grain  ration  may 
be  always  cut  down  if  alfalfa  is  fed.  As  a  milk  producing 
feed  for  dairy  cattle  it  has  no  equal. 

The  yield  in  the  Dexter  country  varies  from  five  to  eight 
tons  to  the  acre  for  the  four  and  five  cuttings  made  during 
the  summer.  The  best  farms  have  produced  more  than 
eight  tons  to  the  acre  for  fields  of  more  than  100  acres. 
Better  records  than  this  have  been  made  on  smaller  areas. 
A  yield  of  six  tons  to  the  acre  is  generally  counted  on  for 
the  year. 

Last  year  the  price  during  the  summer  averaged  $10.50 
per  ton  delivered  on  board  the  cars  direct  from  the  harvest 
fields.  The  winter  prices  range  higher.  At  the  time  this 
is  written  $14.50  is  being  paid  for  first  quality  hay. 

The  soil  in  the  Dexter  country  varies  from  an  adobe 
loam  on  the  uplands  to  a  darker  sandy  adobe  soil  on  the 
bottoms. 

The  supply  of  water  is  more  than  ample.  The  princi- 
pal sources  of  water  supply  are  the  artesian  wells  and  the 
Hagerman  Irrigation  Company's  canal. 

The  supply  of  artesian  water  is  greater  here  than  at  any 
other  point  in  the  valley.  The  wells  are  from  800  to  1 , 1 00 
feet  deep  and  were  drilled  at  a  cost  of  from  $3,000  to 
$4,000.  The  flows  vary  from  1 ,000  gallons  per  minute 
to  as  high  as  3,000  gallons  per  minute.  A  well  is  counted 
upon  to  irrigate  at  least  eighty  acres,  and  several  wells 
supply  adequate  water  for  300  acres. 

The  town  of  Dexter  is  situated  in  the  center  of  the  dis- 
trict irrigated  by  the  Hagerman  Irrigation  Company's 
canal.  The  canal  supplies  water  for  1 0,000  acres  of  al- 
falfa and  fruit  land.  This  company  contracts  to  deliver 
30  inches  of  water  a  year  per  acre  at  a  cost  of  $1.25  per 
acre,  and  has  always  been  able  to  deliver  more  than  their 
contract  calls  for. 

The  market  price  of  a  developed  alfalfa  farm  at  the 
present  time  varies  from  $100  to  $300  per  acre,  according 
to  the  productiveness  of  the  land,  and  location  as  to  loading 
point.  Raw  land  capable  of  being  made  into  alfalfa  may 
be  bought  at  from  $50  to  $1  50  an  acre. 

Land  values  have  grown  remarkably  during  the  past  few 
years.  Land  that  is  not  for  sale  now  at  $200  to  $250  an 
acre  was  bought  six  and  seven  years  ago  at  from  $25  to 
$50  an  acre,  and  in  some  cases  for  $10  and  $15  an  acre. 
It  has  not  yet  reached  its  maximum. 

Farmers  have  discovered  that  one  of  the  principal  by- 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATED 

187  - 


_ 
"THC    LA1SID 


.MEXICO  35&a*- 

OF"    QF>RORT^UNITVr 


products  of  an  alfalfa  farm  is  livestock.  Nowhere  can 
good  horses  be  raised  as  cheaply  as  on  alfalfa.  Colts  run- 
ning on  alfalfa  pasture  develop  good  bone  and  large  size 
without  gram. 

Dairying  has  as  yet  received  but  little  attention;  yet 
there  is  no  doubt  but  that  there  is  a  great  future  for  this 
kind  of  farming  for  alfalfa  pasture  and  alfalfa  hay  are  un- 
excelled as  feedstuff  for  dairy  stock. 

This  section  of  the  new  State  affords  a  climate  that  is 


marked  with  mild  winters,  temperate  summers  and  almost 
perpetual  sunshine — sunshine  that  is  at  once  germ-destroy- 
ing, health-giving  and  invigorating.  It  has  most  of  the  ad- 
vantages of  the  much-advertised  California  coast  without 
some  of  its  disadvantages  while  at  the  same  time  its  devel- 
opment has  not  reached  the  high  mark  in  real  estate  values 
so  much  in  evidence  on  the  Pacific  coast.  The  Dexter 
country  offers  an  agricultural  proposition  that  will  prove 
healthful  and  profitable. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  188  — 


VALENCIA  COUNTY 


BY  H.  H.  SGHUTZ 


ALENCIA  COUNTY  is  a  domain  of  9,- 
472  square  miles,  extending  from  the  Man- 
zano  mountains,  east  of  the  Rio  Grande,  to 
the  Arizona  line.  Its  elevation  varies  from 
4,900  feet  in  the  Rio  Grande  Valley  to  I  I  ,- 
389  feet  at  the  top  of  Mt.  Taylor,  lying 
among  some  of  the  most  remarkable  volcanic  buttes  in  the 
world.  The  population  of  about  1  5,000,  less  than  two 
to  the  square  mile,  indicates  the  nature  of  most  of  the 
county  to  be  that  of  grazing  land.  With  the  exception  of 
some  55,000  acres  of  agricultural  land  in  the  valley  of 
the  Rio  Grande  and  several  thousand  more  at  a  few  places 
farther  west,  there  is  at  present  little  land  used  for  farm- 


ing. The  grazing  lands  produce  grama  and  other  grasses 
in  sufficient  quantities  to  abundantly  feed  the  1 50,000 
sheep  and  upwards  of  75,000  head  of  cattle  and  horses 
estimated  to  be  on  the  scattered  ranches. 

The  Albuquerque  to  El  Paso  branch  of  the  Santa  Fe 
Railway  extends  across  the  east  of  the  county,  while  the 
main  line  passes  through  from  east  to  west.  The  early 
completion  of  the  National  Old  Trails  Highway  from  east 
to  west  and  the  Ocean  to  Ocean  Highway,  running  north 
and  south,  will  give  Valencia  County  two  main  arteries 
which  will  no  doubt  soon  be  connected  by  good  roads  with 
the  farthest  limits  and  settlements. 

The  ordinary  minerals,  including  vast  deposits  of  coal, 


INSCRIPTION  OF  DE  VARGAS  THE  CONQUEROR,  ONE    OF    MANY    ON    FAMOUS    INSCRIPTION" 

ROCK — IT  IS  DATED   1692 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-   189  — 


THE    LA  1SIP  OF"    QFF3OR'TUNITVr 


Alfalfa  produces  four  cuttings  that  average  one  ton  each, 
are  found  in  many  localities,  but  they  have  been  but  slightly 
developed.  Game  is  most  plentiful  at  all  times  of  the 
year.  The  wild  animals  include  deer,  puma,  coyote,  wolf, 
badger,  skunks,  beavers,  hares,  rabbits,  prairie-dogs,  ducks, 
geese,  swans,  cranes,  herons,  gulls,  eagles,  hawks,  crows, 
ravens,  quail,  doves  and  turkeys.  Parts  of  the  Manzano 
and  Zuni  national  forests  lie  within  the  boundaries  of  the 
county  which  provide  lumber,  fire-wood  and  grazing  as 


Al'IAKY    AT    IIKI.IA 

well  as  ten  per  cent  of  their  income  to  the  public  school 
fund.  In  the  valleys,  there  is  little  tree  growth  besides  that 
of  cottonwood  and  willow. 

The  towns,  of  which  Belen  is  the  largest,  are  few  and 
far  between  except  in  the  Rio  Grande  Valley  where  are 
situated  such  old  settlements  as  Los  Lunas,  the  county  seat, 
Peralta,  Tome,  Valencia  and  Jarales.  These  were  set- 
tled some  200  years  ago  by  the  Spaniards  who  secured 
large  grants  of  land  from  Spain.  The  descendants  of  the 
first  settlers  still  live  here,  pursuing  an  easy-going  exislencf 
as  small  farmers.  As  a  consequence,  a  small  part  of  the 
agricultural  land  has  been  developed  and  only  awaits  the 
coming  of  progressive  American  fanners  to  make  the  county 
take  it*  place  with  those  parts  of  the  State  where  immigra- 
tion from  the  slates  hat  made  itself  felt. 

The  agricultural  valley  lands  are  mainly  a  rich  sandy 
loam,  ideal  for  crops  of  all  kinds  and  can  be  bought  at 
from  $30.00  to  $50.00  an  acre.  Bordering  the  valley 
lands  on  either  side  are  the  bench  lands,  or  mesas,  of  ex- 
cellent fertility  which  may  be  had  for  $10.00  to  $15.00 
an  acre.  Due  to  their  gentle  slope,  depth  of  soil  and  ele- 
vation above  the  valley,  the  me*a  lands  are  the  best  kind  for 
orchard  purpotes.  The  soils  of  the  valley  and  irrigated 
highland*  are  generally  deep  and  without  danger  of  ever 


becoming  exhausted  on  account  of  the  regular  deposition  of 
plant  food  carried  by  the  irrigation  water  both  in  suspen- 
sion and  in  solution. 

The  same  process,  though  on  a  smaller  scale,  which 
formed  the  farming  lands  of  the  county  is  still  an  import- 
ant factor,  for  every  irrigation  brings  increased  soil  deposi- 
tion and  fertility.  While  the  problem  in  many  parts  of  the 
world  is  how  to  make  lands  produce  as  formerly,  there  is 
little  to  fear  here  from  soil  depletion  as  the  irrigations  of 
one  year  replace  as  much  plant  food  as  is  removed  by 
three  tons  of  alfalfa  hay.  The  Rio  Grande  Valley  soils 
are  as  rich  as  those  of  the  famous  valley  of  the  Nile.  The 
Pueblo  Indians  have  lived  here  for  centuries  and  are  today 
cultivating  their  lands  with  increasing  results. 

Ten  to  twenty  acres  of  land  should  support  a  family 
with  ease.  When  well  worked,  even  so  small  a  unit  as  20 
acres  is  considered  larger  than  one  man  can  properly  cul- 
tivate. Put  into  orchard^  or  garden  truck,  with  alfalfa 
enough  to  feed  the  teams,  20  acres  of  land  will,  when  the 
trees  are  in  full  bearing  or  the  truck  garden  well  organized, 
yield  sufficient  to  make  the  owner  independent.  Too  much 
cannot  be  said  of  the  opportunities  in  fruit-raising.  Apples 
are  free  from  all  serious  pests  with  the  exception  of  trr 
codling-moth,  and  when  orchard-heaters  are  used  in  case  of 
occasional  late  frosts  and  the  fruit  is  thinned  in  the  spring, 
one  may  be  certain  of  a  good  crop  that  always  bring* 
profitable  prices.  The  fact  that  pear  orchards  in  many 
parts  of  the  country  are  dying  from  blight  makes  those 
here,  where  pear-blight  is  unknown,  ever  more  valuable. 
There  are  pear  trees  in  the  lower  Rio  Grande  Valley  more 
than  a  century  old,  yet  they  still  bear.  Peaches  bring 
good  returns  in  three  years,  growing  to  perfection  and  the 
vineyards  produce  grapes  and  wine  famous  wherever  known. 

The  satisfactory  climatic  condition*  favor  the  growing 
of  a  great  diversity  of  crops.  The  mean  temperature  is  54 
degrees:  the  rainfall  approximately  10  inches,  with  but  an 
average  of  38  days  of  cloudiness  during  the  year.  Alfalfa, 
wheat,  corn,  oat*,  barley  and  the  sorghums  grow  very  well, 
as  do  apples,  pears,  peaches,  plums,  cherries,  apricots, 
nectarines,  grapes,  blackberries,  dewberries,  currants.  »traw- 
berrie*.  asparagus,  celery,  cauliflower,  cabbage,  sweet  po- 
tatoes, chile,  onion*,  garlic,  beans,  root-crops  and  other 
vegetables.  Wheat  ha*  been  known  to  yield  960  hu«hrls 
on  32  acre*  of  raw  land  and  2.500  bushels  on  60  acres 
of  old  alfalfa  land.  One  acre  of  grapes  has  produced  I  5.- 
000  pound.;  a  half-acre  of  chile.  $200  00:  *nd  $600  00 
worth  of  watermelon*  were  sold  off  of  less  than  an  acre. 
Oat*  have  tveraged  40  pounds  per  hu«hel  and  wheat  from 
thin  region  ha«  won  firtt  sward*  at  two  world'*  exprxition*. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-   190  - 


There  are  good  opportunities  here  for  hog-raising,  dairy- 
ing, poultry-raising,  bee-keeping,  stock-breeding  and  stock- 
feeding.  One  hog-raiser  made  $1 ,500  in  two  years,  start- 
ing with  ten  sows.  Eggs  bring  60  cents  a  dozen  from  No- 
vember to  February  in  our  nearest  markets.  With  the 
abundance  of  alfalfa  and  sweet  clover,  it  is  possible  to  ex- 
tract 1 00  pounds  of  pure  white  honey  per  year  from  single 
bee-hives.  Sheep  are  shipped  to  Colorado  and  Kansas  for 
fattening  with  thousands  of  acres  of  alfalfa,  grass  and 
grain  to  be  had  here  and  winters  which  lack  the  severity 
found  farther  north.  With  the  exception  of  the  small 


ORCHAHD  AT  RF.T/RX 

amount  carried  on  at  Belen,  there  is  no  dairying  and  all 
butter  is  shipped  in  from  the  north. 

Labor  is  plentiful  for  all  kinds  of  work  and  is  fairly 
satisfactory.  There  is  no  portion  of  the  State  where  such 
a  large  proportion  of  small  farmers  own  binders,  threshers, 
mowers  and  sulky-plows  as  in  this  region.  Hired  help  can 
be  secured  at  $1.00  a  day  or  at  75  cents  a  day  with 
board.  For  ditch-cleaning  or  leveling  land,  team,  scraper 
and  driver  are  to  be  had  at  $2.00  a  day  without  board 
or  feed. 

The  water  supply  for  irrigation  is  plentiful  and  is  sel- 
dom so  low  as  to  cause  loss.  No  cash  outlay  is  required 
for  irrigation  water,  the  tax  consisting  of  a  certain  amount 
of  labor  during  the  annual  ditch-cleaning.  For  this  pur- 


pose the  expenditure  varies  from  $1.00  to  $2.00  per  acre. 
The  water  rights  have  belonged  to  the  lands  for  centuries 
and  go  with  them  unquestioned  when  deeds  are  transferred. 

That  farming  under  irrigation  conditions  is  profitable  on 
a  large  scale  as  well  as  on  a  smaller  one,  has  been  dem- 
onstrated on  the  two  large  farms  in  this  section.  The 
Southwestern  Farm  is  owned  by  a  number  of  St.  Louis 
capitalists  who  have  shown  their  faith  in  the  future  of  this 
valley  by  developing  4,000  acres  of  land  which  it  has 
been  their  object  to  make  into  the  best  as  well  as  the  larg- 
est of  New  Mexico  irrigated  farms.  The  Otero  Farm  con- 
sists of  2,600  acres  of  rich  bottom  land  which  produces 
alfalfa,  grain  and  bottom  hay. 

Fuel  is  cheap  and  wood  can  be  had  almost  for  the  haul- 
ing from  the  Manzano  and  ether  mountains.  Coal  at 
Raton,  Cerrillos  and  Gallup  within  a  comparatively  short 
distance  will  do  much  to  develop  the  resources  of  the  county. 
At  present,  the  only  industries  outside  of  farming,  stock- 
raising,  merchandising  and  a  certain  amount  of  lumbering 
are  those  of  flour-production  and  ice  manufacturing.  There 
is  a  1  50-barrel  mill,  also  a  1  00-ton  ice  factory  at  Belen, 
and  a  smaller  flour-mill  at  Los  Lunas. 

Every  settlement  has  its  school  and  teachers,  conse- 
quently, English  is  spoken  by  most  of  the  younger  genera- 
tion and  many  of  the  older  people.  A  county  high  school 
has  been  established  at  Belen.  The  schools  of  the  county 
compare  favorably  with  those  in  other  parts  of  the  State 
and  are  finding  themselves  pressed  to  keep  pace  with  the 
growing  appreciation  for  education  among  a  people  who 
are  beginning  to  feel  the  need  of  instruction  to  meet  the 
changes  brought  about  by  increasing  competition.  Prac- 
tically every  community  has  its  Catholic  church,  while  the 
larger  places  also  have  Protestant  churches  to  exert  their 
influence  for  good. 

With  so  many  undeveloped  resources  and  latent  possi- 
bilities, Valencia  County  must  soon  take  its  place  with  the 
regions  similarly  favored.  The  ever-growing  demand  for 
meat,  wool  and  foodstuffs  of  all  kinds  and  the  fact  that 
land  is  becoming  settled  elsewhere  which  is  in  many  cases 
of  much  smaller  merit,  must  quickly  bring  to  the  fore  the 
many  advantages  to  be  had  here  for  a  comfortable  and 
profitable  existence. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  191  — 


___ 

THE    LA  NIP 


.MEXICO 
OF"    OPPORTUNITY 


tint* 

1! 

PERALTA  AND  TOME 

•i 

ERALTA  is  a  town  of 
about  800  people,  ly- 
ing in  the  upper  reaches 
of  the  broad  portion  of 
the  central  Rio  Grande 
Valley,  on  the  east  side 
of  the  Rio  Grande.  It  has  five  large 
mercantile  establishments  and  a 
good  flouring  mill,  where  much  of 
the  wheat  grown  in  the  valley  is 
milled. 

Peralta  is  one  of  the  smaller 
settlements  that  dot  the  fertile  valley 
every  few  miles,  affording  markets 
and  supply  points  for  the  many 
farmers.  Like  many  others,  it  is  a 
comparatively  old  settlement,  as  the 
valley  where  it  is  located  has  been 
cultivated  for  many  years.  It  is  a 
prosperous  place,  because  it  is  sup- 
ported by  the  rich  farming  area 
around  it. 

Another  important  settlement  of 
the  same  class  is  Tome,  also  located 
in  the  valley.  Tome  has  a  popula- 
tion of  over  600.  It  has  the  char- 
acteristic straggling  formation  along 
the  road  that  so  many  Mexican  val- 
ley towns  possess,  the  houses  front- 
ing on  the  road  and  the  farms 
stretching  back  to  the  foothills. 
There  is  an  old  church  at  Tome 
which  has  more  than  ordinary  in- 
terest, having  been  built  early  in  the 
eighteenth  century.  The  town  iUelf 
ha*  a  very  interesting  history,  having 
been  attacked  frequently  by  the 
Apaches,  beside  possessing  much  of 
interest  in  relation  to  the  Spanish 
occupation. 


:~ 


IN-.I   KM-IION     KIM   k      \T    II      Mill!  \.     M    M:     /I    M     IM>I  \N     Kl  M   K\    VI  l«  i\ 


).».».».»  H  tf  H3EEEB 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF^TgE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-  192  - 


JVUEXICO 
OF" 


LOS  LUNAS,  COUNTY  SEAT,  VALENCIA  COUNTY 


OS  LUNAS,  the  county  seat  of  Valencia 
County,  i$  one  of  the  oldest  settlements  in  the 
Rio  Grande  Valley,  having  been  the  resi- 
dence of  the  Luna  family,  for  whom  it  was 
named,  for  over  200  years.  The  settlement 
is  larger  than  it  appears  at  first,  having  an 
actual  population  in  the  town  of  about  1 ,000,  while  there 
are  countless  small  settlements  nearby  which  are  tributary 
to  it  in  a  trade  sense  and  whose  marketing  and  selling  are 
done  in  Los  Lunas. 

.Los  Lunas  is  situated  on  the  Santa  Fe  railroad's  north 
and  south  line,  not  far  from  the  Rio  Grande  river,  in  whose 
valley  it  lies.  There  are  few  of  the  activities  of  the  coun- 
try town,  there  being  only  some  mercantile  establishments, 
a  good  flouring  mill  and  the  court  house  and  county  jail  to 
lift  it  from  the  common  level.  But  in  volume  of  business 
done,  in  amount  of  produce  shipped  out,  and  in  the  in- 
coming freight  handled  through  Los  Lunas,  the  place  is 
unusual. 

Situated  as  it  is  near  the  head  of  the  wider  portion  of 
the  Central  Rio  Grande  Valley,  it  has  a  vast  area  from 
which  to  draw  business.  The  valley  both  north  and  south 
of  Los  Lunas  is  densely  cultivated  and  much  business  is 


ROASTING   CHILI   AT  LOS   LllNAS 

done  even  so  far  north  as  the  Pueblo  of  Isleta,  the  Indians 
from  that  section  hauling  fruit  and  grain  to  Los  Lunas  to 
market.  The  soil  in  the  region  of  Los  Lunas  is  a  fine 
sandy  loam,  an  alluvial  soil  entirely,  deposited  by  the  river 
in  ages  past  and  constantly  enriched  through  irrigation. 
The  cultivated  portion  of  the  valley  at  present  consists  ex- 
clusively of  those  lands  capable  of  irrigation  but  in  the 


near  future  pumping  will  bring  the  upper  bench  lands  into 
cultivation. 

While  cereals  and  field  crops  generally  are  an  important 
factor  in  the  total  production  of  the  region,  fruits  are  grad- 
ually gaining  more  and  more  attention.  The  soil  and  clime 
seem  to  be  just  right  for  fruits,  especially  apples  and 


THOROUGHBRED    STOCK   AT    PEKALTA 

peaches  and  great  yields  of  these  are  obtained  each  year. 
Other  small  fruits  also  do  well.  The  apples  would  doubt- 
less be  in  much  greater  demand  were  they  properly  ex- 
ploited under  a  trade  name  and  in  a  fancy  package,  for  in 
size,  color,  flavor,  shipping  and  keeping  qualities,  they  are 
second  to  none.  Splendid  plums  are  also  raised  near  Los 
Lunas. 

While  the  lands  in  the  valley  near  Los  Lunas  are  mainly 
in  the  hands  of  small  owners  who  till  them  in  person,  of 
late  years  capital  has  been  attracted  by  the  possibilities  of 
the  valley  and  one  concern,  which  started  with  only  a  few 
hundred  acres,  now  owns  more  than  6,000  which  it  is 
bringing  into  cultivation  and-  bearing  as  rapidly  as  possi- 
ble. This  is  not  a  colonization  plan  but  simply  a  farming 
proposition  of  general  though  extensive  type.  Everything 
is  being  raised  on  these  acres  that  will  grow  anywhere  in 
the  temperate  zone,  even  to  tobacco,  and,  experimentally. 


PL         RESOURCES  ANDJNDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  193  — 


___  1VIEI 

HTHE:  LAND  OF" 


ORRORTUNITV 


cotton.     Everything  that  is  being  raised  is  being  sold,  for 
markets  are  plenty  near  to  home. 

Grains,  fruits  and  produce  from  Los  Lunas  have  taken 


interest  of  the  town  are  the  residence  of  the  Luna  family, 
already  mentioned,  the  plant  of  the  farming  corporation  to 
which  allusion  has  been  made,  and  the  fruit  orchards. 


B.\UX<;  ALFALFA  AT  THE  RATE  OF  A  BALE  A  MLXVTK  AT  LOS  LUNAS 


many  prizes  at  the  state  fairs  and  the  valley  is  gradually 
coming  into  its  own  as  an  intensive  farmers'  paradise. 
The  town  of  Los  Lunas  itself  is  a  thriving  and  prosper- 


There  is  an  aggressive  and  thriving  commercial  organiza- 
tion at  Los  Lunas  which  has  done  and  is  doing  much  to 
bring  the  communitv  before  the  eyes  of  the  general  public 


iti   \\s    \i:i     \   ^i  iis-i  \\TI  \i.  A\I>  M  1:1    <  nor  IN    \\MMI\   <  <  >i  s  M 


ous  place.  It  i*  especially  proud  of  it*  new  courthouse, 
which  is  very  handsome,  and  of  the  progress  the  commun- 
ity has  made  in  the  last  few  year*.  Among  the  point*  of 


a    •  good  place  to  live  and  a  good  place  to  farm. 

The  roads  both  in  and  out  of  the  town  are  very  good 
and  are  being  improved  rapidly  and  consistently. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


"THE    LAND 


A1EXICO 
OF"    QRPORTUNITV 


BELEN— VALENCIA  COUNTY 


ELEN,  the  largest  settlement  in  Valencia 
County,  is  an  important  point  both  as  a  rail- 
road center  and  as  the  market  and  shipping 
point  of  a  large  agricultural  region  of  un- 
usual wealth.  The  Rio  Grande  Valley,  for 
many  miles  of  its  length  only  a  mile  or  two 
wide,  spreads  out  at  Belen  so  that  the  city  itself  is  the  cen- 
ter of  a  fertile  region,  susceptible  of  irrigation,  some  six 
miles  wide  and  a  score  long.  Also  at  Belen  the  main  east 
and  west  line  of  the  Santa  Fe  crosses  its  main  north  and 
south  line.  The  place  is  a  division  point  and  holds  the 
record  for  tonnage  and  number  of  cars  handled  on  the 
Santa  Fe  in  the  State. 

The  soil  around  Belen  is  a  rich  sandy  loam,  whose  fer- 
tility is  something  at  which  to  wonder.  Four  cuttings  of 
alfalfa  a  year  are  the  rule  in  the:  Belen  section,  and  some- 
times five.  The  average  yield  of  this  staple  crop  is  from 


FIRST  NATIONAL,  BAXK   AT  HELKN 

five  to  seven  tons  to  the  acre  a  year.  As  the  expense  of 
planting  and  cultivating  alfalfa  is  little,  this  represents  a 
very  handsome  profit.  The  cereals  do  exceptionally  well 
in  this  region,  which  is  known  all  over  the  State  as  a  banner 
wheat  producer.  Wheat  from  (he  Belen  valley  has  taken 
first  prizes  wherever  sxhibited,  even  at  the  world's  fairs  of 


recent  years.  The  average  yield  of  this  staple  crop  in  this 
section  is  from  forty  to  sixty  bushels  an  acre.  Somewhat 
higher  yields  are  not  uncommon.  Corn  does  well  and  oats 
is  remarkably  prolific  here.  The  cereals  have  been  culti- 
vated in  this  section  from  time  immemorial.  As  an  evi- 
dence of  the  importance  of  wheat  in  this  section  it  may  be 
stated  that  Belen  has  the  largest  flouring  mill  in  the  State. 

Fruits  do  well  near  Belen  also.  There  are  thousands 
of  acres  on  which  orchards  might  be  made  to  produce  won- 
derful revenues,  were  the  capabilities  of  the  region  only 
exploited  as  they  deserve.  The  valley  lands  are  irrigated 
directly  from  the  river,  but  above  these,  and  largely  uncul- 
tivated and  therefore  available  at  a  moderate  price,  are  the 
bench  lands  on  which  water  may  be  obtained  at  a  depth 
of  thirty-five  feet  or  so,  much  less  than  is  the  distance  to 
water  in  other  successful  pumping  areas  in  the  State.  These 
lands  are  as  fertile  as  those  lower.  The  reason  of  their 
present  lack  of  cultivation  is  simply  lack  of  facilities  to  get 
the  water.  But  on  them,  and  indeed  all  over  the  valley, 
can  be  raised  the  finest  of  apples,  pears,  peaches,  plums 
and  other  fruits  to  be  found  in  the  entire  State. 

This  wonderful  fertility  and  the  constant  additions  be- 
ing made  to  the  cultivated  area  would  alone  assure  the 
prosperity  of  the  city,  but  as  a  division  point  of  the  Santa 
Fe  lines  it  has  a  pay  roll  of  $35,000  a  month.  The 
Santa  Fe  shops,  a  large  roundhouse,  a  large  coaling  sta- 
tion, yards  which  contain  many  miles  of  trackage,  a  hand- 
some depot  and  a  hotel  at  this  point.  Many  train  crews 
make  their  homes  in  Belen.  The  Santa  Fe  has  recently 
completed,  at  a  cost  of  $150,000,  a  hundred-ton  ice 
plant  at  Belen,  to  furnish  ice  for  the  fruit  shipments  from 
California  east,  all  of  which,  with  most  of  the  east  and 
west  traffic,  pass  through  this  point. 

The  homes  in  Belen  are  substantial,  dwellings  that  might 
be  classed  as  "shacks"  being  conspicuous  by  their  ab- 
sence. The  schools  are  housed  in  substantial  and  beauti- 
ful brick  buildings  and  rank  with  any  in  the  State.  There 
are  several  churches  in  the  city,  the  Lutherans,  Methodists, 
Episcopalians,  Christians  and  Catholics  owning  their  own 
edifices.  There  are  several  large  mercantile  establishments 
which  supply  the  nearby  agricultural  area  and  the  grazing 
areas  further  back  from  the  river.  The  town  is  an  important 
market  and  shipping  center  for  the  valley  and  for  the  tributary 
stock-raising  section.  Its  climate  is  good,  even  for  New 
Mexico.  The  town  has  a  national  bank  and  a  hustling 
Commercial  Club.  The  population  is  about  2,100. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—   195 


MEXICO 

THE    L-AND  OF"    OPPORTUNITV 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  196  — 


SAN  MIGUEL  COUNTY 


BY  GEORGE  A.   FLEMING 


HINK  in  terms  of  square  miles  of  an  area 
three  times  as  large  as  the  combined  states  of 
Delaware  and  Rhode  Island,  larger  than  the 
state  of  Connecticut  and  a  little  more  than 
half  as  large  as  the  states  of  Vermont,  New 
Jersey  and  Maryland  respectively.  This 
then  will  give  you  an  idea  of  the  size  of  San  Miguel  County, 
covering  as  it  does  5,000  square  miles  of  territory. 

From  the  date  of  Kearny's  occupation  of  New  Mex- 
ico in  1 846  San  Miguel  County  has  had  steady  growth. 
From  March,  1870,  to  December,  1880,  the  first  paper 
was  published  in  Las  Vegas;  the  Santa  Fe  railway  reached 


COUNTY  COURT  HOUSE,  LAS  VEGAS 

the  eastern  borders  of  the  county;  the  first  bank  was 
opened;  the  first  Episcopal  church  was  erected;  the  Las 
Vegas  Street  Car  Company  was  incorporated;  and,  on 


July  7,    1 880,  General  U.  S.  Grant  and  his  wife  were 
given  a  public  reception  and  banquet  at  Las  Vegas. 

Strange  as  it  seems  in  these  days  of  enlightenment  there 
are  many  people  who  whenever  the  name  of  New  Mexico 


SUMMER  STUDENTS  OF  NEW  MEXICO  NORMAL 
UNIVERSITY   AT  LAS  VEGAS   HOT  SPRINGS 


is  mentioned  think  instinctively  of  cactus,  desert  and  deso- 
lation. While  this  may  be  true  of  a  small  portion  of 
southern  New  Mexico  it  cannot  be  true  of  northern  New 
Mexico,  where  is  situated  San  Miguel  Conuty.  A  glance 
at  a  map  will  show  you  at  once  that  it  is  in  practically  the 
same  zone  as  southern  Colorado,  and  who  dare  say  Colo- 
rado is  a  land  of  "sun,  silence  and  adobe"?  Its  climate, 
because  of  its  location  and  altitude,  has  been  pronounced 
as  near  perfect  as  a  climate  can  be. 

San  Miguel  County's  location  with  the  Rocky  mountain 
chain  on  its  westward  side  and  the  Turkey  mountains  to 
the  north  leaving  the  county  spread  out  on  a  sloping  plain 
to  the  southeast  guarantees  an  equable  and  healthful  cli- 
mate while  the  altitude  of  between  6,000  and  7,000  feet 
makes  almost  certain  an  annual  rainfall  far  beyond  the 
needs  of  the  farmer. 

The  winters  in  New  Mexico  are  milder  than  in  Colo- 
rado while  in  the  northern  parts  the  summers  are  cooler, 


RESOURCES  ANNDUSTFfICS_OFJTHE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  197 


th\u  offering,  a  more  even  temperature  throughout  the  year. 
Las  Vegas  has  been  considered  by  experts  as  the  natural 
sanitarium  of  the  United  States,  combining  more  advant- 
ages than  any  other  place  in  America.     Its  thermal  waters 


M  r:\ir.\\  KKANS  K  \ISI.D  \\ITHOIT  IKKK.  vi  n>\ 

iJis  Vogas  ICivnil)   SI-MI  Car  Ix»acl  of  Deans  to 
War-Strk-k<-n 


are  the  equal  of  the  Hot  Springs  of  Arkansas,  while  the 
climate  "is  infinitely  superior.  There  is  no  malaria,  no 
excessive  heat  nor  cold,  no  mosquito  pest,  no  tarantulas,  no 
snakes,  no  rats.  The  air  is  pure,  dry,  rarified,  and  highly 
electrified  —  a  certain  cure  for  tuberculosis  if  taken  in  time. 
In  the  way  of  health  and  pleasure  resorts,  especially 
during  the  summer  season.  Las  Vegas  and  the  adjacent 
country  is  unrivaled.  In  a  radius  of  20  miles,  in  romantic 
mountain  glens  and  beside  babbling  mountain  brooks,  are 
the  Las  Vegas  Hot  Springs,  Harvey's,  El  Porvenir,  Val- 


nutn.  \n  i.  i  \\iis  i  KI  in  i  \n\    ID  i  x-,  \ii.\~ 


ley  Ranch,  Windsor's,  Rociada,  and  other  places  where 
health  can  be  recovered  and  life  becomes  a  pleasure. 

The  Pecos  National  Park,  set  apart  by  the  government 
to  be  preserved  in  a  state  of  nature,  is  of  easy  access  from 
Las  Vegas,  and  is  a  hunter's  paradise  and  a  great  national 
recreation  place. 

The  county  is  one  of  the  best  watered  portions  of  New 
Mexico.  With  its  mountain  ranges,  snow-capped  almost 
the  year  round,  the  streams  which  flow  out  of  them  and 
across  the  level  plains  are  certain  of  a  good  flow  at  all  sea- 
sons. Springs  are  abundant,  while  well  water  is  found  at  a 
moderate  depth  anywhere  one  chooses  to  drill. 

Few  other  counties  can  compete  with  San  Miguel  in  its 
agricultural  possibilities.  With  streams  full  of  water  for 
irrigation  purposes  and  an  annual  rainfall  sufficient  to 
make  farming  without  irrigation  profitable,  the  farmer  can 
take  his  choice  of  the  two  methods.  The  country  needs 
farmers  to  take  up  and  bring  under  cultivation  its  vast 


UNI    <>i 


MI  i.i  i  i    rorxTVs  i.i  MMM; 


During  the  past  few  years  there  has  been  much  said 
concerning  so-called  "dry  fanning".  In  San  Miguel 
County  "dry  fanning"  is  hardly  the  phrase  to  apply,  when 
it  is  remembered  that  at  Las  Vegas  the  average  annual 
precipitation  is  nearly  nineteen  inches,  80  per  cent  of  which 
falls  during  the  growing  months.  In  the  higher  regions  of 
the  county  the  rainfall  is  considerably  more  than  in  Las 
Vegas.  Wheat,  oats,  corn,  beans,  barley,  alfalfa  and  all 
kinds  of  vegetables  are  staple  crops,  and  in  addition  there  • 
have  been  introduced  kaffir  corn,  milo  mai/e.  sorghum. 
field  peas,  durum  wheat  and  a  variety  of  dry  farming  crops. 

To  summarize  briefly;  here  is  a  county  with  wonderfully 
productive  soil,  and  rainfall  adequate  if  not  abundant, 
building  material  of  all  kind*  within  its  borders,  furl  in 
ample  quantities,  a  superb  climate  conducive  to  the  best 
of  health,  and  above  everything  a  market  immediately  at 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-   198  - 


hand,  at  prices  considerably  higher  than  those  of  the  east- 
ern markets. 

The  community  of  Las  Vegas  is  the  fortunate  possessor  of 
an  heritage  worth  millions  of  dollars.  This  is  the  vast  Las 
Vegas  Land  Grant,  containing  437,000  acres,  much  of 
the  land  admirably  suited  to  agriculture,  part  of  it  heavily 
timbered,  other  parts  holding  yet  unknown  values  in  de- 
posits of  the  finest  marble  and  building  stone,  copper  and 
other  minerals.  Thousands  of  acres  of  this  land  have  been 
sold  and  many  well-improved  farms  and  ranches  of  from 
100  to  5,000  acres  attest  the  fertility  of  the  soil  and  its 
adaptability  to  stock-raising. 

About  1  5,000  acres  have  been  retained  by  the  trustees 
of  the  grant  to  be  brought  under  irrigation  by  a  storage 
system  which  has  been  partially  completed.  At  the  present 
time  work  on  the  system  is  delayed  by  reason  of  a  lack  of 
funds,  and  an  exceptional  opportunity  awaits  the  man  or 
men  with  capital  to  take  hold  of  and  complete  this  pro- 
ject. To  any  one  willing  and  able  to  undertake  the  work 
the  grant  board  will  deed  the  land  outright  as  a  bonus, 
and  will,  in  addition,  supply  a  portion  of  (he  needed 
capital. 

San  Miguel  County  is  one  of  the  leading  livestock  coun- 
ties of  New  Mexico.  Its  boundless  prairies,  great  moun- 


IN  THE  CANYON  BEYOND  EL  PORVENIR,  A 
FAVORITE  SPOT  FOR  TROUT 


tain  ranges,  creeks,  rivers  and  springs  of  purest  mountain 
water,  ample  shelter  in  the  foothills  and  canyons  make  it 
an  ideal  country  for  the  stock-raiser.  Since  1 835  the 
ranges  of  San  Miguel  County  have  been  well  stocked  with 


SCENIC   HIGHWAY   IN    SAX    MKJIKI.  COUNTY 

cattle,  sheep,  goats,  horses,  and,  more  lately,  mules,  and 
the  range  feed  shows  no  signs  of  dimunition.  Of  the 
grasses  most  prevalent  are  the  gramma,  buffalo  and  blue- 
stem. 

Of  cattle  San  Miguel  has  in  round  numbers  80,000 
head.  There  are  few  large  herds  in  the  county,  the  most 
of  the  holdings  being  in  small  herds  of  from  50  to  500 
head. 

There  are  some  500,000  sheep  and  goats  in  the  county, 
all  being  in  small  holdings.  The  grade  of  the  sheep  is 
fully  up  to  that  of  New  Mexico's  best  sheep  raising  dis- 
tricts and  the  average  shearing  is  about  five  pounds  to  the 
animal.  There  is  no  industry  that  offers  more  alluring  re- 
turns for  an  investment  than  the  sheep  business  here  in  San 
Miguel  County. 

In  goats,  the  holdings  are  mainly  of  the  Mexican  type, 
there  being  but  a  few  of  the  Angora  bread  here.  There 
is  a  wide  field  open  for  these  valuable  animals  in  the  foot- 
hills whose  brushy  slopes  are  unfit  for  any  other  stock  and 
in  which  goats  of  all  breeds  find  a  most  ideal  range. 

Under  the  dry  farming  methods  where  the  stock-raiser 
will  raise  a  few  hundred  tons  of  forage,  kaffir  corn,  sor- 
ghum and  the  like  for  winter  feeding,  and  allow  his  ani- 
mals to  run  on  the  open  range  in  summer,  more  than  twice 
the  number  of  livestock  can  be  safely  and  successfully 
raised  in  the  county.  The  day  of  the  large  herd  is  gone, 
and  in  its  place  comes  the  small  holder,  who,  following  out 
the  plan  outlined  above,  can  surely  prosper  and  be  secure 


R         RESOURCES IANDINDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


199  — 


HTHEI 


in  hit  investment.  To  such  San  Miguel  County  offers  a 
most  satisfactory  and  pleasant  location,  and  whether  it  be 
cattle,  sheep,  or  horses,  there  is  no  better  place  in  all  the 
West  for  the  prospective  settler. 

In  San  Miguel  County  there  is  a  vast  store  of  mineral 
wealth  embracing  gold,  silver,  copper,  tin,  aluminum,  mica, 
coal.  iron,  zinc,  lead,  alum,  asbestos,  gypsum,  fire-clays, 
and  marble.  These  mineral  deposits  have  had  very  little 
systematic  development  or  exploration  as  yet,  and  their 
possibilities,  while  truly  great,  are  almost  wholly  unde- 
veloped. 

In  educational  matters  the  county  is  well  prepared  to 
meet  the  closest  inspection  of  the  intending  settler.  Her 
public  schools  are  numerous  and  her  corps  of  teachers  as 


II      |-c.l;\  1   MIS 


good  a*  can  be  found  anywhere,  while  in  the  higher  edu- 
cational line*  the  city  of  La*  Vega*  is  the  home  of  the 
splendidly  equipped  and  adminiitered  New  Mexico  Nor- 
mal Univer»ity.  The  public  schooU  of  Las  Vegas  and 


East  Las  Vegas  compare  favorably  with  the  best  schools 
in  the  East. 

The     Presbyterians,     Methodists,     Roman     Catholics, 
Baptists,     Mennonites,    Christians    and     Lutherans    have 


A   Sl.MMKK   f.VMI'   AT   Till      KX>T   or    III    IIVI  I- 

IM:.\K,  i:\sn.v    \«  <  i  -- ir.i.i    <>\i:it  TIIK 

SCENIC   HIGHWAY 

churches  in  the  county  and  in  Las  Vegas  and  there  is  also 
a  Jewish  Temple  and  a  Y.  M.  C.  A.  in  Las  Vegas. 

To  the  autoist,  the  recreationist  and  the  lover  of  out- 
doors and  nature  generally  the  region  which  centers  in  Las 
Vegas  is  a  wonderful  store  of  interest  as  well  as  a  region 
which  affords  each  marvelous  opportunities.  There  are 
acres  upon  acres  of  the  finest  wooded  country  in  the  West, 
where  giant  pines  mingle  their  perfume  with  the  bracing  air 
of  the  mountains  and  silvery  trout  disturb  the  babble  of  the 
streams  with  the  splashes  from  their  leaps  and  darts  here 
and  there.  In  the  deeper  recesses  of  the  mountains  are 
deer  that  will  give  the  huntsman  every  opportunity  to  dis- 
play all  his  knowledge  of  wild  life  and  animal  characteris- 
tics before  they  are  bagged.  Farther  from  the  haunts  of 
men  are  bear  and  mountain  lions  and  there  are  still  to  be 
had  wild  turkey  for  he  who  is  sufficiently  accurate  a 
marksman. 

The  whole  area  of  the  great  Peco*  forest,  whereon  are 
the  largest  stands  of  timber  in  the  State,  is  available  for  the 
classes  named.  On  this  are  dozens  of  streams  worthy  of  a 
name  and  countless  smaller  tribulariea.  all  kept  well  stocked 
with  trout  and  other  game  fish.  Though  there  are  numer- 
ous summer  settlements  on  this  forest  and  some  permanent 
towns,  there  are  plenty  of  places  so  far  removed  from 
man's  invasion  that  game  i*  ea»y  to  find  in  them.  Diere 


RESOURCES  ANDjMDUSTfflCS  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STAT 

.  200  — 


THE    L-ANJD 


A1EXICO 
OF"    OF*  POFfTUNIT  V" 


is  every  opportunity  for  the  hunter  who  will  to  get  into  re- 
gions little  disturbed  by  his  fellows  and  enjoy  unrestricted 
pleasure  in  his  search  for  either  large  or  small  game.  The 
game  birds  native  to  the  State,  or  imported  for  stocking 
purposes,  are  to  be  found  in  this  area  in  the  same  propor- 
tions as  elsewhere. 

Nor  is  the  oportunity  to  summer  beneath  the  pines  or  to 
hunt  in  distant  canyons  in  the  winter  the  only  one  afforded 
at  Las  Vegas  or  in  the  surrounding  territory.  There  are 
several  places  where  well-managed  tourist  resorts  have  been 
developed  and  these  are  yearly  enjoying  a  greater  patron- 
age. Among  these  is  El  Porvenir,  which  lies  sixteen  miles 
from  the  Meadow  City,  being  reached  over  the  magnificent 
Scenic  Highway.  Ten  of  these  miles  lie  in  Gallinas  can- 


OLD   CHUKCH   AT  LAS   VEGAS 

yon,  where  the  scenery  is  of  a  sort  to  stagger  one  unused 
to  the  grandeur  and  vast  spread  of  western  mountains. 
Hard  by  El  Porvenir  Hermit's  Peak  rears  it  shaggy  head, 
offering  a  safe  but  difficult  climb  of  two  hours  duration. 
From  the  top  of  this  peak  can  be  seen  a  panorama  of 
mountain,  valley  and  plain  which  is  unequalled  even  in  this 
portion  of  the  country.  There  is  excellent  hunting  and 
good  fishing  nearby  and  the  dry  invigorating  air  makes 
the  place  of  distinct  value  as  a  health  resort. 

At  the  foot  of  Hermit's  Peak,  a  mile  from  El  Porvenir, 
is  Camp  Montezuma,  a  summer  tent  city.  This  camp  of- 
fers a  happy  medium  between  a  hotel  vacation  and  actual 
roughing  it.  Its  surroundings  are  of  splendid  beauty  and 
its  opportunities  for  hunting  and  fishing  as  good  as  those 
at  El  Porvenir. 


Another  resort,  Harvey's  Mountain  Home,  is  probably 
the  highest  point  in  the  country  where  actual  cultivation  of 
the  ground  is  carried  on.  This  spot  has  an  altitude  of 
slightly  over  1 0,000  feet.  The  game  is  especially  abund- 
ant near  this  point,  bear,  mountain  lion,  wolves,  deer  and 
turkey  being  available  for  all  who  dare  face  the  carnivora 
or  have  the  ability  to  trail  the  herbivora. 

From  Las  Vegas  it  is  easy  to  reach  numerous  points  of 
historic  interest.  At  San  Miguel,  readily  seen  from  the 
window  of  the  passing  trans-continental  train,  Coronado 
settled  after  his  long  and  bitter  search  for  La  Gran  Quivira. 
Near  the  same  town  were  defeated  the  Texas  invaders 
who  came  under  the  guise  of  a  trade  excursion  but  really 
meant  to  annex  the  region  to  the  Republic  of  Texas. 
Through  Las  Vegas  itself  passed  General  Stephen  W. 
Kearny  when  he  marched  into  New  Mexico  on  a  "con- 
quest" in  which  not  a  shot  was  fired,  but  which  neverthe- 
less added  the  present  domain  of  New  Mexico  to  the 
United  States.  Through  u'  the  county  of  San  Miguel 
are  other  spots  of  as  g - -V  ;^t  rjst,  while  there  are  places 
without  number  made  '-is'  ric  by  fights  with  the  Indians, 
early  settlements  and  the  like. 

If,  after  reading  the  abcve,  you  were  to  ask  what,  in 
ur  judgment  was  'he  ^"e  t^i^g  we  felt  was  one  of  our 
biggest  assets  if  not  the  biggast,  we  should  unhesitatingly 
reply,  our  Climate  and  Scenery.  The  stock-raising  and 
farming  are  fairly  well  known  by  a  large  number  of  people 
outside  our  State,  but  comparatively  few  know  of  our 
marvellous  climate  and  unrivalled  scenery.  And  so  as  a 
last  word  we  would  leave  with  you  an  excerpt  from  a  talk 
given  at  the  Las  Vegas  Commercial  club  by  a  man  promin- 
ent in  Colorado  and  New  York  City.  In  particular  he 
referred  to  a  trip  over  our  "Scenic  Highway,"  which  is 
only  the  smallest  part  of  what  lies  beyond:  "I  have  never 
taken  a  trip  anywhere  that  compared  with  this  one.  The 
boasted  wonders  of  the  Garden  of  the  Gods  are  nothing 
compared  with  it.  If  its  beauties  could  be  known  through- 
out the  East,  thousands  of  people  who  at  present  pass 
through  Las  Vegas  on  the  palatial  trains  of  the  Santa  Fe 
on  their  way  to  California  and  the  Grand  Canyon,  would 
stop  off  at  Las  Vegas  and  take  this  trip  before  completing 
their  journey.  It  is  an  asset  which  even  the  people  of  Las 
Vegas  themselves  do  not  fully  appreciate,  but  the  time  will 
come  when  no  lover  of  beautiful  scenery  who  can  avail 
himself  of  the  opportunity  will  pass  it  by." 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-  201  — 


LAS  VEGAS,  COUNTY  SEAT,  SAN  MIGUEL  COUNTY 


AS  VEGAS,  on  the  main  line  of  the  A.  T. 
&  S.  F.  railroad,  about  a  hundred  miles 
south  of  the  Colorado  line,  has  a  population 
of  close  upon  ten  thousand  people,  electric 
light  and  street  car  system,  modern  sewerage, 
and  inexhaustible  supply  of  clear  mountain 
water  distributed  under  a  gravity  system,  handsome  schools 
and  public  buildings  and  a  citizenship  prosperous,  culti- 
vated, hospitable  and  progressive.  It  possesses  all  the  op- 
portunities of  a  new  country,  with  practically  all  the  mod- 
ern conveniences  of  an  up-to-date  eastern  city  of  twenty-five 
thousand  inhabitants. 

Climatic  conditions  make  it  the  heaven  of  the  tired  and 
worn  health-seeker,  its  latitude  and  altitude  combining  to 
produce  both  summer  and  winter  comfort  that  can  scarcely 
be  surpassed.  Cool  summer  nights  and  winter  weather 
that  is  in  the  main  scarcely  more  than  bracingly  cool  are, 
to  the  city,  assets  as  valuable  as  the  thousands  of  acres  of 
tributary  ranch  and  farm  lands. 

In  the  heart  of  the  Rockies,  a  few  hours  motor  trip  will 
land  one  in  the  midst  of  as  beautiful  mountain  scenery  and 
as  fine  fishing  and  hunting  as  can  be  found  in  any  part  of 


nl'l   i:  \ 


.    I    \-    \  I  «.  \s.    MOM)     i  >l     1    \-    \  I  (.  \- 
i  <i\IMI   K<   I  \l      <   I  I   II 


America.  Bear,  deer,  grouse,  quail,  ducks  and  geese, 
mountain  trout  and  lake  bass  abound  in  the  near  vicinity, 
and  at  Harvey's  or  El  Porvenir,  nearby  summer  resorts, 
one  can  most  agreeably  spend  the  summer  months,  hunting, 


KL.KS'   <  I.I  H,    LAS   V1XJAS 

fishing  or  loafing,  according  to  his  tastes  and  temperament. 

Las  Vegas  has  long  been  the  center  of  a  great  cattle 
and  sheep  industry  which  is  at  present  developing  to  such 
an  extent  as  to  promise  more  for  the  future  of  the  city  than 
had  ever  heretofore  been  thought  possible.  Dry  farming 
in  ihis  region  has  passed  through  the  experimental  stage, 
and  as  a  result  of  the  knowledge  acquired  by  five  of  six 
years  of  faithful  effort  the  farmers  have  come  to  realize 
what  has  long  been  an  accepted  fact  in  the  East  and  Mid- 
dle West,  that  it  pays  much  better  to  market  the  crops 
right  on  the  farm  by  feeding  them  to  stock  than  to  haul 
them  to  town,  and  so  there  has  emerged  the  small  stock- 
man who  now  raises  small  grain  and  forage  crops,  without 
irrigation.'  to  feed  during  the  winter,  when  necessary,  to 
his  cattle,  sheep  or  hogs. 

The  settler  who  "stuck"  and  mastered  the  discourage- 
ments and  difficulties  of  the  first  few  years  of  life  in  a  new 
country,  and  under  new  conditions,  has  prospered,  and  is 
now  steadily  increasing  his  holdings. 

The  city,  however,  is  only  in  minor  degree  dependent 
upon  the  dry  farmer  and  his  development  along  the  lines  of 
a  small  stockman,  for  tributary  to  Las  Vegas  is  a  large 
area  of  irrigable  land  rttimated  at  over  a  hundred  thou- 
sand acre*.  The  Mora  and  La  Cueva  systems  contain 
twenty  thousand  acre*,  the  Hand  system  thirty  thousand 
acre*,  the  Watrous  and  Cherry  Valley  country,  ten  thou- 


fo 

RESOURCES 

AND 

INDUSTRIES 

OF 

THE 

SUNSHINE 

STATE          M 

—  202  - 

THE    LAND 


.MEXICO 
OF" 


sand  acres,  and  the  Pecos  and  Tecolote  country  thirty 
thousand  acres. 

Large  ranches  in  the  counties  of  Mora  and  San  Miguel 
graze  hundreds  of  thousands  of  sheep  and  cattle  on  more 
than  a  million  acres  of  land,  and  with  the  passing  of  the 
open  range  the  stock  industry  is  taking  on  a  phase  new  to 
these  parts.  Closer,  better,  business  management  is  placing 
the  large  ranches  on  a  firmer,  more  substantial  financial 
basis;  new  ideas  and  new  methods  are  replacing  old  and 
antiquated  ones,  and  as  a  result  these  ranches  are  now  pay- 
ing dividends  never  dreamed  of  in  "the  good  old  days". 

Las  Vegas  is  the  center  of  all  these  progressive  activities, 
and  even  during  times  of  almost  nation-wide  financial  stress, 
prospers;  and,  in  a  steady,  conservative  way,  grows  and 
develops. 

The  educational  advantages  offered  here  are  exceptional 


(Catholic)  has  lately  ventured  a  Parochial  School  under- 
taking, and  the  work  done  there  compares  most  favorably 
with  that  of  the  public  schools. 

The  hospitals  of  the  city  are  all  well-conducted  institu- 
tions.1 The  Sisters  of  Charity  maintain  Saint  Anthony's 
Sanitarium,  large,  spacious,  well  ventilated  and  equipped, 
and  upholding  in  every  respect  the  well-earned  reputation 
of  that  famous  order  of  Sisterhood.  The  Las  Vegas  hos- 
pital is  managed  by  the  Ladies  of  the  City,  and  has  long 
been  one  of  the  city's  most  useful  and  justly  cherished  in- 
stitutions. In  connection  with  both  of  the  above  institutions 
are  numerous  commodious  tent  cottages  designed  especially 
for  the  care  and  treatment  of  tubercular  patients,  for  here 
in  the  "Heart  of  the  Well  Country"  is  most  certain  and 
speedy  relief  found  for  that  dread  disease.  The  rates  are 
reasonable,  and  the  care  and  sympathetic  treatment  ac- 


ST.    ANTHONY'S    SANITARIUM,    LAS   VEGAS 


for  a  city  the  size  of  Las  Vegas.  Of  public  schools,  there 
are  five — three  grade  schools,  one  high  school  and  the 
Normal  University,  the  last  of  which  has  of  late  under  a 
very  aggressive  and  efficient  management  taken  such  strides 
that  at  present  it  has  the  highest  enrollment  of  any  educa- 
tional institution  in  the  State.  The  main  building,  built 
of  San  Miguel  County  red  sandstone  and  set  upon  a  com- 
manding elevation,  is  most  striking  in  appearance  and  most 
substantial  in  its  proportions.  The  high  school,  though  not 
so  large,  is  of  quaint  and  peculiarly  attractive  design,  and 
is  also  built  of  the  county's  red  sandstone.  The  grade 
schools  are  spacious,  well  equipped  and  largely  attended. 
Aside  from  the  public  schools,  the  Sisters  of  Loretto  con- 
duct a  school  for  girls,  and  the  Christian  Brothers  a  school 
for  boys.  The  efficiency  of  these  time-honored  and  self- 
sacrificing  educators  needs  no  comment.  On  the  east  side, 
the  congregation  of  the  Immaculate  Conception  Church 


corded  patients  all  that  could  be  desired.  The  Railroad 
Division  hospital  is  located  here,  also  the  State  Hospital 
for  the  Insane. 

The  moral  tone  of  the  city  is  striking  and  refreshing. 
The  larger  part  of  the  population  is  church-going,  and 
nearly  all  of  the  different  denominations  are  strongly  repre- 
sented. The  Catholics  have  two  church  buildings,  the 
Methodists,  Episcopalians,  Presbyterians,  Baptists  and 
Christians  each  have  one.  The  Jewish  people  worship  in 
a  handsome  synagogue. 

The  Y.  M.  C.  A.  is  considered  one  of  the  most  import- 
ant factors  in  the  life  of  the  community,  and  is  the  center 
of  activity  for  the  athletic  and  social  life  of  a  large  number 
of  the  boys  and  men.  It  is  housed  in  a  handsome  building 
representing  an  investment  of  over  $25,000,  and  contain- 
ing large  gymnasium,  swimming  pool,  recreation  rooms  and 
dormitory. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  203  — 


_ 
THE    LANJP 


A1EX3CO 
OF* 


(    \-l\XI.  l>\    I1WKI-.   Till!    IIMIVKY    IHH  •»! 
AT    I.\S 


Las  Vegas  has  several  wholesale  houses,  among  which 
are  Gross,  Kelly  &  Company,  Charles  Ilfeld  Company  and 
Appel  Brothers.  These  concerns  have  branch  houses  in 
many  other  cities  of  the  State.  They  handle  immense 
quantities  of  all  classes  of  merchandise  and  do  a  large 
trading  busine:s  in  hides,  wool  and  the  produce  of  farms 
and  ranches. 

Las  Vegas  has  four  banks,  all  doing  a  large  and  con- 
servative banking  business.  The  banking  and  business  in- 
terests of  the  city  have  at  all  times  shown  themselves  will- 
ing to  support  any  and  every  project  of  merit  for  the  better- 
ment of  Las  Vegas. 

Practically  all  the  fraternal  orders  are  represented   in 


Las  Vegas  by  active  local  lodges,  chief  among  which  are 
the  Masons,  Elks,  K.  of  P.,  Moose,  Woodmen  of  the 
World,  Odd  Fellows,  Fraternal  Union  of  America,  Red- 
men,  Fraternal  Brotherhood,  Modern  Woodmen  and 
Knights  of  Columbus. 

The  Elks'  lodge  is  housed  in  a  beautiful  $45,000  home, 
while  the  Masonic  orders  own  the  substantial  three-story, 
brownstone  building  adjoining  the  opera  house. 


I  III      M   I    \l<      IIK.IIU   \^     M    \  It    1\-.    \M.\- 

The  Commercial  club  is  a  live  organization,  ever  active 
in  any  work  looking  to  the  upbuilding  of  the  community. 

For  such  further  information  as  may  be  desired,  address 
the  Secretary,  Commercial  Club,  East  Las  Vegas,  New 
Mexico. 


-KM    K      I:  \\<    II     IN     x\X      Ml,. I    I   I.    «H    X  M 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

204  - 


"THE    I_ArsiD  OF" 


A1EXICO 


THE  COMMERCIAL  CLUB 


tlje  rttuena  of  Haa  Uegaa,  hetug  prnub  of  tije 
tuonberful  arljteuementa  arrompltaljeb  during  tlje 
paat  aub  realising  tlje  attll  greater  growtlj  aub 
beuelopment  of  our  ritg  aub  rountg  wljtdj  tlje  future 
fortlj,  belieue  tljta  to  be  a  moat  opportune  time  to  relate 
to  tlje  morlb  tlje  proaperoua  ronbttton  of  our  rommumtg  anb 
to  tnittte  tlje  buatneaa  man,  tlje  profeaatoual  man,  tlje  Ijome 
aeeker  anb  tlje  Ijealtlj  aeeker  to  our  mibat 

ICaa  Upgaa  hoaata  0f  l|er  itttrunlpo  climate,  l^er  unexcelbn  lEnitcatianal 
3Jttaiitutiona,  tl|p  Public  ^»cl|oola  ano  Normal  Uniueraitu.;  I|anoaome  ffiihrarwa, 
ffib,urrljpa  of  all  oenomtnattona,  ita  aubatantial  Publtr  Suiloinna  anil  buainpaa  blorka. 
A  rity  of  beautiful  Ijomea,  utpll  paueti  atrppta,  plprtrir  atrppt  car  apruirp,  plprtrtrtty  for  It0b.t 
an&  pouipr,  purpat  tuater;  a  rity  of  uttltmiteo  rpaourrea,  of  mooern  anti  metropolitan  retail 
eatablialjntpnta.  An  pra  of  proapprity  pernaoea  ffiaa  Bpgaa;  Ijprp  b,Paltb.  ani  uipaltb,  auiatt 
you.  IGaa  TJpgaa  banking  institutions  arp  examples  of  finanrial  atability  ano  solioitg. 

LAS  VEGAS  WELCOMES  YOU 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  205  — 


HTHC 


A1EX3CO 
LAISID  OF"    ORRQRTUIStITVr 


NEW  MEXICO  NORMAL  UNIVERSITY 

ORIGIN    AND    PURPOSE 


BY  FRANK  H.  H.  ROBERTS.  PRESIDENT 


N  1893  the  Hon.  Felix  Martinez  and  Sena- 
tor Albert  B.  Fall,  members  of  the  Terri- 
torial Council  of  New  Mexico,  prepared  a 
bill,  and  secured  its  passage,  creating  the 
New  Mexico  Normal  School  at  Silver  City 
and  (he  New  Mexico  Normal  School  at  Las 
Vegas.  By  special  law  the  name  of  the  normal  school  at 
Las  Vegas  was  changed  to  the  New  Mexico  Normal  Uni- 
versity in  1899,  and  its  powers  were  enlarged  so  that  the 
school  might  exercise  the  functions  of  a  college  of  educa- 
tion. Such  a  school  has  a  double  purpose:  to  train  young 
men  and  women  to  be  efficient  teachers,  who  are  leaders  in 
the  higher  and  better  phases  of  the  social  life  of  the  State; 
and  to  furnish  a  pedagogical  laboratory,  where  the  State 


distinguished  services  to  the  State.  Yet  it  is  only  in  re- 
cent years  that  it  has  reached  every  section  of  the  State. 
All  short  courses  have  been  eliminated,  and  the  longer 
courses  have  been  enriched  and  made  more  difficult,  yet 
the  graduating  classes  from  the  six-year  normal  have  stead- 
ily increased  in  numbers. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  Normal  University  has  not  over- 
looked its  duty  to  the  State  in  the  matter  of  new  theories 
and  new  material  for  educational  purposes.  As  early  as 
1 899  Manual  Training  was  given  a  place  in  the  school.  In 
1 908  Domestic  Science  in  its  various  phases  was  intro- 
duced and  since  1 9 1 0  a  short  course  in  Agricultural  Peda- 
gogy has  been  offered.  The  recent  development  in  indus- 
trial education  has  justified  the  Normal's  action  in  the 


M  xx    MI  \n  «.    M»I:M  xi     i  MX  I  i:»i  rt     \T  U\S  V*XMS 


tests  out  new  theories  of  education,  thus  winnowing  the 
wheat  from  the  chaff,  and  holding  fast  to  the  good  and  dis- 
carding the  unsound. 

The  Normal  University  hat  fulfilled  this  two-fold  mis- 
sion during  it*  entire  existence,  which  began  with  the  open- 
ing of  its  doors  on  October  3.  1898.  It  held  its  first 
graduating  exercises  in  1899,  when  a  class  of  five  was 
graduated,  every  member  of  which  became  a  teacher. 
Since  then  it  ha*  continued  to  train  and  to  graduate  strong, 
purposeful  young  men  and  women,  who  have  performed 


matter  of  these  three  branches  of  learning.  It  has  now 
brought  to  the  State  the  Montessori  method  to  test  it  out, 
to  find  out  its  strong  points  and  its  weak  points,  to  answer 
the  question.  "I*  it  an  addition  to  our  educational  system 
that  is  worth  while?"  and  if  found  good,  to  adapt  it  to  our 
conditions.  After  thoroughly  testing  it,  a  bulletin  will  be 
issued  by  the  authorities  of  the  school,  presenting  to  the 
teacher*  of  the  State  the  result*  of  this  investigation. 

The  New  Mexico  Normal  University  is  neither  parti- 
tan  nor  sectarian,  yet  it  inculcates  loyalty  to  the  highest 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  206  — 


JVIEXICO 

LAND  OF"  QFRQRTUNITV 


ideals  of  life.  It  aims  to  inspire  its  students  to  live  in  har- 
mony with  the  highest  moral,  religious,  political,  social  and 
professional  ideals  of  the  world. 

The  school  is  recognized,  by  the  great  universities,  as 
doing  work  of  the  first  order  and  its  graduates  are  granted 
certificates,  without  examination,  in  such  progressive  states 
as  California,  Washington,  Idaho,  and  twenty  others. 

Its  student  body  has  grown  rapidly  in  recent  years.  In 
1909-10  it  numbered  295,  and  in  1914-15,  659,  an  in- 
crease of  123  per  cent  in  four  years. 

A  summer  school  has  been  maintained  since  1  904.  It 
has  grown  from  79  in  1910  to  382  in  1914,  an  increase 
of  467  per  cent  in  four  years. 

The  faculty  is  made  up  of  men  and  women  from  such 
Attendance—  1908-09     1909 

Normal  and  Academic -55  97 

Training  School 1 29  1 20 

Summer  School 64  70 

Music  Department 30  30 


institutions  as  Chicago,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Oxford  (England), 
Denver,  Wisconsin,  Johns  Hopkins,  and  Missouri.  Many 
of  them  are  graduates  of  normal  schools  of  high  rank,  as 
well  as  college  trained. 

The  Normal  University  is  located  in  the  heart  of  the 
city  of  Las  Vegas,  a  moral  and  intellectual  stronghold. 

The  New  Mexico  Normal  University  comprises  four 
schools:  The  Training  School,  The  Academic  School, 
The  Normal  School,  The  Summer  School. 

With  the  following  departments:  Psychology,  Educa- 
tion, Methods,  History,  Economics,  Ancient  Languages, 
Modern  Languages,  English,  Science,  Household  Arts, 
Manual  Arts,  Mathematics,  Political  Science,  Social 
Science,  Commercial  Branches,  Music  and  Art,  Oratory, 
Student  Welfare. 

10  1910-11  1911-12  1912-13  1913-14  1914-15 
118     145     143     184     192 
165     179     154     176     148 
69     160     192     290     382 
28     22      19 


Totals    278 

Less  names  repeated 12 


Net  Totals 


266 


317 

22 

295 


380 
30 

350 


506 
83 

423 


507 
65 

442 


650 
78 

572 


722 
63 

659 


HERMITS  PEAK,  ONE  OF  THE  MOST   BEAUTIFl't,  SPOTS  IN  THE  STATE,  NEAR  LAS  VEGAS 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

•       •      _  '''"_*'.']__         .    '  J    -'-'.-_  '""'    "      '—  -^-^**f^*"-        -----  '    '  !•       II     —         ^^p— ^——         I !•»•.••         _l^——^—MMI— 

—  207  - 


A1EXICO 
THE    LAND  QF~    QRRORTUNITV^ 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OFJT  E  SUNSHINE  STATE 

.  208  - 


SANTA  FE  COUNTY 


HE  county  of  Santa  Fe  might  well  be 
called  the  "oldest  county"  of  the  State 
and  of  the  country  as  well,  for  it  not 
only  is  the  oldest  seat  of  government  on 
American  soil  but  it  contains  so  many 
other  "oldest"  features  that  it  well  merits 
some  title  emphasizing  its  antiquities. 

The  county  of  Santa  Fe  is  not  today  one  of  the 
largest  counties  in  the  State,  but  there  was  a  time  in 
the  past  when  it  was  one  of  four  subdivisions  of  the 
entire  Spanish  settlement  of  New  Mexico,  a  commun- 
ity then  including  the  whole  state  of  Arizona  as  well  as 
the  present  community  of  New  Mexico.     Today  it  has 
an  area  of  1 ,980  square  miles.     Of  this  area  there  are 
still  open  to  homestead  entry  307,1  73  acres,  of  which 
1  I  3,160  are  yet  to  be  surveyed.     There  are  37,809 
acres  of  land  in  the  county  classed  as  "agricultural" 
on     the     tax     rolls,     worth     $231,000,     and     there     are 
1 ,297  farms  in  the  county,  having  a  combined  area  of  over 
236,279  acres.      Most  of  these  farms  are  in  the  three  to 
nine  acre  class,  though  many  are  in  the   1 60  acre  class. 
There  are  nine  which  have  an  area  of  over  1,000  acres. 


INTHAN   ROCK    PICTURES  IN   PA.TAKITO   PARK 


CI.IFF  DWELLINGS  IN   PAJARITO   PARK   NEAR 
SANTA  FE 

However,  the  trend  is  toward  small  farms  in  this  section, 
a  very  large  percentage  of  the  cultivated  acreage  being  in 
farms  of  fifty  acres  or  less.  Santa  Fe  County's  total  agri- 
cultural returns  are  about  $220,000  annually,  hay  and 
forage  crops  being  by  far  the  most  important  ones,  though 
cereals,  vegetables  and  fruits  and  nuts,  especially  the 
later,  are  important. 

The  large  amount  of  good  open  range  for  stock, 
together  with  the  number  and  frequency  of  water 
supplies,  provides  ample  pasturage  for  a  large  num- 
ber of  cattle  and  sheep,  and  the  livestock  industry  is 
a  very  important  one  to  this  county.  The  annual  re- 
ceipts from  livestock  sold  and  slaughtered  amount  to 
about  $2 1  0,000,  while  the  wool  clip  brings  in  an- 
other $50,000  a  year.  The  grazing  lands  of  Santa 
Fe  County  total  over  365,000  acres,  valued  at  more 
than  $270,000.  There  are  in  the  county  2,050 
horses,  worth  over  $52,000;  3,688  head  of  cattle, 
worth  $54,417;  11.600  sheep,  worth  $11,492, 
and  a  few  goats  and  swine. 

The  mining  industry  of  Santa  Fe  County  is  an 
important  one.  There  are  rich  coal  fields  and  the 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  209  — 


n  »\vr\  FE 


precious  metals  have  hardly  been  scratched,  in  comparison 
with  the  amounts  yet  to  be  brought  forth,  though  gold  was 
mined  in  the  region  before  the  rush  to  California  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  last  century.  Only  1,780  acres  of  coal-bearing 
lands  are  in  private  ownership,  and  these  are  valued  at  slightly 
more  than  $50,000.  Improvements  on  them  are  worth 
$23,000  more,  according  to  the  tax  rolls,  while  non-coal 
minrral  lands  are  held  at  $93,000,  with  their  improve- 
ments. 

Lumbering,  while  not  so  prominent  as  the  other  indus- 
tries named,  will  undoubtedly  become  more  so  each  year 
and  in  the  future  may  overshadow  the  others.  The  na- 
tional government  has  reserved  I  5  1  ,898  acres  of  timber 
land  in  the  county  for  national  forests,  and  considerable 
cutting  is  going  on  from  these  stands.  The  timber  lands  in 
private  ownership  are  negligible,  but  there  is  a  considerable 
industry  in  cutting  from  stumpage  bought  from  the 
forest  service. 

Town  lots  in  Santa  Fe  County,  practically  all  in 
the  city  of  Santa  Fe,  are  worth  $186,700.  while  im- 
provements thereon  are  $383.000  in  value,  or  some- 
thing more  than  double.  Electric  light  plants  in  the 
county  are  worth  $13.000,  water  plants  $33,000, 
telegraph  and  telephone  installations  over  $17.000. 
railroads,  of  which  there  are  more  than  1  00  miles  in 
the  county,  $1,026.442.  and  bank  slock  owned  in 
the  county.  $112.039.  The  total  valuation  of  the 
county  is  $9.084,339.  on  which  taxes  are  required 
to  be  paid  on  a  one-third  valuation. 

Santa  Fe  County  hat  fifty-two  schools,  taught  by 
seventy-four  instructors,  and  its  school  population  in 
1914  was  6.497.  indicating  a  total  population  of 
22.700.  The  1910  census  gave  the  county  a  popu- 


lation  of  14,770,  of  which  over  5,000  was  in  the  city 
of  Santa  Fe.  This  gives  a  school  to  each  thirty-four 
square  miles,  or  thereabouts,  but  since  so  large  a  por- 
tion of  the  county,  especially  in  the  mountain  districts, 
is  uninhabited,  school  facilities  are,  if  not  adequate,  at 
least  fairly  so.  School  improvement  is  being  carried 
on  in  Santa  Fe  County  at  a  rapid  rate  and  the  district 
will  soon  rank  at  the  head  for  rural  schools. 

The  school  houses  are  being  built  of  modern  ma- 
terials and  in  accordance  with  the  latest  ideas  in  school 
design,  while  the  one-room  adobe  of  former  years  has 
been  completely  wiped  out.  The  school  term  is  in  no 
case  less  than  five  months,  even  in  the  most  iso- 
lated districts,  while  in  most  of  the  schools  it  is  nine 
months. 

The  general  topography  of  the  county  is  rough  and 
broken,  though  the  southern  portion  widens  into  broad  roll- 
ing plains  of  a  fertile  character  and  throughout  the  region 
there  are  fertile  valleys  and  mountain  parks.  In  these 
agriculture  flourishes  to  a  remarkable  degree.  Indeed,  the 
fertility  of  the  soil  is  amply  shown  by  the  great  number  of 
small  farms  in  the  region,  all  of  which  support  at  least  one 
family.  There  are  over  400  farms  in  the  county  which 
have  fewer  than  nine  acres.  Fruit  raising  is  an  important 
industry,  the  finest  products  of  the  horticultural  industry 
being  produced  in  Santa  Fe  County.  The  region  raises 
splendid  apples  which  for  flavor,  size,  color,  shipping  quali- 
ties and  keeping  qualities  are  not  to  be  excelled  in  the 
West.  Small  fruits,  especially  plums  and  peaches,  are 
also  raised  in  profusion  and  of  the  highest  quality.  The 
region  has  a  great  advantage  over  other  sections  in  that  its 
altitude  causes  fruits  and  produce  to  mature  late  in  the 


M\I:I"\     Illl  I—  s\NTA   FE 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTTT1ES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


MEXICO 


THE    L-A1SID  OF"    QPFORTUT*  IITV^ 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  211   — 


in  i;i:o    \iiiv    \   rici  i  1:1  M/I  i 
OLD   SANTA   FE 

year,  so  that  prime  peaches  and  plums  are  being  produced 
at  Santa  Fs  long  after  the  season  on  these  has  ended  else- 
where, thus  fattening  the  pocketbooks  of  the  horticulturists 
by  bringing  top  prices  for  out-of-season  fruit. 

The  rolling  plains  and  the  less  tillable  mountain  areas 
form  the  principal  range  for  stock.  On  the  upper  sections 
of  the  county  the  sheep  graze  and  on  the  plain;  are  many 
herds  of  cattle.  Fattening  of  cattle  for  the  market  has  not 
yet  been  taken  up  heavily  in  this  county  but  there  are 
countless  opportunities  for  doing  so,  especially  as  the  feed 
crops  grow  abundantly  and  are  to  be  had  cheaply. 

The  mountain  countries  are  also  the  center  of  the  mining 
industry — except  the  coal  mining — and  the  timber  in- 
dustry. The  principal  gold  mines  are  the  placers  at  sev- 
eral points  in  the  Ortiz  mountains  and  the  so-called  "new" 
placers  at  Golden.  There  have  been  years  when  these 
placers  yielded  as  much  as  $80,000  in  dust  and  nug- 
get* and  single  nuggets  worth  $3,400  have  been  found 
in  them.  On  the  Ortiz  Mine  grant  is  the  Ortiz  Mine, 
the  site  of  the  first  stamp  mill  in  the  West.  Then 
there  are  the  turquoise  mines  at  Cerrillos  and  1  urquesa. 
the  former  of  which  has  been  worked  since  pre-historic 
days.  It  was  from  this  mine  that  the  Tiffanys  for 
many  years  secured  the  entire  supply  of  the  blue  stone 
which  found  the  market.  At  San  Pedro  there  it  a 
well-developed  copper  mine  and  a  smelter  which  han- 
dles its  product.  The  Cerrillos  district  has  been  prom- 
inent in  silver,  lead,  and  zinc  fields  since  its  discovery 
in  1879.  but  is  not  now  a  producer.  There  is  a  group 
of  molybdenum  claims  in  the  canyon  above  Santa  Fe 
and  a  low  grade  gold  mine  near  these.  There  are 
several  gold  protpects  in  the  Sangre  de  Cristo  range, 
immediately  north  of  SanU  Fe.  There  are  large  mica 


deposits  near  Nambe  and  extensive  undeveloped  iron 
deposits  near  Glorieta,  from  which  some  ore  has  been 
shipped.  Near  Santa  Fe  is  found  a  splendid  brick 
clay  and  at  Lamy  and  Cerrillos  are  good  sandstone 
beds.  Marble  is  found  near  Santa  Fe.  There  are 
also  good  gypsum  and  building  stone  deposits. 

The  principal  coal  camp  is  at  Madrid,  where  the 
fuel  mineral  was  taken  out  as  early  as  1 869.  An  in- 
teresting feature  of  this  field  is  the  close  proximity  in 
which  bituminous  and  anthracite  coal  are  found. 
There  are  other  coal  deposits  southeast  of  Madrid,  on 
the  Galisteo  and  near  Santa  Fe. 

Santa  Fe  County  is  crossed  from  east  to  west  by  the 
Santa  Fe  railway,  which  has  seventy  miles  of  line  within 
B  its  borders.  The  same  road  has  a  branch  line  from  Lamy, 
a  junction  point,  to  Santa  Fe  and  a  short  branch  from  the 
main  line  into  the  coal  areas  at  Madrid.  The  Denver  & 
Rio  Grande  enters  the  county  from  the  north,  having  a 
present  terminus  at  Santa  Fe,  and  from  that  point  south 
extends  the  New  Mexico  Central,  which  connects  with  the 
Rock  Island  system  at  Torrance. 

As  in  all  good  farming  counties,  settlements  are  frequent 
in  Santa  Fe  County.  It  is  difficult  to  travel  anywhere  ex- 
cept in  the  more  remote  sections  and  not  find  a  village  or 
town  every  few  miles.  The  county  was  the  scene  of 
the  first  settlement  of  the  Spaniards  and  parts  of  it  have 
been  farmed  continuously  since  their  advent.  Indeed,  the 
portions  of  it  surrounding  the  Indian  pueblos  were  being 
farmed  long  before  that  time. 

Santa  Fe  County  is  especially  well  watered,  the  princi- 
pal stream  being  the  Rio  Grande,  though  part  of  the 
county  is  in  the  Pecos  drainage  area.  Other  streams  are 


s  clIltlsTI    I>\V    x\\|  \    II 


ft 

RESOURCES 

AND 

INDUSTRIES 

OF 

THE 

SUNSHINE 

STATE          M 

—  212  — 

_____ 

THE    LAND 


AIEXICO 
OF"  OPPORTUNITY 


the  Santa  Cruz,  Nambe,  Pojoaque,  Santa  Fe,  Santa  Clara, 
Tesuque,  Dalton,  Macho,  Indian,  Holy  Ghost,  Man- 
zanares,  Gloneta,  Apache,  Rio  de  los  Indes,  Galisteo, 
Arroyo  Hondo,  Chiquito,  Chupadero  and  Frijoles,  some 
of  which  drain  west  to  the  Rio  Grande  and  some  east  to 
the  Pecos,  while  one,  at  least,  drains  east  to  the  Rio 
Grande.  There  is  a  considerable  underground  water 
supply. 

The  principal  mountain  ranges  are  the  Sangre  de  Cristo, 


San  Pedro,  and  Sandia  mountains,  while  the  foothills  of 
the  Valles,  Cochiti  and  Jemez  mountains  are  in  the  wester- 
portion. 

Santa  Fe,  the  county  seat  and  capital  of  the  State,  is 
the  principal  city,  but  there  are  numerous  small  farming 
settlements  and  a  great  number  of  Pueblo  Indian  com- 
munities. These  include  Pojoaque,  Santa  Cruz,  Tesuque, 
San  Ildefonso,  Chimayo,  Lamy,  Agua  Fria,  Galisteo, 
Cienega,  Cieneguilla,  and  others. 


SAX    MIGUKL,   CHURCH 

Belieiod  to  Be  the  Oldest  Church  Building  in  the  United  States  Still  Being  Used 

for  Public  Worship;  Built  About   1007:  Destroyed  in  1680;  Rebuilt 

in    1710:    Renovated  in   Recent  Years. 


RESOURCES  AND  .INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-  213  — 


COUNTY  SEAT  OF 
SANTA  FE  COUNTY 


SANTA  FE 


CAPITAL   CITY    OF 
NEW  MEXICO 


ESTLING  between  the  outstretched  arms  of 
the  Sangre  de  Cristo  mountains  lies  the  city 
of  Santa  Fe,  capital  of  New  Mexico  and  the 
oldest  seat  of  government  on  American  soil. 
Santa  Fe  is  not  only  the  State  Capital  but 
the  capital  of  that  mysterious  world  of  the 
ancients  who  populated  the  cliff  dwellings  and  the  Indian 
pueblos  which  succeded  them.  Though  the  cliff  dwellers 
are  gone  and  the  Pueblos  are  not  so  numerous  as  in  former 
years.  Santa  Fe  retains  the  atmosphere  of  age  and  the 
peculiar  relation  to  the  events  of  that  era  which  distinguish 
it  among  all  American  cities.  At  the  very  doors  of  the 
city  are  twenty  thousand  cliff  dwellings  to  puzzle  the  arch- 
aeologist and  ethnologist  with  stories  of  a  bygone  time; 
easily  accessible  from  the  city  are  dozens  of  Indian  vil- 
lages where  may  be  observed  in  all  their  ancient  fullness 
the  rites  and  ceremonies  which  were  practiced  ages  before 
Columbus  dreamed  his  immortal  dreams. 

Santa  Fe  is  beyond  all  doubt  the  imperial  city  of  the 
artist,  the  student,  the  historian  and  the  traveler.  Stretched 
around  in  over  an  area  of  2,500  square  miles  are  remains 
of  civilizations  contemporary  with  the  mammoth  and  the 
great  lava  flow.  Within  the  same  area  are  living  examples, 
in  the  Pueblo  Indians,  of  the  civilization  which  followed. 
Within  the  city  itself  are  the  oldest  house  and  the  oldest 
church  now  standing  on  American  soil,  the  Palace  of  the 
Governors,  where  Spaniard,  Pueblo  Indian,  then  Spaniard 
again,  then  Mexican,  and  Pueblo  Indian  and  finally 


American  rulers  have  held  sway  and  exercised  authority 
over  New  Mexico.  Bare  mention  of  these  places  is  like 
the  mere  hazy  outline  of  a  portrait  whose  completion  would 
take  years  of  time  and  reams  of  paper.  Santa  Fe  is  rich 
in  all  that  tends  to  interest  the  archaeologist,  the  traveler, 
the  historian,  the  individual  of  any  class  who  cares  for 
knowledge  of  man's  existence  in  former  times. 

Though  the  Spaniards  who  built  the  city  brought  with 
them  from  Granada  distinct  evidences  of  Moorish  influence. 
Santa  Fe  is  not  a  city  of  tapering  spires  and  dizzy  minarets. 
Instead  there  are  the  flat-topped  adobes,  quaint  portals,  the 
carved  vigas  and  massive  buttresses  of  an  architecture  as 
distinctly  unique  as  it  is  distinctly  American.  The  blue 
skies  of  Granada  are  there,  but  they  are  bluer  than  ever 
Boabdil  viewed.  The  sunshine  of  sunny  Spain  is  there, 
but  it  shines  more  days  in  the  year  than  ever  Spain  saw. 
And  instead  of  the  countless  beggars  of  Mediterranean 
ports  are  quaint  but  proud  Mexicans  and  Indians  who 
would  scorn  the  tourist's  proffered  baksheesh. 

In  1  606,  so  the  books  say,  Juan  de  Onate  founded  the 
city  of  Santa  Fe  on  the  ruins  of  two  small  Indian  pueblos, 
and  not  long  after  were  laid  the  foundations  for  many 
buildings  of  importance,  some  of  which  exist  today.  The 
old  church  of  San  Miguel  is  one  of  these.  It  was  par- 
tially burned  in  the  Pueblo  uprising  of  I  680.  but  was  re- 
stored later,  as  an  inscription  caived  into  one  of  the  vigas 
advises.  The  altar  paintings  lay  claim  to  even  greater  age 
and  are  by  the  greatest  Spanish  masters  of  that  time. 

Another  of  these  ancient  buildings  is  the  Palace  of 
the  Governors,  now  a  seat  of  culture  and  education 
instead  of  a  government  almost  feudal  in  its  absolute 
dominion.  This  building  has  many  historic  associations. 
The  center  of  the  city,  geographically  and  industri- 
ally, is  the  Plaza.  Here  Onatc  camped  in  1 606. 
Here  the  Pueblos  burned  the  archives  of  the  province 
when  they  rose  in  1680.  Here  de  Vargas  halted  in 
triumph  after  his  re-conquest.  Here  General  Kearny 
planted  the  American  flag  in  1 846.  There  is  not  an 
event  of  importance  in  the  history  of  the  State,  from 
the  first  coming  of  the  Spaniards  to  the  last  few  years, 
with  whirl-  the  Plaza  is  not  intimately  connected.  In 
this  Plaza  is  the  end  of  the  Santa  Fe  Trail,  over  which 
flowed  for  years  a  commerce  so  rich  that  not  even 
enormous  taxes  could  check  it. 


RESOURCES  ANDJNDUSTRICS  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATED 

-  214- 


TTHC    LAND 


A1EXICO 
OF*    QPFORTUNITV 


Not  far  from  the  Plaza  is  the  Cathedral.  The  present 
structure  is  modern  but  contains  a  number  of  interesting 
old  masters  and  a  reredos  given  by  Governor  del  Valle  and 
his  wife  in  1  761.  Behind  the  altar  are  buried  two  Fran- 
ciscan friars  killed  in  the  Indian  uprising.  The  church  on 


HIGH  SCHOOL — SANTA  FE 

the  site  of  which  the  Cathedral  stands  was  built  in  1711. 
A  portion  of  this  still  stands  immediately  in  the  rear  of 
the  Cathedral. 

On  the  hill  above  Santa  Fe  is  the  garita,  the  old  Span- 
ish prison,  where  malefactors  and  traitors  were  confined  and 
executed. 

Not  far  from  the  Plaza  is  the  "Oldest  House,"  which 
tradition  has  it  was  built  by  the  Pueblo  Indians  before  the 
founding  of  Santa  Fe,  and  which  has  been  continuously 
occupied  since.  It  was  formerly  two  stories  high  but  the 
upper  story  was  removed  not  many  years  ago  and  the  place 
has  been  frequently  renovated  inside. 

From  Santa  Fe  it  is  an  easy  trip  to  the  Puye,  Rito  de  los 
Frijoles,  Pajarito  and  other  canyons  where  are  to  be  found 
mile  after  mile  of  cliffs  honeycombed  with  the  dwellings 
of  prehistoric  peoples.  The  whole  region  from  Gallinas 
creek  to  the  Canada  de  Cochiti,  and  from  the  Jemez 
mountains  east  to  the  Rio  Grande,  is  included  in  this  area 
where  prehistoric  races  dwelt.  Pajarito  park  is  in  the  cen- 
ter of  it,  and  on  this  are  found  the  finest  of  the  cliff  dwell- 
ing remains.  These  dwellings  are  actually  carved  out  of 
the  tufa  of  the  cliffs,  the  marks  of  the  ancient  stone  imple- 
ments employed  being  still  plainly  visible. 

Near  Santa  Fe  are  most  of  the  Pueblo  Indian  com- 
munities, places  whose  residents  are  thought  by  some  to  be 
descended  from  the  cliff  dwellers.  Taos,  most  important 


of  these,  is  not  far  away  on  the  north,  San  Ildefonso  is  to 
the  west,  across  the  Rio  Grande;  Santa  Clara,  San  Juan, 
Picuris,  Nambe,  with  its  famous  waterfall,  are  north  of 
Santa  Fe;  Jemez,  Sia  and  Santa  Ana  are  west,  and  along 
the  Rio  Grande  to  the  south  are  many  more,  beginning 
with  Cochiti,  at  the  lower  end  of  White  Rock  Canyon, 
and  ending  with  Isleta,  a  few  miles  south  of  Albuquerque. 
Santo  Domingo  is  the  largest  of  these  near  Santa  Fe. 

But  pueblos  are  not  all.  There  are  the  Stone  Lions  of 
Cochiti,  carved  no  one  knows  when  or  by  whom;  the 
Painted  Cave,  the  pictographs  on  many  a  cliff;  the  kivas, 
the  millions  of  shards  of  glazed  and  decorated  pottery,  the 
metates,  the  arrowheads  and  stone  implements  to  be  picked 
up,  the  thousand  and  one  things  to  be  found  within  a  short 
distance  of  the  capital. 

Less  than  six  miles  from  Santa  Fe,  on  the  Arroyo 
Hondo,  are  the  remains  of  a  communal  village  which  has 
been  partially  excavated  and  which  has  furnished  quanti- 
ties of  interesting  and  informative  relics.  A  mile  nearer,  at 
Agua  Fria,  is  a  mound  covered  with  thousands  of  pieces 
of  ornamented  pottery.  Partial  excavation  shows  it  to  be 
a  ruined  communal  dwelling  of  indefinite  size.  On  the 
Tesuque  river  are  similar  ruins. 

Southwest  of  Santa  Fe  are  the  turquoise  mines  of  Cer- 
rillos,  where  Tiffanys  secured  most  of  their  supply  of  the 
blue  stone  for  years.  The  workings  are  the  oldest  mines 


SCOTTISH  RITE  CATHEDUAI, 

in  the  United  States,  having  been  operated  by  the  Pueblo 
Indians  in  time  immemorial. 

At  San  Cristoval,  near  Galisteo  Lake,  are  the  ruins  of 
the  pueblo  of  the  same  name,  as  well  as  the  remains  of 
several  communal  dwellings  which  antedated  it  many  years. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE:  STATS 

—  215  — 


THE    L-A1SJD 


A1EXJCO 

OF*  RORTUT*  HTVr 


probably  centuries.  Some  of  these  are  veritable  cliff 
dwellings,  being  built  in  the  edge  of  a  narrow  and  pre- 
cipitous canyon.  Above  are  some  curious  examples  of 
pictured  rocks. 

All  these  listings  of  points  of  interest,  however,  barely 
hint  at  the  scenic  beauties  of  the  region  centering  about 
Santa  Fe.  They  make  no  mention  of  the  splendid  roads 
which  radiate  from  this  ancient  capital  and  make  every 
one  of  the  points  mentioned  easily  accessible  by  automobile. 
And  there  are  excellent  trails  suitable  for  horseback  travel 
which  lead  to  all  of  these  and  many  more.  It  is  impossi- 
ble to  go  into  great  detail  within  the  narrow  confines  of  so 
brief  an  article  as  this;  it  must  be  left  for  the  guide  book 


found  on  the  globe.  Sunshine  and  sparkle  in  the  air 
and  the  almost  complete  absence  of  moisture  unite  to  pro- 
duce a  condition  invigorating  and  delightful.  Cool  sum- 
mer nights,  when  blankets  are  always  in  demand,  alternate 
with  summer  days  when  the  thermometer  hesitates  long  be- 
fore it  climbs  to  ninety  and  has  never  been  known  to  reach 
ninety-eight.  The  winters  are  mild,  zero  weather  being 
an  exception.  Even  on  the  coldest  winter  day,  one  may 
stroll  in  the  sun  with  comfort  and  pleasure.  There  are  no 
rudden  changes  of  temperature.  The  sun  shines  in  Santa 
Fe  an  average  of  nine  and  two-tenths  hours  a  day,  ac- 
cording to  official  weather  bureau  statistncs,  and  there  have 
been  winter  months  that  recorded  as  much  as  ninety-eight 


\   I'll  ii  1:1  -..i  i 

to  tell,  or  for  the  louritt  to  discover  for  himself,  what  a 
wealth  of  romantic,  scenic  and  historic  interest  await*  at 
Santa  Fe.  The  wayside  shrine*,  the  drive*  and  trail*  that 
lead  through  pine-clad  foothill*  to  (now-covered  peaks,  thr 
forests  alive  with  game,  the  waterfall*  and  the  picturesque 
canyons,  mutt  >ing  their  own  »ong.  So  must  it  be  with  thr 
Indian  pueblos,  examples  of  the  first  purely  American 
architecture. 

Santa  Fe  enjoy*  one  of  thr  moil  perfect  climate*  to  be 


,i   \i:   s\\  i  \   i  i 

per  cent  sunshine.     The  humidity  of  the  region  is  relatively 
low. 

Santa  Fe  has  many  miles  of  cemrnt  sidewalks.  1< 
water  system  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  Stair,  purr  mountain 
i  being  impounded  in  a  series  of  reservoir*  and  brought 
down  to  the  city  through  a  modern  distributing  system.  A 
modern  electric  plant  supplies  light  and  power.  The  city 
ha*  many  large  mercantile  establishments,  being  important 
a*  a  market  and  tupply  point  for  a  large  area  in  Santa  Fe 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


216  — 


LAISID 


.MEXICO 
OF" 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATS 

—  217  — 


1VIEIW  A1EX1CO 

THE    LAND  QF~ 


and  other  northern  New  Mexico  counties.  It  has  three 
railroads,  being  on  a  branch  line  of  the  Santa  Fe  system 
extending  to  Lamy  as  well  as  being  the  northern  terminus 
of  the  New  Mexico  Central  and  the  southern  terminus  of 
the  Denver  &  Rio  Grande.  Ever  since  the  days  of  the 
Santa  Fe  Trail  it  has  been  a  thriving  commercial  center. 

Because  of  its  health-giving  climate  there  are  several 
sanatoria  in  and  near  the  city,  all  specializing  in  the  treat- 
ment of  tubercular  complaints.  It  has  excellent  public 
schools,  and  is  indeed  the  seat  of  the  oldest  college  for 
young  men  west  of  the  Missouri  and  the  oldest  academy 
for  the  higher  education  of  girls  in  the  same  region.  It 


the  welfare  of  the  city  and  are  active  in  measures  for  its 
growth.  It  is  the  archiepiscopal  see  of  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic church,  the  county  seat,  headquarters  of  the  federal, 
state  district  and  state  supreme  courts,  a  federal  land  dis- 
trict, the  federal  weather  bureau  for  the  State  and  other 
activities. 

One  of  the  most  important  of  these  centering  at  Santa 
Fe  is  the  Santa  Fe  national  forest,  which  has  an  area  of 
1,457.769  acres,  almost  all  of  it  a  true  sportsman's  para- 
dise. On  this  forest,  which  is  rapidly  becoming  a  state 
playground  for  all  classes,  are  to  be  found  quantities  of 
game  and  fish  and  many  are  the  cottages  built  along  its 


VAIUiAS— s\VI  \    II.— \V. 


has  two  Presbyterian  mission  schools,  two  Indian  industrial 
schools,  an  orphans'  asylum,  a  public  library,  many 
churches,  some  of  them  very  fine  structures,  and  other  in- 
teresting buildings  and  institutions.  Being  the  capital,  it 
has  the  capitol  building,  a  handsome  brick  and  stone  struc- 
ture, a  handsome  executive  mansion,  the  state  institution  for 
the  deaf  and  dumb,  the  penitentiary  and  other  state  ac- 
tivities. 

There  are  also  a  pretentious  armory  for  the  local  or- 
ganizations of  the  National  Guard,  a  federal  building  of 
gray  stone  on  a  splendid  plan,  a  court  house  which  is  a 
model  of  modern  ideas  and  convenience,  two  good  theater 
buildings,  and  a  Scottish  Rile  cathedral  which  is  a  replica 
of  the  Alhambra  on  a  smaller  scale.  The  civic  organiza- 
tion* of  the  city  include  a  woman's  board  of  trade  and  a 
chamber  of  commerce,  both  of  which  are  keenly  alive  to 


sunny  streams  by  perennial  vacationists.  There  are  580,- 
OdO.OOO  board  feet  of  timber  now  available  for  use  on 
this  forest  and  476,000  cords  of  fire  wood.  The  forest  is 
easily  accessible  from  Santa  Fe,  either  by  automobile  or 
wagon. 

Any  story  of  Santa  Fe  would  be  incomplete  without 
mention  of  the  roads  which  center  around  it.  It  is  the 
terminus  of  the  old  Santa  Fe  Trail,  now  in  use  again  as  a 
highway  for  automobile  traffic.  The  Camino  Real,  the 
principal  stale  road,  passes  through  i(  on  the  way  from 
Raton  to  the  southern  state  boundary.  The  Scenic  High- 
way leads  out  from  it  toward  (he  north  through  the  Santa 
Fe  forest,  its  thirteen  switchbacks  -rising  one  above  another 
as  it  climbs  into  the  mountains.  The  Gran  Quivira  high- 
way makes  it  one  of  its  termini.  And  there  are  countless 
local  roads  that  lead  off  into  (he  valleys  and  hills  lo  Indian 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  —•  — 

-  218  — 


THE    LAND 


.MEXICO 
OF* 


pueblos,  trout  streams  or  delightful  nooks.  All  these  roads 
are  good,  many  of  them  being  well  improved  and  drained. 
None  of  them  are  impractical  for  a  motor  car. 

Santa   Fe  has  good  hotels  and   restaurants  and   tourist 
traffic  is  catered  to.     The  itching  palm  is  not  in  evidence 


and  there  is  no  disposition  to  exploit  the  visitor  in  any  way. 
The  sights  are  free  to  all  and  a  characteristic  welcome  is 
extended  to  those  who  care  to  avail  themselves  of  it.  Santa 
Fe  has  an  open  door  and  a  spirit  of  friendliness  and  fair 
dealing  for  all  who  visit  her. 


WOODY'S  MIIJ>  ON  ROAD  SANTA  FE  TO  TAOS 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-219 


.MEXICO 


THE    LAND   OF"    OPPORTUNITY 


P/O      ARRIBA 


J- 


JJ- 


BEHNALILLO 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE 

220  - 


M 


DONA  ANA  COUNTY 


,  O5JA  ANA  COUNTY  is  one  of  the  oldest 
in  the  State  and  at  one  time  was  one  of  the 
largest.  Its  present  area  is  3,818  square 
miles,  though  formerly  it  included  all  of 
southwestern  New  Mexico  and  a  large  part 
of  what  is  now  Arizona.  The  county  lies  in 
the  southern  part  of  New  Mexico,  just  above  the  Mexican 
and  Texas  boundary  lines,  and  is  on  both  sides  of  the 
Rio  Grande,  its  principal  stream.  The  general  topography 
is  that  of  a  sloping  valley  with  its  higher  part  at  the  north 
with  mountain  ranges  along  the  boundaries.  At  the  north 
are  the  -Caballos;  along  the  eastern  edge  are  the  Organ, 
San  Andreas,  Black  and  Franklin  mountains.  Across 
the  Rio  Grande,  at  the  western  edge  of  the  county,  are 
the  foothills  of  the  Goodsight  mountains.  Just  southwest 
of  Fort  Seldon  are  the  Bobleros.  The  greatest  elevation 
in  the  county  is  Organ  Peak,  which  is  9,1  18  feet  high. 
The  county  generally  lies  between  the  elevations  of  3,500 
and  4,500  feet.  It  has  an  exceptionally  mild,  equable  and 
dry  climate. 

The  principal  industry  at  present  is  agriculture,  though 
mining  is  very  important.  Mining,  in  earlier  days,  com- 
pletely overshadowed  agriculture,  for  the  Apache  Indians 


APPLE  ORCHARDS  PAY  FROM  $1,000  TO  81,250  PER 
ACRE  IN  THE  VALLEY 


prevented  the  early  settlement  of  the  Mesilla  Valley,  the 
principal  agricultural  section,  until  after  the  American  oc- 
cupation. Now  the  agricultural  lands  on  the  tax  rolls  are 
valued  at  $1 ,973,700,  there  being  1  1  2,500  acres  of  them. 


ALFALFA  PRODUCES  UP  TO  SIX  AND  A  HALF  TONS 
AN   ACRE   PER    ANNUM 

Now  there  are  large  reclamation  works  going  on  in  the 
county  which  will  make  it  even  more  profitable  to  carry  on 
farming  there  than  it  has  been  in  the  past.  These  irriga- 
tion works  will  also  end  the  use  of  pumps  for  obtaining  irri- 
gation water  everywhere  except  in  the  higher  bench 
countries. 

The  census  of  1910  gave  the  county  851  farms,  an  in- 
crease of  something  over  twenty-five  per  cent  in  a  decade, 
but  this  has  been  far  outstripped  since  the  days  of  the 
enumeration,  as  can  be  seen  from  the  fact  that  the  census 
showed  but  88,535  acres  in  farms  in  the  county,  including 
grazing  lands.  With  the  grazing  lands  in  private  ownership 
added  to  the  agricultural  lands  already  mentioned,  the 
county  has  nearly  140,000  acres  in  farms.  Taking  the 
census  figures,  the  latest  available,  as  a  basis.  Dona  Ana 
County  has  agricultural  resources  worth  $800,000  a  year, 
but  this  must  be  largely  increased  to  obtain  a  fair  estimate. 
The  principal  crops  are  hay  and  forage,  cereals,  fruits  and 
vegetables.  The  region  is  famous  as  a  producer  of  fine 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  221  — 


fruits,  its  peaches,  cantaloupes  and  small  fruits  bringing  in 
a  tidy  revenue  each  year  and  being  known  in  the  far  east. 
The  cantaloupes  especially  are  of  unusually  high  quality 
and  are  early  in  the  market. 

That  intensive  cultivation  is  well  worked  out  in  this  sec- 


\\lll    VI     l>    \    I    \\OiilTK  <  HOP 


IMVI  HSII  VINXJ 


lion  is  evident  from  the  large  proportion  of  the  total  farm 
acreage  which  is  held  in  plots  of  forty  acres  or  less  and  the 
fact  that  there  are  but  three  farms  in  the  region  which  are 
of  more  than  1  ,000  acres  in  extent. 

Although  this  is  an  important  agricultural  county,  yet 
its  livestock  interests  are  by  no  means  inconsiderable.  There 
are  1  1  ,000  cattle  in  the  section,  valued  at  $  I  28,000.  while 
the  sheep,  numbering  4,000,  are  worth  $5.480  in  addi- 
tion. Horses,  of  which  there  are  3,600,  are  worth  more 
than  $74,000.  There  are  a  few  goats  and  some  swine  in 
the  county,  the  business  of  feeding  swine  for  the  market 
having  been  taken  up  with  great  success. 

The  mining  land  and  improvements  are  valued  at  $47.- 
000.  The  Organ  mining  district  has  been  a  producer  for 
years.  It  was  discovered  in  1  849  and  it  is  estimated  that 
it  has  furnished  close  to  $  1  .000,000  worth  of  lead,  silver 
and  gold  since  that  lime.  On  the  east  side  of  the  Organ 
range  is  Cold  Camp,  which  has  also  produced  considerable 
values.  The  Hembrillo  district,  at  the  south  end  of  the 
San  Andreas  mountains,  is  a  producer.  Prospecting  has 
been  done  in  the  Dona  Ana  mountains,  and  indications 
there  are  good. 

But  when  all  is  said  and  done,  it  is  to  agriculture  that 


the  county  owes  its  prosperity.  In  its  two  valleys,  the  Me- 
silla  and  the  Rincon.  there  are  countless  orchards  and  farms 
whose  wonderful  fertility  is  rapidly  making  their  owners 
wealthy.  The  greatest  cultivation  area  surrounds  the  town 
of  Las  Cruces,  the  county  seat,  where  the  valley  is  about 
three  miles  wide  and  seven  long.  Here  peaches  and  grapes 
are  raised  in  profusion.  Trees  come  into  bearing  here  in 
two  years,  and  the  mild  climate,  especially  that  of  winter, 
makes  it  possible  to  raise  semi-tropical  products.  Pears, 
plums,  apples,  nectarines,  almonds,  pecans  and  English 
walnuts  are  grown.  The  amount  of  cereals  grown  is  shown 
by  the  prosperity  of  the  valley's  six  flouring  mills.  Celery, 
garden  truck  and  berries  are  grown  easily  and  these,  with 
all  the  rest  of  the  valley's  products,  find  a  ready  market 
in  the  nearby  cities.  Alfalfa  is  a  staple  crop  in  the  valley, 
six  cuttings  a  year  being  usual.  Profits  are  large.  From 
Rincon  south  the  Rio  Grande  has  a  plentiful  underflow 
and  this  can  be  utilized  to  bring  into  production  bench 
lands  which  are  now  too  high  to  come  under  ditch. 

Exclusive  of  the  Elephant  Butte  project,  there  are  77.- 
500  acres  of  land  in  the  county  included  in  irrigation  pro- 
jects. The  majority  of  these  are  co-operative,  only  a  few 
being  individual  enterprises. 

In  city  and  town  lots  the  county  has  $272.000,  with 
$228,000  more  in  improvements.  Electric  light  plants  are 
worth  $6,500  and  telegraph  and  telephone  installations 
$27,000.  There  are  160  miles  of  railroad  in  the  county, 
worth  $2.216,899.  Of  these  the  Santa  Fe  traverses  the 
county  from  north  to  south  and  the  Southern  Pacific  and 
the  El  Paso  &  Southwestern  from  east  to  west.  Bank  stock 
owned  in  the  county  is  worth  $60,000.  There  is  $5.000 
invested  in  manufacturing  plants  and  about  $100.000  in 
merchandising  propositions.  The  total  valuation  of  the 
county  is  $16.507.833.  taxes  being  assessed  against  one- 
third  of  this,  as  required  by  law. 

The  only  stream  in  the  section  is  the  Rio  Grande,  whose 
course  for  1 00  miles  lies  within  the  county.  The  principal 
towns  aside  from  the  county  seat,  already  mentioned,  are: 
Anthony,  Berino.  Chamberino.  Dona  Ana,  Hatch,  Me- 
silla,  Mesilla  Park.  Organ,  Rincon.  La  Mesa.  Cambray. 
Mesquite.  Leasburg  and  Fort  Selden. 

At  Mesilla  Park  are  located  the  State  Agricultural  Col- 
lege and  a  government  experiment  station. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  222  — 


THE  MESILLA  VALLEY  B^^^H 


HE  greatest  garden  spot  in  all  the  Southwest 
is  the  Mesilla  Valley.  This  statement  is 
meant,  in  its  broader  sense,  to  include  also 
the  Rincon,  Las  Palomas  and  El  Paso  Val- 
leys, for  all  tour  are  but  segments  of  one 
great  valley  of  the  upper  Rio  Grande.  Qt 
the  four,  however,  the  Mesilla  is  by  far  the  largest,  both  in 
size  and  in  ultimate  possibilities. 

The  Mesilla  Valley  includes  85,000  acres  of  land  irri- 
gable under  the  Elephant  Butte  project,  and  considerable 
mesa  land  which  will  not — at  least  for  the  present — be  so 
irrigated.  Of  this  amount,  a  little  more  than  one-half  is 
at  present  under  irrigation. 

For  unknown  centuries,  according  to  Indian  tradition 
which  is  given  the  color  of  extreme  probability  by  all  the 
known  facts  in  its  history,  the  Mesilla  Valley  has  been 
irrigated.  It  was  a  paradise  of  fertile  gardens  when  the 
first  white  men  came  tramping  through  the  Southwest.  It 
reminded  the  adventurous  Coronado  of  "the  gardens  of 
fair  Aragon".  It  was  clothed  with  fields  of  maize,  with 
patches  of  chile,  with  broad  acres  of  potatoes  and  succu- 
lent herbs.  It  was  watered  by  the  ditches  and  canals 
which  the  Aborigines  had  constructed  at  infinite  cost  and 
pains  to  convey  the  waters  of  the  Rio  Grande  to  their 
fields.  It  supported  a  large  and  prosperous  population, 
whose  treatment  of  the  earlier  wandering  Spaniards  led  to 


GRAPES  DO  WELL  IN  THE  MESILLA  VALLEY 

the  establishment  of  missions  for  their  enlightenment  and 
to  the  introduction  of  various  fruits  and  vegetables  and 
methods  of  agriculture  which  had  been  unknown  to  the 
Indians. 


Among  the  innovations  was  the  grape.  This  flourished 
as  it  did  in  but  few  other  localities.  Wine  presses  fol- 
lowed, and  it  is  not  so  many  years  ago  that  the  town  of 
Juarez,  Mexico,  maintained  a  large  and  elaborate  estab- 


BALING  ALFALFA  IX   THE   MESILLA   VALLEY 

lishment  where  wine  and  vinegar  were  manufactured  from 
the  grapes  produced  in  the  Mesilla  and  El  Paso  Valleys. 

The  advent  of  the  white  race,  however,  had  the  same 
effect  upon  the  Indian  population  of  the  Mesilla  and  ad- 
joining valleys  that  it  has  had  upon  them  wherever  else 
the  two  races  have  come  into  juxtaposition.  The  one 
waned  and  the  other  waxed.  As  the  white  settlements 
grew  in  numbers  and  in  strength,  the  red  men  became  fewer 
and  weaker. 

Unfortunately,  for  a  long  time,  also,  the  increase  in  the 
numbers  of  the  whites  failed  to  keep  pace  with  the  dimin- 
ishing of  the  red  men.  For  lack  of  toilers  to  till  them, 
fields  that  had  flamed  with  chile  or  purpled  under  their 
wealth  of  grapes  or  rustled  to  the  clashing  spears  of  the 
ripening  maize  were  left  untended,  and  the  mesquite  and 
the  tornillo  stole  in,  unbidden  guests,  to  feast  over  the 
abandoned  board.  The  ditches  filled  with  silt  and  trash. 
The  borders  were  broken,  or  blended  into  the  general  level. 
Bit  by  bit  the  strip  of  irrigated  land  narrowed  toward  the 
river  banks,  and  bit  by  bit  the  semblance  of  semi-arid  mesa 
encroached  toward  it. 

Then  there  came  another  and  possib'ly  more  potent  cause 
that  worked  toward  the  diminishing  of  irrigation  along  this 
stretch  of  the  Rio  Grande.  Following  the  advent  of  the 
miners  among  the  mountains  along  the  upper  reaches  of  the 
river,  and  the  sawmills  that  gnawed  away  the  timber,  the 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  223  — 


_ 
THE    LAND 


TVIEXICO 
OF' 


Rio  Grande  assumed  a  more  sullen  and' capricious  char- 
acter. It  came  roaring  down  in  sudden  floods  during  the 
wet  season,  and  sometimes  went  quite  dry  in  its  bed  for 
weeks  together  when  the  weather  had  long  been  dry.  It 
introduced  two  new  elements  of  uncertainty  and  of  danger — 
danger  to  crops  and  ditches  by  flood,  and  danger  to 
crops  by  drought. 

It  cost  much  money  and  labor  to  renew  the  canals,  to 
rebuild  the  diversion  dams  and  headings  and  to  restore  the 
borders  which  recurrent  floods  either  washed  out  or  silted 
up.  It  placed  a  discouraging  handicap  upon  the  settlers 
who  were  dependent  upon  these  things.  On  the  other  hand, 
when  vineyards  which  had  flourished  for  years  died  in  a 
season  because  the  river  utterly  failed  and  no  water  could 
be  had  for  their  irrigation,  there  seemed  to  be  small  incen- 
tive to  replant  them,  for  who  could  say  how  soon  another 
season  of  total  drought  might  come? 

The  result  of  all  this  was  that  argricultural  and  horti- 
cultural interests  in  the  Mesilla  Valley  (and  in  the  Las 
Palomas,  Rincon  and  £1  Paso  Valleys)  languished  for  a 
time.  But  those  settlers  whose  fortunes  were  wrapped  up 
in  lands  in  these  valleys,  and  who  firmly  believed  in  the 
possibilities  of  irrigation  here,  realizing  their  inability  to 
cope  single-handed  against  the  caprices  of  the  river,  ap- 
pealed to  the  United  States  government  for  assistance.  The 
result  of  that  appeal  was  the  Elephant  Butte  project. 

It  took  years  and  years  of  patient  and  unremitting  effort 
to  bring  it  to  pass,  but  when  it  finally  came  it  was  worth 
all  the  years  and  all  the  effort  that  it  cost.  The  project  is 
now  nearing  completion.  It  is  so  near  that  water  is  al- 
ready being  stored  behind  the  $7,200.000  concrete  dam 
which  Uncle  Sam  has  constructed  at  Elephant  Butte.  New 
Mexico,  and  the  construction  of  diversion  dams  and  irriga- 
tion canals  for  the  purpose  of  delivering  the  stored  water 
upon  the  lands  to  be  irrigated,  is  in  full  swing.  That 
water  will  be  used  on  the  crops  of  1915. 

The  dam  at  Elephant  Butte.  and  the  system  of  canals 
and  ditches  below  it.  constitute  the  most  gigantic  undertak- 
ing of  the  Reclamation  bureau.  The  Elephant  Butte  dam 
will  store  more  than  twice  as  much  water  as  will  be  stored 
by  the  celebrated  Roosevelt  dam.  It  will  create  an  artificial 
lake  a  mile  and  a  quarter  wide,  66  feet  deep  and  with  a 
shore-line  of  200  miles.  That  lake  will  hold  so  much 
water  that  even  if  the  Rio  Grande  should  dry  up  and  no 
rain  fall  for  nearly  three  years,  the  irrigated  lands  below 
the  dam  would  not  suffer  for  water.  It  will  provide  so 
much  storage  capacity,  after  each  season  of  irrigation,  that 
the  most  tremendous  flood  that  could  possibly  come  (hu- 
manly speaking)  would  have  no  advene  effect  upon  the 


valley  below  it.  It  has  effectually  and  forever  placed  the 
Rio  Grande  in  control.  It  has  eliminated  all  of  the  prob- 
lems that  hitherto  attended  irrigated  farming  in  the  Mesilla 
Valley.  It  has  reduced  farming  in  this  fertile  section  to  a 
practical,  dead  certainty. 

For  the  soil,  to  begin  with,  is  the  richest  alluvium  in 
America  if  not  in  the  world.     It  is  built  up  of  countless  de- 


r\lllt\(.l  •>     \M>    (XniKK    GAKDKX    Till  CK    MAKK 

i\  TIII:  MKSIIJ.A  \  AI.I.I;V 


posits  of  silt,  spread  over  the  valley  during  the  centuries 
when  the  Rio  Grande  in  flood  was  unhampered  by  the 
Elephant  Butte  dam.  It  is  rich  in  all  the  elements  of  plant 
life,  and  capable  of  producing  and  sustaining  the  most 
varied  and  luxuriant  vegetation. 

The  climate  is  particularly  favorable  to  agriculture.  The 
records  of  the  United  States  weather  bureau  show  329 
sunshiny  days  in  365.  There  is  an  active  growing  season 
of  nine  months.  The  only  question  that  has  ever  con- 
fronted the  farmer  in  the  Mesilla  Valley  has  been  that  of 
moisture,  and  the  big  dam  has  answered  that. 

The  fact  is  that  the  Mesilla  Valley  fanner  grows  not  a 
single  crop  per  annum  on  his  land,  but  a  succession  of 
crops  —  from  two  to  four  full  crops  on  the  same  soil  every 
year.  Not  only  is  his  yield  per  crop  astounding  to  those 
who  are  used  only  to  the  ordinary  run  of  agriculture,  but 
he  makes  the  same  land  yield  him  several  crops  each  year; 
so  that  it  is  neither  necessary  nor  desirable  that  he  should 
have  the  enormous  acreage  which  he  would  consider  neces- 
sary in  less  favored  sections.  There  is  a  fortune  in  forty 
acres  of  Mesilla  Valley  land  if  it  is  intensively  farmed  — 
an  independent  fortune  for  every  man  who  can  get  the 
land  and  who  has  the  knowledge  and  energy  to  so  farm  it. 

One  of  the  fanners  near  Las  Cnices.  which  is  the  largest 


RESOURCES  AND  jNDUSTFflCS  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

•  224  - 


TTHE    LA1SID 


JVIEXICO 
OF'    OF  PORTUNITVr 


city  in  the  Mesilla  Valley,  is  J.  G.  Stuart.  Mr.  Stuart 
came  eight  years  ago  from  the  cattle  belt  of  the  Northwest. 
He  has  30  acres  of  apple  trees  in  full  bearing — Gano, 
Black  Twig  and  Winesap  apple  trees  —  and  this  year 


LORETTO    ACADEMY — SCHOOL    FOR    GIRLS — 
LAS  CRUOES 


picked  $  1 ,000  worth  of  apples  from  each  acre  of  his  ap- 
ple orchard.  He  has  also  five  acres  of  pear  trees,  princi- 
pally of  the  Bartlett  variety.  These  bore  about  $800 
worth  of  pears  per  acre  last  year. 

Apple  trees  come  into  full-bearing  in  the  Mesilla  Valley 
in  seven  years.  Bartlett  pears  reach  full-bearing  in  five 
years  after  the  trees  are  set  out.  The  Bartlett  pear  appears 
to  take  with  special  kindness  lo  the  soil  and  climate  of  the 
Mesilla  Valley,  and  produces  here  such  fruit  as  can  be 
found  in  very  few  places  in  the  world. 

A  near  neighbor  of  Mr.  Stuart  is  A.  S.  Robertson,  who 
in  December,  1914,  was  feeding  140  head  of  white- 
faced  Hereford  calves  on  ensilage  made  from  amber  cane 
grown  on  land  which  had  already  produced  an  oat  crop. 
The  oats,  which  were  harvested  in  June,  produced  75 
bushels  per  acre.  By  the  first  of  July  Mr.  Robertson  had 
his  cane  seed  in  the  ground  and  had  the  water  turned  on. 
October  1  he  cut  the  cane  and  converted  it  into  ensilage. 
It  yielded  14  tons  of  ensilage  per  acre.  It  cost  him  $2  a 
ton  to  put  it  into  his  silo.  It  needs  no  prophet  to  foresee 
that  he  will  get  several  times  that  much  out  of  it,  feeding 
it  to  his  cattle. 

Up  in  the  Rincon  Valley  is  a  farmer  named  H.  T.  Wil- 
liams. Mr.  Williams  has  only  47  acres — says  he  doesn't 
want  any  more  and  can  not  see  why  any  man  should  want 
more  of  this  valley  land.  Mr.  Williams  is  making  his  farm 


yield  practically  all  that  he  consumes,  with  a  surplus  of 
every  crop.  He  grows  alfalfa — which  is  one  of  the  chief 
crops  in  the  Mesilla,  Rincon  and  El  Paso  Valleys.  He 
grows  Berkshire  and  Poland  China  hogs.  He  has  six 
acres  of  general  orchard,  rapidly  coming  into  full-bearing. 
He  is  going  into  poultry  on  quite  a  large  scale.  There  is 
no  discouragement  around  his  place. 

What  these  men  have  done  hundreds  of  others  are  doing 
all  over  the  Mesilla  Valley.  The  Santa  Fe  railroad  runs 
its  whole  length,  and  is  nowhere  more  than  six  or  seven 
miles  distant  from  any  point  in  it.  An  interurban  electric 
line  is  contemplated.  The  whole  valley  is  dotted  with 
towns  and  villages.  It  is  destined,  no  doubt,  to  become  as 
densely  populated,  and  more  thriftily  productive  than  Bel- 
gium in  her  palmiest  days. 

The  largest  town  in  the  Mesilla  Valley  is  Las  Cruces. 
This  is  in  every  sense  an  up-to-date  municipality.  It  has 
good  streets,  to  match  the  splendid  roads  that  run  through 
the  valley.  It  has  good  stores  and  plenty  of  them.  It  has 
fine  public  schools  with  modern  buildings.  It  has  a  fa- 
mous academy  for  girls,  conducted  by  the  Sisters  of  Lo- 
retto.  It  has  a  population  of  5,000.  It  has  electric  lights 
and  city  water.  It  has  a  good  ice  factory  and  cold  storage 
plant.  It  has  two  flour  mills.  It  is  building  a  canning  fac- 
tory and  a  creamery.  It  is  headquarters  for  the  United 
States  court  of  the  third  district  of  New  Mexico.  It  is 
headquarters  of  the  Elephant  Butte  Water  Users'  Associa- 
tion. It  has  a  number  of  banks.  It  has  good  churches 


ELEPHANT  BUTTE  DAM  IN  DECEMBER,    1914 
80  PER  CENT  COMPLETE 


and  two  newspapers  and  one  magazine.  It  has  a  beautiful 
situation.  It  has  a  welcome  for  every  newcomer  who  brings 
with  him  the  intention  to  do  his  best  to  become  a  good 
citizen. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  225  — 


QRRORTUMIT^ 


Only  two  miles  away,  at  Mesilla  Park,  stands  the  New 
Mexico  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts.  This 
is  a  magnificent  institution,  and  is  most  magnificently  prac- 
tical and  helpful  in  its  methods.  This  school  is  a  boon  to 
the  farmers  who  settle  in  the  Mesilla  Valley.  It  gives 
gratuitous  advice,  even  sending  experts  to  the  farm  to  pro- 
nounce upon  the  problems  that  perplex  the  agriculturist.  It 
makes  analyses  of  soil  and  publishes  bulletins  that  are  of 
inestimable  value  to  the  farmers  in  the  Mesilla  Valley.  It 
encourages  the  farmers,  by  every  possible  means,  to  learn 


how  to  make  their  lands  more  productive  and  their  work 
more  pleasant. 

Finally,  it  must  not  be  overlooked  that  the  farmer  who 
comes  to  the  Mesilla  Valley,  or  who  settles-  in  Las  Cruces. 
is  not  bringing  his  family  into  an  uneducated,  unprogressive 
community.  Brought  together  from  all  parts  of  the  United 
States,  there  are  no  more  cosmopolitan  or  broad-minded 
people  anywhere.  The  social  life  is  excellent,  and  those 
who  come  from  the  most  cultivated  communities  will  not 
feel  themselves  cast  among  strangers  here. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE Jj 


—  226 


THE:  LAISID 


A1EXICO 

OF"  OF  F>OR"ruNnT'vr 


THE  NEW  MEXICO  COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE 
AND  MECHANIC  ARTS 


BY  M.  L.   FOX 


HE  New  Mexico  College  of  Agriculture  and 
Mechanic  Arts,  located  at  Mesilla  Park,  near 
Las  Cruces,  is  classified  by  the  United  States 
commissioner  of  education  as  one  of  the  six 
highest  rated  institutions  of  the  kind  in  the 
entire  country. 

Owing  to  the  liberal  support  given  by  the  nation,  the 
State  of  New  Mexico  and  the  various  county  appropria- 
tions, the  Agricultural  College  is  able  to  employ  more  than 
fifty  teachers  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  the  scheme  of 
education  laid  out  by  it  in  all  of  its  various  departments. 

It  provides  for  the  student  an  excellent  liberal  arts 
course,  the  equal  of  that  of  the  best  colleges  of  the  country, 
and  rigidly  maintains  its  high  standard  of  requirements  for 
all  degrees  conferred. 

Experts  teach  practical  agriculture  on  the  large  irrigated 
farm,  keeping  in  mind  at  all  times  the  especial  needs  of  the 
State  of  New  Mexico,  differing  as  they  do  from  the  soil 
and  climatic  conditions  of  every  other  section  of  the  United 
States.  A  gratifyingly  large  number  of  the  graduates  of 
the  school  engage  in  farming,  horticulture  or  livestock  rais- 
ing. There  is  a  growing  demand  for  them  as  foremen  for 
large  agricultural,  livestock  and  orchard  enterprises. 

Careful  attention  is  given  to  animal  husbandry — an  in- 
dustry scarcely  second  to  any  other  in  the  western  states. 
Already  valuable  services  have  been  rendered  in  the  mat- 
ter of  the  best  foods  for  cattle,  hogs  and  sheep,  the  elimina- 
tion of  disease,  and  the  best  breeds  for  New  Mexico. 

Farm  extension  brings  the  scientific  knowledge  of  the 
faculty  experts  direct  to  the  farmer.  It  assists  him  in  the 
selection  of  the  right  crops  for  his  farm,  as  shown  by  soil 
analysis  and  the  amount  of  water  at  his  disposal.  The 
prevention  of  disease,  and  how  to  treat  disease  after  its 
appearance  in  his  crops,  his  poultry  or  livestock  has  the 
closest  attention  of  the  county  agent. 

Competent  instruction  is  given  in  the  mechanical  arts 
with  a  view  to  qualifying  young  men  for  such  professions. 
The  interest  in  carpentry,  brickmaking  and  bricklaying,  the 
manufacture  of  wagons  and  buggies,  the  repair  of  auto- 


mobiles, blacksmithing  and  cooperage  has  been  stimulated 
to  a  high  degree  and  scores  of  experts  are  turned  out  from 
the  institution  each  year. 

Perhaps  no  school  in  the  nation  is  better  equipped  for 
the  instruction  of  girls  in  domestic  science.  The  classes  in 
cooking,  dressmaking,  canning  fruits  and  vegetables — in 
fact  everything  that  a  housewife  should  know — are  con- 
ducted throughout  each  semester.  The  attendance  on 
these  classes  is  large  and  the  work  has  shown  marked  re- 
sults in  hundreds  of  communities  of  New  Mexico.  In  fact 
it  has  been  revolutionary  in  thousands  of  homes,  bringing 
into  them  new  and  up-to-date  ideas  of  economy  and  effici- 
ency in  their  management. 

The  enrollment  of  students  of  the  New  Mexico  College 
of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts  is  far  greater,  in  pro- 
portion to  population,  than  in  the  agricultural  college  of 
any  other  state  of  the  Union,  and  the  attendance  grows 
year  by  year  as  the  practical  advantages  of  the  institution 
become  apparent  to  the  people  of  New  Mexico. 

The  location  of  the  New  Mexico  College  of  Agricul- 
ture and  Mechanic  Arts  is  peculiarly  fortunate.  It  is  in 
the  center  of  the  great  Elephant  Butte  project  by  which 
many  thousand  acres  of  rich  lands  are  to  be  reclaimed  from 
the  desert.  For  the  growing  of  alfalfa,  fruits  (of  all  sorts 
except  citrus),  melons,  grapes  and  garden  vegetables,  the 
Mesilla  Valley  is  not  excelled  anywhere  in  the  world. 

Whatever  product  can  be  raised  in  the  Southwest  is 
found  on  the  College  farm,  together  with  all  the  problems 
incident  to  its  production.  Every  insect  enemy  known  else- 
where is  found  there,  studied,  fought  and  conquered. 
Every  plant  disease,  not  of  insect  origin,  known  to  any  sec- 
tion of  the  Southwest,  is  found  in  the  valley,  and  has  been 
mastered,  or  is  being  mastered,  by  College  experts. 

In  other  words,  the  Agricultural  College  not  only  fits 
the  students  for  life  in  New  Mexico,  where  most  of  them 
expect  to  make  their  homes,  but  it  fits  them  for  agriculture, 
horticulture  and  the  livestock  industry  anywhere  in  the 
great  arid  and  semi-arid  regions  of  the  West. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  227  — • 


A1EXICO 

THE:  LAND  OF^ 


N 


INTERNATIONAL        BOUNDARY 

MEXICO 


RESOURCES  AND  JNDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

228  - 


EDDY  COUNTY 


THE  HOME  OF  THE  CARLSBAD  PROJECT,  AND  THE  GREATEST  ARTESIAN 
WELLS  ON  EARTH,  WHERE  AGRICULTURE  AND  HORTICULTURE  HAVE 
REACHED  THEIR  HIGHEST  DEVELOPMENT  UNDER  IRRIGATION  j»  j» 


BY  A.  M.  HOVE 


DDY  COUNTY  is  located  in  the  extreme 
southeastern  corner  of  New  Mexico,  be- 
tween parallels  of  latitude  32  degrees  and 
33  degrees  and  longitude  103  degrees  and 
105  degrees.  The  altitude  is  the  lowest  in 
the  State.  The  climate  is  superior  for 
healthfulness  and  comfort.  The  resources  are  many,  but 
still  largely  undeveloped.  Grassy  plains  and  mountain- 
sides invite  the  stock-raiser  on  the  range.  The  Pecos 
river  and  tributaries  and  artesian  wells  furnish  an  abund- 
ant and  reliable  water  supply  for  irrigation,  about  eighty 
thousand  acres  being  now  under  irrigation. 

The  county  is  well  suited  for  growing  many  crops,  in- 
cluding deciduous  fruits,  cereals,  cotton,  alfalfa  and  prac- 
tically every  crop  adapted  to  a  warm  temperate  zone. 
Peaches,  pears,  apples,  European  grapes,  cantaloupe,  cot- 
ton, alfalfa  and  other  products  usually  top  the  market  for 
high  quality. 

Conditions  are  favorable  for  dairying,  stock-growing 
and  feeding,  and  other  industries.  The  1914  tax  rolls 
show  66,287  head  of  cattle,  66,845  sheep,  1  1 .909  An.- 
gora  goats,  and  10,000  horses  and  mules  in  the  county. 


The  Santa  Fe  railway  crosses  the  county,  giving  access  to 
good  markets. 


NEW   EDDY   COUNTY   COURT   HOUSE — CARLSBAD 

A  net  of  telephone  lines  covers  the  valley  and  plains. 
Roads  are  being  generally  improved  and  every  part  of  the 
county  will  be  connected  with  the  state  highway  through  the 
valley.  There  are  nine  newspapers,  a  number  of  high 
schools  and  about  forty  rural  schools. 

The  resources  are  many  in  Eddy  County  and  it  is  the 


VIEW  OF  LAKE  McMIIXAN 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-  229  _ 


LAND 


.MEXICO 
OF" 


land  of  opportunity  for  the  farmer,  stockman,  fruit  grower, 
and  the  investor.  It  has  an  ideal  climate,  reliable  water 
supply  for  irrigation,  productive  soil,  progressive  people, 
good  markets,  good  schools.  But  Eddy  County  needs 
more  people,  and  invites  the  closest  and  most  careful  in- 
vestigation of  its  resources. 

Irrigation  is  the  art  by  which  man  utilizes  the  life- 
giving  waters,  and,  as  it  were,  acting  in  the  place  of  God. 
distributes  them  to  the  hungry  plant  life,  and  spreads  them 
on  the  broad,  fertile  acres,  causing  the  land  to  blossom 
with  many  and  varied  products,  that  he  may  build  himself 
a  home,  and  be  enriched  thereby. 

Eddy  County  boasts  of  the  most  modern  and  scientific 
methods  of  irrigation  that  have  been  successfully  attempted. 
The  Carlsbad  project  is  wholly  within  Eddy  County,  as  is 
also  the  greatest  artesian  belt  in  the  world.  Under  either 
of  these  systems  of  irrigation,  with  the  ideal  conditions  sur- 
rounding it,  farming  loses  its  uncertainties.  The  farmer  is 


i  mn     i«»i  STY    n\\\ii: 


—  \i  r\i  I  \ 


not  dependent  upon  the  uncertainty  of  rainfall,  but  has 
within  the  hollow  of  his  hand,  dependent  upon  his  own 
energies,  the  means  by  which  water,  that  great  life-giving 
necessity,  may  be  applied  as  he  wills  it. 

As  the  Carlsbad  project  and  the  artesian  belt  are  de- 
scribed in  detail  elsewhere  in  this  book,  to  which  reference 
is  made,  we  will  pass  on  to  other  subjects. 

The  variety  of  crops  grown  on  the  farm  is  unlimited. 
Pecos  Valley  pea  green  alfalfa  is  the  banner  crop  of  Eddy 
County,  there  being  approximately  30,000  acres  grown; 
with  a  large  increasing  acreage  each  year.  The  principal 
marketing  place  is  Texas,  where  it  commands  the  highest 
price,  and  is  convenient  to  the  Pecos  Valley  and  to  which 
frnght  rate*  are  not  excessive. 


Cotton,  Indian  corn,  feterita,  kafTir  corn,  milo  maize, 
and  various  other  fe:d  crops  are  grown  in  abundance. 

Cotton,  a  comparatively  new  crop,  is  fast  increasing  in 
acreage.  It  is  very  productive,  of  a  high  quality,  and 
averages  a  bale  to  two  bales  per  acre  under  irrigation. 


INDIAN    OOHX 

The  plan  of  intensified  farming,  dairying,  hog-raising, 
poultry-raising,  and  the  feeding  of  cattle,  sheep  and  hogs, 
is  becoming  more  and  more  general.  The  scientific  methods 
used  in  farming  under  irrigation  in  Eddy  County,  that  are 
being  used  in  connection  with  stock-raising  and  feeding,  are 
fast  bringing  Eddy  County  to  the  front  as  the  banner 
agricultural  county  of  the  State. 

Stock-raising  is  the  oldest  industry  in  Eddy  County,  and 


«.u«.\\i\<.   in  I\M  IN   PI  vii    n:i  i  -    \i 
Itio   PI  <  «>s  oi:<  ii  \i:i> 


is  the  largest  industry  at  the  present  time.  During  the  year 
1  9  14  the  total  sales  of  cattle,  sheep,  goats,  horses  and  hogs 
exceeded  two  million  dollars. 


RESOURCES  AND  lNDUSTglES_Or  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

-  230  — 


THE: 


A4EXICO 

LAND  OF* 


The  abundance  of  native  grasses,  the  ease  with  which 
water  is  obtained,  the  mild  open  winters,  make  this  one  of 
the  favored  sections  in  the  United  States  for  the  raising  of 
livestock. 

It  is  not  claimed  that  Pecos  Valley  soil,  water,  and  sun- 


OOTTON  PICKING  TIME 

shine,  without  the  aid  of  man's  work  will  change  a  barren 
country  into  a  land  blossoming  with  plenty;  but  we  do 
claim  that  with  wise  husbandry,  under  the  direction  of  such 
men  as  Francis  G.  Tracy  and  Charles  H.  McLenathen, 
the  barren  wastes  can  be  made  an  idea!  home  and  one  of 
the  favored  spots  of  the  earth. 


ESPERANZA    FARM — CARLSBAD 

After  a  careful  study  of  the  needs  of  the  farmer  under 
the  Carlsbad  project,  these  men  were  convinced  that  it  was 
a  useless  waste  to  ship  poor  cattle,  sheep,  hogs,  and  alfalfa 
hay  out  of  the  valley.  Instead,  they  believed  that  the 


feeding  of  the  hay  at  home  and  the  shipping  of  the  fattened 
stock  and  the  growing  of  better  horses  and  cattle,  would  be 
the  greatest  improvement  that  could  be  accomplished. 

In  order  to  satisfy  themselves  and  for  the  purpose  of 
demonstrating  the  fact  to  others,  they  established  what  is 
known  as  the  Esperanza  stock  farm.  It  contains  800  acres 
of  patented  land,  of  which  300  acres  are  irrigable  under 
the  Carlsbad  project,  and  about  900  acres  of  range  pas- 
ture, being  situated  about  two  miles  east  of  Carlsbad,  bor- 
dering on  the  Pecos  river  for  two  and  a  half  miles,  and 
runs  back  to  the  open  range. 

They  are  raising  on  this  farm  fine  French  coach  horses 
and  thoroughbred  Durham  cattle.  They  are  growing  al- 
falfa, kaffir  corn  and  milo  maize  in  abundance.  Every- 
thing that  is  grown  on  the  farm  is  fed  on  the  farm.  They 
are  now  feeding  approximately  1  50  head  of  calves.  What 
is  being  done  here  is  opening  up  a  new  line  of  industry  in 
Eddy  County.  Nothing  is  being  wasted  in  the  way  of 


PEACHES  AT  RIO  PECOS  ORCHARD 

feed,  while  the  cheap  open  range  reduces  the  cost  of  grow- 
ing the  stock  to  a  minimum. 

Since  the  establishment  of  this  farm,  many  other  farms 
of  like  character  have  been  established;  and  are  now  being 
conducted  on  a  large  scale  in  Eddy  County.  The  people 
of  the  Pecos  Valley,  and  especially  of  Eddy  County  and 
the  Carlsbad  project,  owe  a  great  deal  to  Francis  G. 
Tracy  and  to  Charles  H.  McLenathen;  they  have,  with  an 
abiding  faith  and  a  firm  belief  in  the  possibilities  of  the 
Pecos  Valley,  stood  for  it  and  fought  for  it,  and  now  their 
fondest  hopes  are  being  realized. 

The  Carlsbad  Orchard  &  Plantation  Company  owns  a 
farm  of  more  than  two  thousand  acres,  about  six  miles  be- 
low Carlsbad  on  the  east  side  of  the  Pecos  river,  having  a 
private  water  right  from  the  river  for  irrigation  of  their 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

!  -     '-" —  '•""  •  .  L          . ,    I— 

—  231  — 


"THE    LANJP 


.MEXICO 
OF* 


lands.  This  company  have  been  specializing  in  alfalfa 
during  the  past  two  years.  They  have  also  shipped  several 
cars  of  Denia  onions. 

Denia  onion  growing  in  the  Pecos  Valley  is  fast  becom- 
ing one  of  the  leading  industries.  The  keeping  qualities 
and  flavor  of  the  onions  grown  in  the  valley  are  unexcelled. 

The  Harroun  Land  Company  owns  a  large  tract  of  land 
about  twelve  miles  soulh  of  Carlsbad.  This  company,  like 
the  Carlsbad  Orchard  &  Plantation  Company,  has  a  pri- 
vate water  right  from  the  Pccos  river,  having  thirty-two 
hundred  acres  of  land.  The  farm  is  devoted  to  alfalfa 
and  hogs  and  is  fast  becoming  one  of  the  leading  individual 
projects  of  the  valley. 

The  Black  River  Land  &  Cattle  Company  has  a  pri- 
vate water  right  from  Black  river,  a  tributary  of  the  Pecos, 
for  one  thousand  acres  of  land.  They  have  in  addition  to 
the  irrigable  land,  ninety  thousand  acres  of  grazing  land, 
about  ten  thousand  acres  of  which  is  in  private  ownership, 
the  balance  being  leased  state  land.  This  company  is  com- 
bining cattle-raising  and  cattle-feeding,  raising  their  own 
forage  and  alfalfa  for  the  latter  purpose,  having  one  of  the 
most  modern  diversion  dams  and  canal  systems  in  the  State. 

There  are  many  small  irrigated  farms  scattered  over  the 
county  where  irrigation  is  being  done  successfully  from 
small  streams,  natural  springs,  or  wells. 

"Will  trees  grow?"  This  was  the  question  asked  by 
everyone  when  the  first  settlers  came  to  the  treeless  Pecos 
Valley  twenty-five  years  ago.  The  popular  opinion  was 
that  they  would  not  grow.  Nevertheless,  when  the  town 


of  Carlsbad  was  platted,  cottonwood  stakes  were  driven  on 
both  sides  of  all  the  streets,  as  well  as  along  the  various 
irrigation  ditches.  A  visit  to  Carlsbad  at  this  time  will 
answer  the  above  query. 

Now,  after  twenty-five  years  the  "treeless"  Pecos  Valley 
has  become  covered  with  orchards  of  peaches,  apples,  and 
other  deciduous  fruits.  The  streets  of  every  town  are  lined 
with  shade  trees.  Fruit  is  being  shipped  by  the  train  load. 
The  reputation  of  the  Pecos  Valley  is  fully  established  as 
the  producer  of  perfect  peaches,  apples,  pears,  plums,  nec- 
tarines, prunes,  the  European  or  California  grape,  and  pe- 
cans and  other  nuts. 

The  Carlsbad  district  is  specially  adapted  to  the  peach, 
producing  a  peach  perfect  in  shape,  coloring,  flavor,  tex- 
ture and  shipping  qualities.  In  the  northern  part  of  the 
county  the  apple  has  received  more  attention,  and  many 
paying  orchards  are  located  near  Artesia  and  Hope. 

The  grape  is  just  beginning  to  receive  attention.  The 
quality  of  the  various  table  and  wine  grapes  is  unusually 
high.  One  vineyard  of  California  grapes  at  Artesia  has 
returned  from  $400  to  $500  a  year  per  acre.  Peach 
trees  have  yielded  $1  5  to  $27  per  tree.  A  cherry  tree  five 
years  old  produced  140  pounds  of  fruit.  An  apple  tree 
now  nine  years  old  has  netted  the  owner  $30  each  season 
for  the  past  four  years. 

The  average  net  income  from  orchards  ranges  from 
$100  to  $300  per  year  per  acre. 

The  perfectly  natural  question  arises  here:  Can  this 
produce  and  fruit  be  marketed  after  it  is  raised?  Let  us 


PI  <  <>s 


i\ 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  232  — 


look  into  that  subject.  Texas,  the  largest  consuming  mar- 
ket in  the  United  States  today,  is  just  next  door  to  us.  And 
Texas  alone  can  consume  twice  the  quantity  of  produce  now 
being  shipped  out  of  the  Pecos  Valley.  We  have  a  lesser 
freight  rate  into  Texas  than  has  any  other  competing  pro- 
ducing state.  We  can  sell  our  goods  for  less  money  at  a 
greater  profit  than  can  Arizona,  Colorado,  or  California. 
Texas  coast  towns  will  very  soon  be  among  the  largest  of 
exporting  stations  in  the  United  States.  This  will  mean  a 
many  times  magnified  demand  for  all  kinds  of  fruits,  pro- 
duce and  grains. 

Late  one   evening  in  January,    1 890,   the   stage-coach, 


way,  he,  together  with  Charles  H.  McLenathen  in  1907, 
decided  to  plant  a  commercial  peach  orchard. 

The  experience  that  both  had  gained  since  Mr.  Tracy 
began  to  plant  fruit  in  the  early  nineties,  guided  them  in  the 
selection  of  land,  and  the  variety  of  trees.  A  hundred  and 
five  acres  of  the  choicest  river  bottom  land,  with  a  soil 
depth  of  twenty  feet,  was  selected  and  prepared.  This 
land  is  located  in  La  Huerta,  a  suburb  adjoining  Carlsbad 
on  the  north,  and  is  under  the  East  Side  canal  of  the  Carls- 
bad project. 

It  is  undeniably  the  best  orchard  land  in  the  Pecos  Val- 
ley, and  is  the  largest  single  planting  of  peaches  in  New 


NURSIXG    THE    BABY    PEACH — RIO    PEOOS    ORCHARD 


after  a  two  days'  journey  from  Pecos,  Texas,  arrived  at  a 
small  village  known  as  Eddy,  New  Mexico.  From  it 
alighted  a  young  easterner,  Francis  G.  Tracy.  Soon  after 
getting  located  he  began  to  dream  dreams  of  what  could 
be  done  in  the  most  fertile  valley,  the  Pecos  Valley,  the 
garden  spot  of  the  Southwest.  He  believed  that,  together 
with  the  fertility  of  the  soil,  the  wonderful  climatic  condi- 
tions, and  the  opportunity  to  apply  water  at  the  proper 
time  and  in  the  proper  quantities,  fruits  of  a  more  delicious 
flavor  and  higher  quality  could  be  produced,  superior  to 
any  grown  in  the  United  States. 

Suiting  the  thought  and  opportunity  offered  him  to  the 
occasion,  he  planted  a  small  peach  orchard.  The  many 
failures  and  triumphs  of  the  first  attempts  to  raise  peaches 
in  the  Pecos  Valley,  if  written  would  read  like  a  fairy- 
tale. Suffice  it  to  say  that,  being  successful  in  a  small 


Mexico.  A  heavy  planting  was  made  the  first  year,  and  a 
second  the  following  year.  A  perfect  stand  was  obtained. 
During  the  first  years,  cotton  was  grown  between  the  rows 
of  trees  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  the  land  properly  culti- 
vated, and  to  help  carry  the  expenses.  The  fourth  season 
the  first  commercial  crop  was  harvested. 

The  peach  from  the  Rio  Pecos  orchard  has  become 
famous  in  the  fruit  markets  of  the  United  States.  Its  deli- 
cious flavor  and  richness  are  the  acme  of  peach  perfection. 
Nowhere  do  peaches  attain  the  size,  texture,  color  and 
shipping  qualities  as  do  those  produced  in  the  Pecos  Val- 
ley. The  uniformity  of  size  and  the  firmness  of  the  fruit 
make  the  Rio  Pecos  peach  the  premium  taker  on  all  the 
largest  markets.  The  crop  begins  ripening  about  June  20, 
with  the  Mamie  Ross  variety,  the  most  delicious  of  early 
peaches,  followed  by  the  Carmen  and  Superb. 


£> 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  233 


"THE    LANJP 


A1EXICO 
OF"    QRRQRTUNITV" 


Then  come  the  peaches  which  have  made  the  Rio  Pecos 
orchard  famous:  the  pink  and  white  of  the  Champion,  and 
the  red  and  yellow  of  the  Elberta.  which  attain  a  size  and 
take  on  a  perfect  blush  that  no  other  peach-growing  dis- 
trict can  equal.  These  are  followed  by  Crawford  Late, 


8TRKET    M'KXK — C.WI-SBAD 

and  other  later  varieties,  lasting  until  October.  The  fruit 
ia  carefully  thinned  in  the  early  spring  to  insure  the  best 
commercial  fruit. 

The  Rio  Pecos  orchard  has  private  railway  siding,  pack- 
ing shed,  store  house,  loading  platform,  complete  smudging 
outfit,  including  storage  oil  tanks,  etc.  Expert  fruit  grow- 
ers who  have  visited  this  orchard  pronounce  it  the  best  they 
have  ever  seen.  The  growth  of  the  trees  is  remarkable, 
and  their  uniformity  is  unusual  in  peach  growing  districts. 

One  of  the  most  if  not  the  most  remarkable  feature  of 
the  Rio  Pecos  peach  orchard,  which  is  also  true  of  other 
peach  orchards  in  Eddy  County,  is  the  fact  that  spraying  is 
unnecessary  as  there  never  has  been  an  indication  of  any 
of  the  pests  more  or  lest  common  in  other  peach-growing 
district*. 

The  amount  of  irrigation  water  needed  is  comparatively 
small. 

What  is  true  of  Mr.  Tracy's  efforts  on  a  small  scale  in 
the  past,  is  now  being  more  than  realized  on  a  larger  scale. 
He  has  conclusively  proven  that  peach-growing  on  a 
commercial  basis  is  not  only  a  pleasant  occupation,  but  is 
highly  remunerative  from  a  financial  standpoint. 

Nestling  among  the  trees  and  surrounded  by  broad  acres 
of  alfalfa,  is  the  county  seal  of  Eddy  County.  "Carlsbad, 
the  beautiful".  Its  streets  are  broad  and  well-kept,  its 
lawns  a  verdant  green,  splashed  with  the  brilliant  color  of 
flowers.  The  city  looks  just  what  it  is.  a  beautiful  oasis 
in  the  great  semi-arid  region  of  which  it  is  the  center. 


The  climatic  conditions  of  Carlsbad  are  unrivaled  the 
world  over.  Its  altitude  is  approximately  3, 1 00  feet,  pro- 
tected on  the  west,  north  and  east  by  sheltering  hills,  the 
winters  are  delightful.  It  has  a  population  of  3,500,  and 
is  a  modern  city  in  every  way.  A  water  system,  furnishing 
the  very  best  "aqua  pura,"  telephone  exchange,  electric 
light  and  power,  sewer  system,  two  national  banks,  two 
newspapers,  modern  hotel,  six  churches,  ice  factory,  three 
garages  and  machine  shops,  large  mercantile  establishments, 
the  most  up-to-date  stores  in  the  Pecos  Valley. 

The  people  of  Carlsbad  are  justly  proud  of  their  public 
schools.  Its  new  $15.000  school  building  is  constructed 
on  the  most  modern  plan  of  any  school  building  in  the 
Southwest.  It  boasts  of  a  wide-awake  commercial  club, 
woman's  club,  and  many  other  fraternal  and  literary  or- 
ganizations. 

It  is  all  in  all  the  best  little  city  in  the  Southwest.  A 
good  place  to  live. 

Artesia,  one  of  the  most  thriving  and  progressive  towns 
of  the  Pecos  Valley,  is  situated  in  the  heart  of  the  world- 
famous  Pecos  Valley  artesian  belt.  The  country  surround- 
ing Artesia  is  one  of  the  most  productive  and  highly  culti- 
vated farming  districts  in  New  Mexico.  It  is  a  compara- 
tively new  town,  being  little  more  than  ten  years  old,  having 
a  population  of  approximately  three  thousand;  it  is  a  mod- 
ern town  in  every  way,  having  an  excellent  electric  light 


r\rki\<; 


system,  telephone  system,  sewer  system,  steam  laundry,  ice 
plant,  and  is  justly  proud  of  its  own  municipal  water- 
works system. 

Its  business  house*  are  substantial  and  prosperous. 

Like  the  re«t  of  the  Peco*  Valley,  alfalfa  is  the  principal 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATED 

-  234  - 


MEXICO 

LA  ND  OF"    QFF'QRT'UNITV 


crop  grown  in  \he  Artesia  district.  It  supports  a  large  al- 
falfa mill,  and  ships  hundreds  of  cars  of  hay  per  annum. 
It  is  here  they  raise  the  delicately  tinted,  finely  textured, 
richly  flavored  Pecos  Valley  cantaloupe  that  has  won  a 
name  for  itself  on  all  of  the  large  eastern  and  southern 


MILES  OF  CEMENT  WALK — CARLSBAD 

markets  where  it  commands  the  highest  price.  The  people 
of  Artesia  and  vicinity  believe  in  their  community,  and 
are  always  found  pulling  together  and  boosting  for  Artesia, 
thus  assuring  its  future. 

Lakewood,  situated  on  the  west  shore  of  Lake  McMil- 
lan, is  one  of  the  most  thriving,  prosperous,  up-to-date  lit- 
tle towns  in  the  Pecos  Valley.  It  is  the  principal  truck- 
growing  section  of  the  entire  Pecos  Valley,  and  has  become 
famous  in  the  past  few  years  on  account  of  the  superior 
quality  of  the  Lakewood  tomato.  The  Lakewood  tomato 
is  fast  taking  its  place  at  the  top,  and  commands  the  high- 
est price  in  the  markets  of  Texas,  Oklahoma,  Kansas,  Colo- 
rado, and  Arizona.  The  size  and  contour  of  the  fruit  (for 
is  it  not  a  fruit?)  makes  such  an  even,  uniform  pack,  and 
the  color  is  so  perfect  that  the  demand  for  them  far  ex- 
ceeds the  supply.  They  command  a  premium  on  all  mar- 
kets and  especially  so  on  the  Texas  market. 


In  1914  there  was  approximately  300  acre*  grown, 
from  which  were  shipped  seventeen  cars  of  fresh  tomatoes, 
and  in  addition  to  that,  thousands  of  crates  were  shipped 
by  express;  express  shipments  continue  until  about  Janu- 
ary 1. 

There  is  a  canning  factory  at  Lakewood  that  has  canned 
about  67  cars  of  tomatoes  since  its  installation  three  years 
ago.  The  "Lakewood  Brand"  canned  tomato  is  acknowl- 
edged to  be  the  best  canned  tomato  on  the  market  today. 

In  addition  to  tomatoes,  cantaloupes  and  Denia  onions 
are  extensively  grown,  several  cars  of  each  having  been 
shipped  during  1914. 

Hope  is  located  about  twenty  miles  west  of  Artesia  on 
the  Penasco  river.  It  is  noted  for  its  wonderful  apple 
orchards,  and  seems  to  be  so  situated  as  to  be  an  ideal 
place  for  the  growing  of  fancy  apples.  The  warm,  days 
of  early  fall  and  the  frosty  nights  combine  to  make  flavor 
and  color  on  the  apple  all  that  can  be  desired.  It  is  fruit 
perfection.  This  is  true  not  only  of  the  Hope  district,  but 
of  the  whole  Pecos  Valley,  where  fruit  raising  is  fast  be- 
coming the  leading  industry. 

Dayton  is  a  small  town  on  the  A.  T.  &  S.  F.  railway, 
and  is  noted  principally  for  her  oil  fields.  She  has  one 
well,  producing  from  thirty  to  fifty  barrels  per  day.  Oil 
development  is  in  its  infancy  in  Eddy  County,  but  there  is 
no  doubt  but  what  there  will  soon  be  developed  one  of  the 
greatest  oil  fields  in  the  United  States.  The  topography  of 


CARLSBAD    $15,OOO    SCHOOL    BUILDING — SUNSHINE 
IN  EVERY   ROOM 

the  country,  geological  formation,  and  reports  of  oil  ex- 
perts, all  point  to  this  fact. 

At  the  little  station  of  Oriental  there  is  located  a  cement 
plaster  mill,  which  ships  on  an  average  of  one  car  of  high- 
grade  plaster  per  day. 


PT        RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


-  235 


LAND 


AlEXICO 
OF" 


Otis  is  situated  in  the  heart  of  the  alfalfa  growing  sec- 
tion of  the  Carlsbad  project;  the  fanners  own  and  control 
a  co-operative  creamery,  which  has  been  in  operation  the 
past  two  years  and  is  fast  growing  to  be  one  of  the  leading 
industries  of  the  valley. 


M.-lilTTItirK    I    \NM>\.    OXK   OF  EDDY   COUNTY'S 
COOL,   RETREATS 

Loving  and  Malaga  are  also  situated  in  the  alfalfa 
growing  district  of  the  project,  there  being  a  cotton  gin  at 
the  former  place;  and  they  are  both  prosperous,  thriving 
towns. 


l.M     III 


I  ..I    VI  V-.    M  \N%     I.I     M    I  %     S|t>TS 


The  eastern  part  of  Eddy  County  is  a  part  of  the  Great 
Plains:  during  the  past  few  yean  practically  all  of  this 
country  has  been  tettled  up.  Dry  fanning  methods  have 


been  found  satisfactory,  and  an  abundance  of  feterita, 
milo  maize,  kaffir  corn,  and  other  forage  crops  are  being 
raised.  This  country,  which  until  a  few  years  ago,  was  en- 
tirely uninhabited  and  over  which  ranged  thousands  of  cat- 
tle, has  been  homesteaded  and  is  now  being  developed. 

Water  has  been  developed  by  sinking  wells,  and  in 
some  sections  an  abundance  of  water  has  been  found  at 
approximately  twenty-five  feet,  where  pumping  plants  are 
being  installed  and  irrigation  is  being  done  by  that  method. 
The  stock  industry,  instead  of  cattle  roaming  at  will  as  in 
the  past,  is  being  conducted  and  is  prospering  under  more 
modern  and  efficient  methods,  thus  increasing  the  returns 
both  from  the  stock  grown  and  farm  products  raised. 

The  towns  of  Lovington,  Knowles,  Monument  and  Eu- 
nice are  prosperous  villages;  the  prospects  for  a  railroad 
through  this  country  in  the  near  future  are  very  promising. 


OfTDOOIl  Mil:.    I  I>I>Y   CXU'XTY 

The  Alamo  national  forest  in  the  western  part  of  Eddy 
County,  which  includes  the  Guadalupe  mountains,  com- 
prises one  of  the  most  scenic  sections  in  New  Mexico.  A 
highway  is  under  construction  from  Carlsbad  to  the  town 
of  Queen,  situated  at  the  top  of  the  Guadalupes.  which 
will  make  it  possible  to  reach  a  cool  mountain  resort  within 
less  than  two  hours'  time  from  Carlsbad  by  automobile.  In 
this  mountainous  section  are  found  many  narrow  fertile  val- 
leys, where  the  finest  of  fruits  and  vegetables  are  grown. 
Many  cattle,  sheep  and  Angora  goats  range  throughout 
these  mountains. 

For  the  person  who  is  a  lover  of  the  great  out-doors. 
Eddy  County  offers  many  inducements.  Large  game  i« 
found  in  abundance  in  the  foothills  and  mountains  west  of 
Carlsbad.  The  Pecos  river  and  its  tributaries  are  well 
stocked  with  ba»*  and  numerous  other  game  fish. 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STAT 


I 


236  — 


JVIEXICO 
LAND  OF"    OPRORTUNITV" 


The  plains,  fields  and  arroyos  are  fairly  alive  with  the 
native  crested  blue  quail,  and  the  hunter  who  is  fleet  of  foot 
and  quick  of  eye,  will  find  quail  shooting  a  most  exhilirat- 
ing  sport. 

Lakes  McMillan  and  Avalon  are  national  bird  reserves. 


in  the  county.  During  the  past  few  months  there  has  been 
considerable  goad  roads  enthusiasm  which  is  being  kept  up 
by  the  Carlsbad  Good  Roads  Association,  and  the  Good 
Roads  Association  of  Eastern  New  Mexico,  the  latter  com- 
prising the  counties  of  Eddy,  Chaves,  Roosevelt,  Curry 


upon  which  no  shooting  is  permitted,  thus  affording  a  rest-      and  Lincoln. 


EDDY  COUNTY   1,500  GALLON  PER  MINUTE 
SIPPLE    WELL 

and  quick  of  eye,  will  find  quail  shooting  a  most  exhilarat- 
hunting  on  the  smaller  lakes  and  streams  where  wild  ducks 
go  to  feed  by  the  thousands.  The  entire  length  of  the 
Pecos  river,  and  the  cornfields  adjacent  thereto,  in  the  early 
morning,  is  a  lively  and  noisome  scene.  An  evening  spent 
duck  shooting  is  one  long-to-be-remembered  experience. 

Eddy  County  has  always  taken  the  lead  in  all  good 
roads  movements,  and  has  rapidly  come  to  the  front  during 
the  past  few  years  in  good  roads  building.  There  is  al- 
ready a  network  of  good  roads  connecting  all  of  the  towns 


WATERMELON  S — CAKLSB  AD 

The  counties  of  eastern  New  Mexico  are  all  united  for 
the  construction  of  a  north  and  south  highway  throughout 
the  Pecos  Valley,  working  in  unity  with  Reeves  County, 
Texas,  on  the  south  and  with  other  New  Mexico  counties 
on  the  north,  thus  constructing  a  north  and  south  highway 
that  will  open  to  New  Mexico  the  travel  of  southern  Texas, 
and  will  give  the  people  of  southern  Texas  an  opportunity 
to  spend  the  summers  in  the  coolness  of  our  mountain 
resorts.  Eddy  County  is  contemplating  the  immediate  issue 


EDDY   COUNTY   UNDERGROUND  WATER  SUPPLY — 
2,000   GALLONS   PER  MINUTE 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  237  — 


nSPl 


___ 

HTHE:  UANIP 


A1EXICO 

OF* 


of  $60,000  in  bond*  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  the 
good  roads  plan. 

The  character  of  the  soil  here  is  such  that  roads  can  be 
built  at  a  comparatively  low  cost. 

Eddy  County  has  made  phenomenal  progress  along  edu- 
cational lines  in  the  past  few  years.  There  are  approxi- 
mately 3,850  children  of  school  age  in  Eddy  County, 
practically  all  being  enrolled  in  the  schools.  There  are 
twenty-eight  school  districts  employing  eighty-eight  teach- 
ers. There  was  spent  during  the  past  year  for  school  pur- 
poses $65.000. 

Under  the  county  high-school  law.  four  high  schools 
were  established,  located  at  Carlsbad.  Artesia,  Hope  and 
Lovington.  These  schools  are  intended  to  meet,  and  do 
meet,  the  needs  of  four  natural  geographical  divisions  of 
the  county.  In  these  high  schools  there  have  been  added 
to  the  course  of  study  theretofore  taught,  manual  training, 
domestic  science  and  commercial  science.  There  are  twelve 
schools  in  Eddy  County  doing  one  or  more  years  of  high 
school  work.  The  teachers  employed  are  college  gradu- 
ates, and  the  course  of  study  pursued  admits  pupils  after 
graduation,  to  the  best  colleges  in  the  country.  It  is  the 
smaller  village  and  rural  schools  of  which  Eddy  County 
can  justly  boast. 

There  are  approximately  forty  rural  schools.  The  pro- 
gress made  in  these  schools  during  the  past  few  years  has 
kept  pace  with  the  fast  developing  country.  Teachers' 
salaries  have  increased,  and  teachers  of  unusual  ability  are 
employed  in  our  rural  schools.  Several  up-to-date  rural 
school  buildings  have  been  recently  erected  and  have  been 
provided  with  the  latest  and  best  equipment. 

No  country  can  expect  to  make  rapid  advancement  un- 
less the  proper  educational  facilities  for  the  children  are 
maintained.  Eddy  County  is  proud  and  justly  so  of  her 
public  school  system. 


For  those  unfortunate  persons  afflicted  with  lung  or 
throat  trouble,  we  want  to  place  before  you  some  facts 
concerning  the  benefits  to  be  derived  from  atmospheric  and 
climatic  conditions.  Some  have  come  among  us  who,  with 
weakened  limbs  and  hollowed  eyes,  devoid  of  hope,  and 
discouraged,  have,  after  remaining  in  Eddy  County's  ex- 
hilarating air  for  a  few  months,  where  is  is  "so  easy  to 
breathe," — that  is  the  condition  in  a  word,  it  is  easy  to 
breathe, — taken  a  new  lease  on  life,  as  it  were;  color 
returns  to  pallid  cheeks,  and  God's  own  sunshine  and  the 
bigness  of  the  open-air  country  bring  renewed  hope  and 
strength  of  mind  and  body. 

Eddy  County  offers  the  most  golden  of  opportunities 
just  now  for  the  investor  and  home  builder.  Rich  valley 
lands,  which  have  been  waiting  for  generations  for  only 
the  long,  cool  draught  of  life-giving  water  to  give  forth 
from  the  rich  soil  the  green  of  grasses,  trees  and  grains,  is 
possible  only  of  attainment  at  this  time  for  reasonable  prices 
and  on  easy  terms. 

The  irrigation  season  is  long,  opening  March  I  and 
closing  from  November  1  to  I  5.  Alfalfa,  well  taken  care 
of,  is  cut  five  times  each  season  and  may  be  pastured 
through  the  winter  besides.  Winter  grain  may  be  followed 
with  some  other  crop  the  same  season. 

The  climate  is  so  mild  and  dry  that  dairying,  stock- 
feeding,  hog-growing,  poultry-raising,  bee-keeping,  and 
similar  industries  may  be  carried  on  without  expensive 
equipment  of  buildings.  By  proper  rotation  green  feed 
may  be  available  practically  all  the  year. 

Eddy  County  offers  the  home  builder  and  investor  the 
opportunity  of  good  land  at  reasonable  prices,  located  near 
stations  and  good  schools,  with  the  convenience  of  rural 
delivery  of  mail,  telephone,  and  electric  light  and  power. 

One  trip  into  the  valley  will  convince  the  most  skeptical 
that  we  have  a  wonderful  country,  a  good  place  to  live, 
and  opportunities  for  all. 


RESOURCES  AND  JNDUST11ES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  238  - 


A1EXICO 

THE    LAND  OF"    OPPORTUNITY 


THOROUGHBRED  HEREFORD  BULLS 


SOME  GRAPES 


^ 


PACTilNG    CANTALOUPES 


DUROC  JERSEY   HOGS  ON   PASTURE 


Dl'ROC  JERSEY  HOGS  AT  PEEDTVG  TIME 


PC"       FfESOURCES  AND  IhflDUSTF?IES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 


—  239  — 


A1EX3CO 

LAND  OF"  ORROFTTUMITV 


F?ESOURCES  AND  nsPUSTfTlES  OF  THE  SUNSHINE  STATE 

—  240  _ 


INDEX 


PART   ONE 


Archeology  —  See  Cliff  Cities  Thousands  of  Tears 
Old,  Preserving  the  Past,  and  The  Palace  of  the 
Governors. 


Carlsbad  Project .77-81 

Capacity 78 

Conditions  under  80.  81 

Dams  '  79 

Descriptive  [ .'.  75 

Historical  ,  .  ,  77  78 

Church  Life  in  New  Mexico '52 

Cliff  Cities  Thousands  of  Years  Old 35-37 

Cuarai  District • 37 

Mimbres  Deposits  37 

Pajarito  District ..'.....  35 

Pueblos  near  Santa  Fe  35 

San  Juan  District  36 

Southern  Santa  Fe  County  District 37 

Congressmen     $ 


Elephant  Butte  I'roject,  The 82-84 

Construction    83 

Cost    84 

Hydro-Electric  Plant 83 

location  and   Description    82 

Size 84 


Fishing — See  New  Mexico — Sportsman's  Paradise.  ...      69 
Foreword     4 


Game — See  New  Mexico — Sportsman's  Paradise 69 

Genera] — See  The  Land  of  Heart's  Desire 17-30 

Governor    5 

H 

Historical  Sketch  of  New  Mexico 13-16 

Battles  During  Civil  War 16 

Efforts  for  Statehood 16 

1  :nd«den    Purchase    16 

Guadalupe-Hidalgo,  Treaty  of   16 

Kearny's  Visit    16 

Mexican    Administration    15 

Opening  of  Commerce   15 

Prehistoric  Data .' 13 

Pueblo   Conspiracy    '. 14 

Reconquest   by   DeVargas    14 

Revolt  of  1837    ; 15 

Schools   Established    15 

Spanish  Explorations 13 

Spanish   Occupation    13 

Texas   Expedition    15 

I 

Indians  of  the  Southwest 41-47 

Apaches 43 

Cities  and  Towns 44 

Indian  Schools 44 

Navajos    44 

Pueblos    42 


Justice's  of  Supreme  Court 


I-aml   of  Heart's   Desire,  The 17 

Agriculture ..17,    20,    23,    24 

Climate 27,   29 

Commerce  and  fomfnercial  Relations 26 

Dry   Farming    , 21 

Education    27 

Free  Land    : 21,   22 

Growth  in  Late  Tears 23,    24 

Highways    26 

Irrigation .." 18 

Livestock    ;',  .  .  .....      22 

Lumbering 25,    26 

Manufactures    25 

Mining    24 


Land  of  Heart's  Desire,  The — Continued 

Opportunities   30 

Population    29,    30 

Tourist,  Points  of  Interest  to  the '   26 

M 

Mining  In  New  Mqxico 50-52 

Copper  .' .' .  51 

First  Minerals  Taken  Out 50 

Geology 50,  51 

Gold  r,  l 

Industrial  Standing  of  Mining 50 

Lead  51 

Mica 52 

Rare  Minerals 51,  52 

Silver  51 

Zinc  51 

Monutalnair  Chaiitauqua 73 

N 

National  Forests  of  New  Mexico 71-72 

Communication  and  Transportation 72 

Opportunities    72 

Productive  Capacity    71 

Ranges  on  Forests 72 

Navajo  Home  and  Blanket  Weaver,  A 48 

Navajo  Indian  Blankets 49 

New  Mexico  Archaeological  Society 33 

New  Mexico  Board  of  Exposition  Managers 8-1 

Organization    and    Personnel 8,   10 

Executive  Staff 8,   11 

Woman's  Auxiliary   9,    12 

New  Mexico  Building  at   Panama  -California  Exposi- 
tion          12 

New  Mexico  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs 56-57 

Civic  Activities 57 

Club  Activities 57 

Departments   56 

New  Mexico's  Highway  System,  Development  of.  .  .  .58-66 

Borderland  Route   6B 

Camino  Real,  El 58,   59 

Camino  Real,  El,  Detours  from 59,   60,    62 

Grand   Canyon    Route  —  See   Northern   Arizona 
Route 

Gran   Quivira  Highway    64 

Gulf-Colorado  Highway 61 

Historical    58 

Northern  Arizona  Route 63,   64 

Ocean-to-Ocean   Highway    62 

Panhandle-Pacific  Highway 62,   63 

Southern  National  Highway   66 

Western  Extension — See  Northern  Arizona  Route. 
See  also  Origin  of  the  Good  Roads  Movement.  67-68 

New  Mexico  Historical  Society    33 

New  Mexico's  Institutions  of  Higher  and  Special  Edu- 
cation     74-76 

College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts 74,   75 

Military   Institute    75 

Normal  School   75 

Normal  University    7 .". 

School  of  Mines 7 ." 

Spanish-American   Normal    School 7. I 

Standing 74 

University    74 

New  Mexico  Mission  Churches 38-40 

New  Mexico — Sportsman's  Paradise 69-71 

o 

Origin  of  the  Good  Hoads  Movement 67-68 

Administration,    Highway    6S 

Authorities,  Highway   6S 

Good   Roads  Association    

Improvement    67 

Road   Materials    67 

State   Highway   Officials'   Association 6S 

See  also  Development  of  New  Mexico's  Highway 

System    58-66 

P 

Palace  of  the  Governors,  The 31-32 

Preserving  the  Past    •  •  •• 33-34 

s 

School  System  of  New  Mexico,  The 53-56 

Administration    54 


School   System   of   New    Mexico.   The — Continued 

Compulsory  Education (4 

County  High  School*   64 

Higher  Institutions 55 

See   also   New    Mexico's  Institutions   for   Higher 

and  Special  Education   74-76 

Historical     53 

Industrial   Education    56 

Land  Endowment   '<•> 

Legal  Provisions   ~>4 

Private  and  Denominational  Schools 65 

Support   63,   54 

Teachers'    Institutes    55 

Truant  Officers    56 

Senators     6 

State  Officials 7,8 


Tourist,  of  Interest  to  the- 31-49 

Carlsbad  Project   77-81 

Cliff  Cities  Thousands  of  Years  Old 35 

Elephant   Butte  Project    82-84 

Indians  of  the  Southwest   41 

National  Forests  of  New  Mexico 71-72 

Navajo  Home  and  Blanket  Weaver 48 

Navajo   Indian   Blanket.   The 49 

New  Mexico's  Highway  System ! 58-66 

Ni-w   Mexico's  Mission  Churches    38 

New  Mexico — Sportsman's  Paradise 69 

Palace  of  the  Governors,  The 31 

Preserving  the  Past   

See  also 26,27 


PART   TWO 


Xuririiliiirc   and    Horticulture 

Hernalillo  County    16S,    166,    167 

chavi-s   C.ninty    177.    178,    184.   188 

Colfax  County 24.   38-39,   46 

curry  County   70,   71,   72 

Do  mi  Ana  County 221,   222,    223,    224.   225 

Kddy  County 2SO.    231,   232.   235 

c.rant  County   135 

<>ii:idiilupe  C.iunty    97.   9R 

Lincoln  County 62.   64 

I. una  County    6.   9 

MrKlnley  County 110 

Mora  County    161 

ro  County    86.    88,    89 

Quay   County    103 

Klo  Arrlba  County 83 

Roosevelt  County    14 

Snnrtoval  County    84 

Mian  County 73 

S  i  n    Miguel  County 198 

Satit:i    }•'.    i  ••uinty    209 

Sierra   County    112,    113 

Sororro  County    118.    119 

Taos  County 115 

Torranoe  County    164 

I'nlon   County    107.    108 

V.ilenei;i   Ci.iinty    190.    193,    194.   195 

Xurlrtiltiinil  College — s>--    New    Mexico  A.  &  M.  College. 

\  lamoironln 90 

\llnii|iiiTi|iii-    169-172 

Banks 17n 

Climate    171 

Churches 172 

Commercial   Club    17: 

Industries    170 

LIvesK.eli   c.-nter 170 

Srhools 172 

Subsidiary  Territory 170.    171 

V     M.    c.    A 172 

X/i.-.-  S2 

B 

Helen    '.  .    195 

Iteriiallllo   Ooiinly    115-176 

Area  and   I-ocntlon    166 

Agriculture  and  Horticulture    165.   166.    167 

Climate    171 

Livestock.    Including   Dairying 1«6.   167.   170 

Map    .176 

Metal  Mining   167 

Schools     172 

Timber  and   Lumbering  170 

Water  Supplies 16S.  166 

C 

<  arrl/o/o    66 

flwve*  fount y  ..177-18R 

Agriculture    .  177.    178.    184 

.    177 

I  nnil  T-.wns  182,    183-184 

•  rnment  I  .and  17S 

LIveptM.k  171.    179.    182.    1*3 

Map    ...  ion 

fVhooin  mo.  mi.  i»2.  us 

Timber 177 

Water  Supplies  177.    1«1.    1»».    1«7 

i  I. in,,  i  ,.|.|..  i-  i  <>ni|iany 145-160 

'  inmrmn    .  3S-J7 

Churrhen  .      26 

i"llm«te  .      It 

History    .  SR 


<  iiiiarron—  Continued 

S>  hools     ....................................       3.1 

Sulisiiliarx    T>  rritory   .........................      35 

i  lav  t.  .n       ....................................    108 

«  loiidoroft    .....................................  91-94 

Climate    ....................................      91 

Fraternal  and  Social  Conditions  ...............      92 

Industries    ..................................      92 

Schools     ....................................      92 

<  lot-In    .........................................  74-TT. 

Churches   ................................... 

climate    ....................................      "•"• 

Fraternal  Orders  ............................ 

Industries   ..................................      75 

dm  I    Mining 

Colfax  County    ................  21.   22,    40-44.   50-58 

Lincoln  County   ............................  63,   64 

MrKlnley  County   ........................  109,   110 

Rio  Arrlba  County    ..........................      83 

Sandoval  County  ............................      84 

San   Juan   County    ...........................      78 

Santa  Fe  County    ........................  210.   212 

Sierra   County    ..............................    112 

Rocorro  County    .............................    1 

t'nion   County    ..............................    1 

Valein-ia.  County    ............................    191 

Colfiix  County  ............................. 

Area  and   Location    .......................... 

Agriculture  ami    Horticulture    .........  24,   3S-39.   45 

c..al   anil    Coal    Mining  ..........  21,    22,    40-44.    50-58 

Irrigation   Projects    ..........................      29 

Livestock    ..........................  24,   29.   39.   60 

LumhcrinK     ................................. 

Map    .......................................      «0 

Mi-tals  and   Metal   Mining    .................... 

Products.    Farm    ....................  29,   38.   45.   47 

Roads   .................................  24     25.   SI 

Scenic  Beauties  .....................  21,    23,   30.    32 

Schools    .....................  27,   32.   36.   43.   47.    51 

Soils    ..................................  <5.    46.    47 

Timber  and  Lumbering   ......................      22 

Water  Supply    ...............  27.    29.   33.    46.    47.    4S 

Countle* 

Bernallllo    ................................  165-176 

Chavea   ..................................  177-188 

Colfax   .....................................  »!-•« 

Curry    .....................................  ««-76 

Dona  Ana    ...............................  221-22R 

Eddy    ....................................  129-140 

C.rant    ...................................  133-160 

c.uadalupe    ................................  97-10(1 

Lincoln    ....................................  61-68 

Luna   .......................................  8-12 

McKlnley    ................................  109-111 


Mora 

Otero 
Quay 

Rio   Arrlbn 
Roos«velt    . 
Sandoval 
San  Juan 
San  Miguel 
Santa  Fe 
Sierra 


.161-16S 
85-96 
101-lflfi 

** 
U-20 

•  "-« 


Tao«    ........................  114-11 

Torrance    ................................  •  •  •]' 

fnlon  •  •  |«7-JO 

Valencia    ........  ..  189-196 

Curry  County     ---- 

Area  and  Location  ...... 

Agriculture  70.    71.   7 

i  'me.  mid  T"wn»  '" 


—    II 


Curry    County — Continued 

Climate    72 

Livestock    69-70 

Map    76 

Topography     70 

Water   Supply    70 

D 

Dairying — See  Livestock 

Dawson 50-58 

Church     51 

Schools 51 

Deniing 8-12 

Churches    9 

Climate    8 

Publicity 8,    11 

Pumping  near    8 

Schools    '      9 

Water 9 

Dexter 187-188 

Agriculture  near    187 

Dairying    188 

Soil    187 

Water   Supplies    187 

Dona  Ana  County    221-228 

Agriculture  and  Horticulture  221,   222,    223,   224,   225 

Climate    224 

Elephant  Butte  Project — See  Water  Supplies 

Livestock    222,   225 

Map    228 

Metal  Mining 221,   222 

Schools    225,   226 

Water   Supplies    222,   223,   224 


Eddy  County  229-240 

Agriculture  and  Horticulture 230,  231,  232,  235 

Cement  235 

Climate  229,  232,  238 

Game  and  Fish 236,  237 

Highways  237 

Livestock  229,  230,  231,  236 

Map  240 

Schools  .' 234,  238 

Timber  and  Lumbering 236 

Water  Supplies  23-0,  232,  233,  234,  238 

Elida    •.  .  .  .      20 


Farmers'  Development  Company,  The 48-49 

Farmingtoii 79-80 

Citizenship     79 

Churches    80 

Climate    80 

Industries    80 

Schools     80 

Fort   Summer    ;  .  .  .  .      99 

French 58 

G 

Gallup  Ill 

Churches  Ill 

Climate  Ill 

Industries  Ill 

Schools  Ill 

Grant  County  133-160 

Area  and  Location  135 

Agriculture  and  Horticulture 135 

Climate  ....133,  134,  138,  141 

Livestock 133,  135,  136 

Map  144 

Metal  Mining  134,  137,  138,  145-160 

Timber  135,  136 

Water  Supply  135 

Guadaliipo  County  .  .  •- 97-100 

Area  and  Location  97 

Agriculture  and  Horticulture 97-98 

Cities  and  Towns  ' 98 

Livestock  97-98 

Map  100 

Railroads  , 98 

Schools  98 

Water  Supply  97-98 

H 

Horticulture — See   Agriculture 
Hot,  Mineral  and  Medicinal  Springs 

Luna  County    7 

Sandoval  County   84 

Sierra  County    113 

I 
Irrigation — See  Water  Supplies 


1C 


Kelly 


127 


Las  Cruces    225-226 

Industries    225 

Schools 226 

La  Lande    19 

Los  Vegas    202-205 

Agriculture  near   202 

Banks 204 

Churches    203 

Climate    20S 

Commercial   Club    204 

Hospitals  and  Sanitaria 203 

Industries    204 

Livestock   Center    202,   203 

Y.   M.   C.  A 203 

Schools     203 

Lincoln   County    61-68 

Area  and  Location    61 

Agriculture    62-64 

Coal   Mining    63-64 

Cities  and  Towns 68 

Climate     62-63 

County  High  School   63 

Livestock 64 

Lumbering    62 

Map    ; 68 

Metal  Mining 63-64 

Railroads 64 

Schools    63 

Stock  Growing 64 

Water  Supply 62-64 

Livestock,  including  Dairying 

Bernalillo   County    166,    167,    170 

Chaves  County    178,    179,    182,    183 

Colfax  County 24,   29,   39,   60 

Curry  County    69,   70 

Dona  Ana  County 222,    225 

Eddy  County 229,   230,   231,   236 

Grant  County 133,    135.    136 

Guadalupe  County    97,   98 

Lincoln   County    64 

Luna   County    10 

McKinley   County    110 

Mora  County 161,   162 

Otero   County    86,   88 

Quay  County 103,   104 

Rio  Arriba  County    83 

Roosevelt   County    15 

Sandoval  County    84 

San   Juan   County    78 

San  Miguel  County   199,   202,-  203 

Santa  Fe  County 209,211 

Sierra   County    112 

Socorro    County    117,    118 

Taos  County 115 

Torrance  County   164 

Union  County    107,   108 

Valencia  County 189,   191 

I/ordsburg 143 

Los  Luna* 193-194 

Agriculture  near 193,    194 

Flouring  Industry    193 

Soils    193 

Subsidiary    Territory     193 

Lumber  anil  Lumbering — See  Timber 

Luna  County 5-12 

Cities  and  Towns    5 

Climate    5,   6 

Dairying    10 

Hot,  Mineral  and  Medicinal  Springs 7 

Map    12 

Marketing  Facilities   6 

Products,   Farm    6,    9 

Pumping — See  Water  Supplies 

Soil   5 

Schools 10 

Water   Supplies    6,    7,   11 

M 

Magdalena     126 

Maps,  County 

Bernalillo     176 

Chaves    188 

Colfax    60 

Curry   76 

Dona  Ana 2 

Eddy     240 

Grant   144 


—  Ill  — 


—  t'ontlii!. 
Guadalup* 

Lincoln    

Luna    

McKinley 



Quay     

Arriba    . 

.  vi  H     

Sandoval    

San  Juan    

San   Miguel    2 

Santa  Fe i 

^lerra   J" 

J 

1  lo 

100 

.108 

.    196 

47 

109-111 

109 

.    110 


100 

68 

12 

116 

208 

96 

104 

116 

20 

116 

82 


Taos    

Torrance 

I'nion 

Valencia     

Maxncll     

Mi-lvinl. •>  (  oiiiit>    

Area  and  Location 

Agriculture    

Coal  and  Coal  Mining 109-11 

History    ] 

Livestock J 

Map    | 

Schools    J 

Timber  and  Lumbering J 

Water   Supply    1JJ 

Mrlrumr    ' 3 

M.-uil    Mining 

Bernallllo  County  1 

Colfax  County   •  •     J* 

Dona  Ana  County •         •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  --1;  «J 

Grant  County    134.   13,,   138,  1«-1«C 

Lincoln  County •*•  • 

Luna  County 


:o  County 


Kio  Arriba  County   .......................... 

i,  Miguel  County   ..........................    2 

Saiila    Ke  County    ............................    JJj 

rra    County     .......................  •  •  •  •  •  •    J 

.orro  County   ..........  "•.   12°.   '21-  * 

Taos  County   ...................... 

Mlmml  Valli-y    ........... 

Miini.r.-,  lint  springs  .................... 

Mln.-ralH—  See  Metal  Mining 

Motm  County  .................................  te 

Area  and  Location   ..........................    l«; 

Agriculture   ..............................  -  •  •    J 

Livestock,  Including  Dairying  ...............  161-16 

2 


11. -. 
.48-49 
.  .  3-4 


'.allroads 
School* 
Timber 
Water  Supply 


N 


\,»      M.v, 1  , •->•     .1       \-iMiillnr.-     an. I      M.^.  liain.- 

\rt-        

M.  vl.-o  Cottatcc  Sanatorium 

\.-u    Mi -xii-o  Military   In-lltiili-    1» 

New    M,  vi.  ,.   Normal  I'nlversJtjf    20 

Course*    

•  rtmentx 

Field  and   Scope    

Standing    

Xew   Mcxk-o'n  Kr»   of    I'm-!*  rln         


Ol«-r»  County  . 

iilturp  an<l  Horticulture   . 
•<  and  Towns  ............ 

Climate    .................... 

Livestock,  Including  Dairying 
Map    ....................... 

Metal  Mining   .... 

Tlmhrr  nnd   Lumbering 
Water  Supply  .  .  . 

P 

I'.-rnlln  .......... 


citlx«-n»hlp    . 

r  Plant  . 
Schools    ...... 

Subsidiary   Terrltoi 
PorUles  i;tllltles  Company  at 
Pnmplns?     *»»  Water 


227 
142 
186 
.207 
207 

|| 


.101-106 
. . . .  102 
103 

.103-104 

101 

.102-103 


Quay  <  omit)   

Area   

uUure    and    Horticultui . 

and   Towns    

.  including  Dairying 

Map     

linilroaii     



R 

lUton    30-34 

Churches    

Climate    

Commercial   Conditions    

Fraternal  and  Social  Conditions   .  .  

Industries .32,   3 

Scenery  near    

Schools    

Subsidiary  Territory    

r    Supply    System    

Itio   ArrilMi   County    

Ai'  :i  and  Location   

Agriculture  and   Horticulture    

Coal  and  Coal  Mining   

Dairy  Products   

Livestock 

Map    1 

Water  Supply 

I :.n>>.  \.-lt   County 13-20 

Agriculture 

Cities  and  Towns 

Climate    

Livestock 

Map    »« 

Products.   Farm 

Public  Buildings  and  Debts 

Rainfall   

Schools 

Water  Supplies 15.    i". 

i  iculture  near 1 

.V  i  tesiaii    Kelt    n.  ar    1 

Commercial   Club    1 

Public   Buildings    1 

Schools 183 


86-96 

,..    - 

96 
88 

96 
86 
86 

.86.    87.   88 


..    192 

. .17-18 

.  .       17 

..       17 

.  .       17 

.  .       17 

..ll-lt 


San    \ntonlo    

128 

Climate    

Churches    

128 

Industries    

128 

Schools    

IL'S 

Siuulouil  County    

84 

:  and  Location    

.      84 

Agriculture  and    Horticultui. 

.       84 

Coal  and  Coal  Mining   

...       84 

Dairying    

84 

Livestock   

84 

Map    

116 

Medicinal  Springs   

84 

.  .      84 

Timber  and  Lumbering   

84 

Water   Supplies    . 

• 

'nan   <  oiuil>     

.  .  .77-82 

i  and  Location   

.  .       77 

Agriculture   

.  .       7S 

Bees   

78 

i  and  Coal  Mining 

.       7" 

.77-78 

l.iv.  stnt-k    .  .  . 

,et  Ka<MHt:. 

ri 

.  .       82 

I'oiiltrv                          

S..11     



Water    Supply    

^an    Mim-l.-i!                     

.  .    i  ?  r, 

-an    Mlt'iH-l    <  OIIMC\ 

1  97-208 

.        19« 

<  'him  h.  •>      -  .  -  . 

.    202 

(  'llmate 

'7.    198.    201 

Mi  an  .1   I"-                      sorts  

1*8,    200.    201.    203 

Ill.itorv  

197 

.  .    201 

I<AS  Venn*  I'.rnnt 

1^1 

•9,   202,   202 

•fop 

208 

Metal    Mining    

.  .    200 

School* 

200.   201 
.  .  .200.   201 

—  IV  — 


San   Miguel   County — Continued 

Timber  and  Lumbering 200 

Water  Supplies 198,   202 

Santa  Fe    214-219 

Archaeological   Ruins   near    214,   215 

Climate    216,    218 

History    214,   215 

Historical  Interest,  Places  of 214,   215 

Oldest  House    215 

Public   Buildings    214,   215,   218 

Roads  into    214,   216,   218 

Sanla  Fe  Trail,  .End  of 214 

Schools 218 

State    Institutions    218 

Santa  Fe  County    209-220 

Agriculture  and  Horticulture   209 

Climate    216,   218 

Coal  and  Coal  Mining :  .  210,   212 

Gem    Mining    212,   215 

Indians     212 

Historical  Interest,  Places  of 214,   215 

History     214 

Livestock    209,   211 

Map    . 219 

Metal  Mining 212 

Roads    216,   218 

Schools 210 

Timber  and  Lumbering 210,   218 

Water  Supplies    212 

Santa  Rosa 100 

School  of  Mines 129-130 

Advantages    130 

Curricula   132 

History 129-130 

Ideals   130 

Training    129 

Silver  City 139-142 

Climate 139,   140 

Churches 140 

Sanataria : 140,   141,   142 

Schools 141-142 

Sierra  County 112-113 

Cities   and   Towns    112-113 

Agriculture  and  Horticulture    112-113 

Coal  and  Coal  Mining   112 

Hot  and  Medicinal  Springs 113 

Metal  Mining 113 

Livestock 112 

Map    113 

Roads     112 

Schools     112 

Timber  and  Lumbering 113 

Water  Supply   112,   113 

Shlprock     80-81 

Socorro ' 123-125 

Climate    124,   125 

Churches    124 

Products    124 

Schools 125 

Socorro   County    117-132 

Area  and  Location    117 

Agriculture  and  Horticulture 118,   119 

Cities  and   Towns    122 

Coal  and  Coal  Mining    122 

Highways    119 

Livestock    117,   118 

Map    132 

.M.  i.-ils  and  Metal  Mining 117,   120,   121,   122 

Roads 119 

Schools    119,   125,   129,    130 

Timber 117 

Water  Supply 118,    119,    122 

Springer 60 

Stag  Canyon  Fuel  Company. 50-58 

St.  I.onis,  Rocky  Mountain  and  Pacific  Company.  .  .  .40-44 
Swastika  Fuel  Company 40-44 

Tnos  County    114-115 

Area  and  Location    114 

Agriculture  and  Horticulture 115 

Cities  and  Towns 115 

Industries    115 

Livestock 115 

Map    116 

Metal  Mining    115 

Schools    115 

Timber  and  Lumbering 115 

Water    Supply    115 

Timber  and  Lumbering 

Bernalillo  County    170 

Chaves  County 177 

Colfax  County 22 


Timber  aud  Lumbering — Continued 

Eddy  County   236 

Grant  County    135,  136 

Lincoln  County    62 

McKinley  County 110 

Mora  county    161 

Otero  County    86 

Rio  Arriba  County   83 

Sandoval  County   84 

San  Miguel  County   20U 

i<aii  ta   i<e   County    210,  218 

Sierra   County    113 

Sccorro  Coumy    117 

Taos  County IK, 

Torrance  County   164 

Valencia  County 1 9o 

Tome    192 

Torrance  County    164 

Area  and  Location    164 

Agriculture    1C4 

Livestock 164 

Map    100 

Railroads     164 

Schools     164 

Timber   ...'. 164 

Tucumcari    105-106 

Climate    106 

Fraternal  and  Social  Conditions 106 

Industries 106 

Tularosa    95 

U 

Union  County ' 107-108 

Area  and  Location  107 

Agriculture  and  Horticulture 107-108 

Cities  and  Towns  107 

Climate  108 

Coal  Mining  108 

Livestock,  including  Dairying 107,  108 

Map 108 

Railroads 107 

Schools  107 

Water  Supply  107,  108 

University  of  Xew  Mexico 174-175 

Advantages  174-175 

History 175 

Possessions  175 

Uracca  Ranch  Orchards 38-39 

V 

Valencia  County 189-196 

Agriculture 190,   193,    194,  195 

Churches 191 

Coal 191 

Highways    189 

Livestock    189,  191 

Map    196 

Railroads   189,  195 

Soils    190,   193,  195 

Schools     191 

Timber   Lands    190 

Water   Supplies    191,   193,  195 

Wagon  Mound 162 

Industries    162 

Schools    162 

Water  Supplies 

Bernalillo  County 165,   166 

Chaves  County    177,   181,   183,   187 

Colfax  County 27,   29,   33,   46,   47,   48 

Curry    County    70 

Dona  Ana  County   222,   223,   224 

Eddy  County    230,   232,   233,   234,   238 

Grant  County 135 

Guadalupe  County   97.    98 

Lincoln  County   62,   64 

Luna   County    6,   7,   8,    9,   11 

McKinley   County    110 

Mora  County    161 

Otero  County   86,   87,   88 

Rio  Arriba  County   83 

Roosevelt  County 15,   17,   18,   19 

Sandoval  County   84 

San  Juan  County 78 

San   Miguel   County    298,    202 

Santa  Fe  County 212 

Sierra  County    112,   113 

Socorro  County    118,   119,    122 

Taos  County ' 115 

Torrance  County 164 

Union  County   107,   108 

Valencia  County    191,   19»,  196 

Watrona    16S 


Some  of  Felix  Martinez' 
Enterprises 


No.  I  is  the  Elephant  Butte 
Dam,  which  he  promoted  and  or- 
ganized fifteen  years  ago,  and  which 
is  now  about  to  be  completed.  He 
is  President  of  the  El  Paso  Valley 
Water  Users'  Association  which 
controls  the  Texas  end  of  it. 

No.  2  is  the  "White  House"  of 
El  Paso,  owned  by  the  Central 
Building  6r  Improvement  Company 
of  which  he  is  President.  It  is  occu- 
pied by  Felix  Brunschwig  &  Co.. 
and  the  Hotel  McCoy.  This  build- 
ing has  a  store  front  which  is  re- 


Nil.    I 

garded  as  the  best  display  front  in 
the  United  States. 

No.  3  is  the  Hotel  Paso  del 
Norte  of  El  Paso,  of  which  he  is  a 
director,  and  which  is  among  the 
finest  hotels  in  the  country. 

No.  4  is  the  Calisher  Realty  Co. 's 
building,  of  which  he  is  President. 
The  building  is  occupied  by  Every- 
body's Department  Store. 

These  are  just  a  few  of  the  many 
enterprises  that  Felix  Martinez  has 
taken  in  hand  in  the  Southwest. 

Mr.  Martinez  is  a  Director  of  the 
U.  S.  Federal  Reserve  Bank  of  the 
I  I  th  District,  with  headquarters  at 
Dallas,  Texas. 


>-..  t 


t  I 

J    Three  Hundred  Thirteen  and  a  Half  West    $ 
Central  Avenue     :     Albuquerque,  N.  M.    J 


+ 


att&w 


THE  CUTS  USED  TO 

ILLUSTRATE  THIS  VOLUME 

WERE  MADE  BY 


I  |  The  Howard  Engraving 
Company 


t  + 


i  i 
M 


i 


Designers  and  Illustrators 
Engravers  by  all  Processes 


T 

+ 


+  *  •• 

| !    Portraiture,  Copying,  Enlarging,  Views,    *  '. '.    

Commercial  Work,  Kodak  Finishing,        +  * 

Indian  Studies,  Panoramas  *  J    COLORADO  SPRINGS,  COLORADO 

t  i 


*+++*++********++++++*+*+*<i'+**+*+++++*+  ++***+++**+**+*++*********+*+****+++**+ 

+  * 

J.  S.  HARTMAN,  J.  B.AUSTIN,  O.F.RANDALL     +  +     Come  now  while  you  can  buy  land  cheaper  than  at  any     J; 

<  >  4.  time  the  past  five  years 


AZTEC  AUTO 
COMPANY 


BUICK    AGENCY 


AUTO  LIVERY,  REPAIRING 
AND  SUNDRIES 


AZTEC,  NEW  MEXICO 


C.  E.  RIPPEY 

SAN  JUAN  COUNTY 


REAL  ESTATE 

"fr  •!•  "J*  *i-  •!•  •!"  v  "i*  v  *I*  *l*  v  *X*  *I*  "I*  *I*  *I*  *i"  'I*  v 


NOTARY  PUBLIC 


If  interested,  write  me  for  price  list  or  other 
information 


Rentaurant  in  Connection  with  Of6ce 


AZTEC,  NEW  MEXICO 


.++++++++++++++++>»!  MM  +  MI  Ml  •••*•*«  »-H"»4*-M"t"H-t"H-+-H"H"H"t"H"H-*-H-**4"l"H"H"l"H- 


Come  to  New  Mexico 

—the  best  state  in  the  Union.     When  you 
do  come  to  New  Mexico,  be  sure  that  you 


Settle  in  the  Mimbres 
Valley 

—the  finest  Valley  in  the  best  state.  Now! 
just  a  moment,  when  you  come  to  the  Mini- 
bres  Valley,  don't  fail  to  investigate  the 

Southwestern  Alfalfa 
Farms  Co. 

3000  acres.  The  cream  of  the  Mimbres 
Valley.  Going  rapidly.  Write  us  for  some 
facts  about  Mimbres  Valley  farms. 

«+«»»**+•»  »»**»*****++»4i**M*4  »********»»*•+•*•••**»*****++ 

Southwestern  Alfalfa  Farms  Co. 

Mahoney  Building  Deming,  New  Mexico 


+++++++*+**+++***++******+++***+++++*++ 


:|  Morning    Journal !  ! 


•fr     * 


Albuquerque  Morning  Journal  | 


is  equipped  with  type  and 
machinery  sufficient  to  turn 
out  the  highest  class  of 
work  at  reasonable  prices 


ALBUQUERQUE.  NEW  MEXICO  : 


If   You    Are   Seeking   a   Taper    with    Influence   »nd 
Circulation     Rend     These     Facts: 


t  J 

! 

I 

* 


* 

* 


!  !       This  book  a  sample  of  the  product  of 
the  press    of  the 


*  * 


! 

+ 


1  MORNING    JOURNAL  I  I 


ALBUQUERQUE,  NEW  MEXICO  J 

t 


+ 
+ 


HAS  a  circulation  exceeding  by  several  hundred  the 
combined  circulations  of  the  other  daily  papers  of  the 
state. 

GOES  into  more  homes,  offices,  work  shops  and  camps 
than  any  other  daily  or  weekly  in  New  Mexico  or  North- 
ern Arizona,  thus  assuring  the  advertisers  the  benefits  of 
increasing  publicity. 

A  STRONG  paper,  editorially  and  locally,  wielding  a 
force  for  good  throughout  the  Southwest,  especially  In 
New  Mexico,  where  it  circulates  more  extensively  than 
elsewhere,  thus  acting  as  an  advertising  medium  without 
the  semblance  of  a  rival  in  its  field. 

IT  carries  more  national  advertising  than  any  other 
paper  in  either  New  Mexico  or  Arizona,  which  proves 
the  fact  that  the  national  advertiser  seeks  the  paper 
with  a  circulation,  combined  with  service  and  coopera- 
tion. 

IT  carries  columns  every  day.  and  double  the  amount 
on  Sundays,  of  classified  advertisements  of  all  kinds, 
placing  it  in  the  front  ranks  as  a  medium  for  the  hum- 
blest and  smallest  advertiser,  and  practically  assuring 
prompt  and  substantial  results. 

IN  conclusion,  if  you  have  a  worthy  proposition,  or  an 
article  of  any  kind,  which  you  are  anxious  to  get  before 
the  reading  public,  communicate  with" 


THE  ALBUQUERQUE 
MORNING  JOURNAL 

Albuquerque,    New    Mexico 


'•  Reliable  Business  Firms  of  Albuquerque,  who  will  send  you 
:  such  other  information  on  the  Sunshine  State  as  you  may  desire 


1    Real  Estate 


;  ;    111    South   Fourth  St. 


A.  FLEISCHER 

I   Make  a  Specialty  of  Cily  and  Suburban   Properties 


Real  Estate   I  ', 


Albuquerque,  N.   M.    j  j 


JOHN  M.  MOORE  REALTY  CO. 

ESTABLISHED  1888  INCORPORATED  1903 

REAL  ESTATE  AND   LOANS 
214  West  Gold  Avenue 


Albuquerque,  New  Mexico  ; 


B.   E.    DIECKMANN 

REAL  ESTATE  AND.  INVESTMENTS 


;  ;    309   West  Gold  Avenue 


For  information    RANCH    AND    CATTLE    LOANS  AND  INVESTMENTS,  write 

HOME     BOND     AND      LOAN      CO.  Albuquerque,  Net,  Mexico 


Established  1890  * 


Albuquerque,  New  Mexico   j  | 


216  West  Gold  Ave.  Albuquerque,   New  Mexico 

PORTERFIELD    COMPANY 
REAL    ESTATE    AMD    LOAMS 

We   can   show  you  some   good   investments  —  Farm   Lands  and   Ranches 


*  M  I  III 


The  Rio  Mimbres  Irrigation 
Company  of  New  Mexico 


;ILL,  in  a  short  time, 
place  on  the  market  a 
large  acreage  of  land 
for  sale;  some  thousands  of  acres 
of  which  are  already  under  irriga- 
tion by  wells,  and  are  ready  for 
cultivation  by  settlers. 


If  Interested,  Address 


L.  G.  FISHER,  President 

Rio  Mimbres  Irrigation  Company 

Fisher  Building,  Chicago,  Illinois 


4*  II  I  t  t  ttttttt  I  I  1  1  t  t-H-t-t-t"'"'"'"'"'"'"'"'"""'"*"*- 


"Made  in  El  Paso"  +       V 

;;    The  Two-Republics  Life  Insurance  Company    ;;    ;• 

KJ>  PASO,  TEXAS 


%   I 
I   | 


i        4* 

*    * 


* 

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A  Home  Company  of  the  Southwest  invests  its 
loanable  funds  in  its  Southwestern  home  territory. 

Writes  all  Standard  policies  —  its  rates  are 
among  the  lowest. 

Has   thousands    of   satisfied    policy-holders. 

Is  backed  my  many  of  the  best  and  most  re- 
sponsible men  of  the  Southwest. 

Absolute    protection    guaranteed. 

Business   in   force,    $4,383,823.00. 


t      * 


* 
* 


* 
* 


I 


The  Silver  City 
Enterprise 

Silver  City — Grant  County,  Netv  Mexico 
Published  Every  Friday 

In  the  Biggest  Little  City  in  the  World 

Frederick  A.  Bush,  Editor  and  Manager 


The  Silver  City  Enterprise  contains  complete 
mining  news  of  Grant  County  and  the  Southwest. 
Each  issue  is  full  of  valuable  information.  Silver 
City,  with  the  Golden  Clime,  is  one  of  the  world's 
health  resorts. 

WRITE  FOR  SAMPLE  COPY 

Subscription  Rates 

One  Year,  $2.00;  Six  Months,   $1.00; 
Three  Months,    50  Cents. 


THK    KATOX 

l£o;id    ISetAveeiv   K:it«n    and   Trinidad 


•ASS    SCENIC    HIGHWAY 

Natural    Wall   Between    Katon    ami    Trinidad 


STOP    AT     TRIPSIDA  D  —  One  of  the  most  interesting  points  on  the  route 

OniTiK  \\Vsl  ynu  '-iit'-r  Xcw  Mexico,  here  is  your  first  view  of  the  Grand  Mountain  Scenery.  "The  Rocky  Mountains."  the 
famous  "Raton  f'.iss,  '  the  tiistnijc  h;iunts  nf  Kit  Carson,  and  l)nk  \\'nntton,  the  famous  pioneers  and  trapperp  <*f  the  cHfly  \\.-si 
(irsl  K!  ••!  \'"i  h.  Tr.  Vn;i  shnijl.1  arranffo  to  stop  two  days  at  Trinidad 

THE    TOLTEC    HOTEL 


hot'-l.      It    is    strictly    first-class    in    its    building;,    Us    furnishings    and    its 
ii  :uii     r:\tt  s.       It    caters    to    and    has    the    patronage    of    most    automobile 


iti    t  h-'    iiusii  i  sx    r.-ntor    nf   Trinidad    ia    Trinidad  'H    lu- 
H    will    pleas*-    yiiu    ami    imt    charge    you    I' 
i  i.urists. 

Trinjdad    is    on    the    Ocean  -tn-Ocear    II  IK  h  way,    Denver    I-.    fjulf    Highway,    and    Old    Santa    Fe    Trail,    on    the    Santa    Fe    R.    R., 
t  '"\<>.    \    SD.    It.    H..    Denver   &    R.    G.    R.    R.,    Colo.    &    \\'ny.    It.    It.  I'nexcelled   Accommodations    for   Automobile   Piirtles. 


THE  FIRST  NATIONAL  BANK 

OF  EL  PASO.  TEXAS 

UNITED  STATES  DEPOSITORY 


KSJABLISHKO  18SI 


OCTIOBM 

JOSHfA    S     KAYNOI,D8,    Prraldent 

JAMES    O.    McNARY.    Flrat    Vlc*-Prea. 
J     M.    WYATT.    Vlc«-Pre»ldent 

W      I..    TOOI.EY.    Vlce-I>rrildrnl 
J.    F.    PRIMM.    Vlce-Pre.ldent 

EDGAR    W.    KAYSER.    C»»hier 

WALTER  M.   Bl'TI.ER.   AMI.   Ca«hler 
<;i.EN    T     MOORE.    AMI.    Cuhler 


I>IKWTOB« 

O.   Crork.-tt.   J     I'.     D.ili-     II.  J.    Dunau. 
J.    M.   GoKKln.   J.   A.    Krakaui-r. 
J.  J.   Mundy.   J.  Q.    McNary. 

J.    II.    Nations.   C.   M.    Newman. 

C    s    Plclcrell,  J.   P    Primm. 

J.    8.    Raynold*.    H.    B.    Stevena. 
W.    U.   Tooley.    Z.    T.    Whlt«, 

J.    M.   Wyatt,  J.   W.   Zollan 


Interior  of 
THE  FIRST  NATIONAL  BANK 

EL  PASO,  TEXAS 


CAPITAL   AND   SURPLUS   OVER   $1,000,000.00 


A  CONCRETE  SILO!! 


YESTERDAY— 

A  NOVELTY 

TO-DAY— 

A  NECESSITY 

TOMORROW— 

And  always— after  it  is  built — a  Permament 
Investment,  costing  you  nothing  for  repairs  or 
upkeep,  and  paying  for  itself  over  and  over 
again  in  preventing  the  loss  of  live  stock  and 
forage  ::::::: 


Build  A  Concrete 
Silo — To-day 


You  Will  Be  Glad- 
Tomorrow 


SOUTHWESTERN  PORTLAND  CEMENT  Co. 

SEND  FOR  OUR  FREE  BOOKLET  EL  PASO.  TEXAS 


H.  L.  HALL 

Merchant,  Real  Estate,  Stock  Grower 


CHAMA,  NEW  MEXICO 


Third  Largest  Wool  and  Sheep  Shipping  Point  in  the  United  States 

Write    me    for    reliable    information 
concerning  Rio  Arriba  County  Lands 


NEW    MEXICO'S    WEALTHIEST  COUNTY  PER  CAPITA 


•++»+++++++• 


SIM  C.  ORR 


BONDED  TRADER,  right  in  the  heart 
of  the  Indian  trading  section.     Navajo 
Rugs.     Silver     Bracelets,     Rings.     Navajo 
Blankets,   Indian  Art  Crafts  work  of  every 
description. 

I  guarantee  every  article  to  be  absolutely 
.hand-work  and  of  native  material.  Every 
article  that  I  sell  you  is  the  genuine  stuff. 
My  stock  contains  some  of  the  most  artistic 
and  unique  in  the  Indian  country. 

Write  me  what  you  want.  My  prices  are 
right. 


SIM  G.  ORR 

Shiprock.       -  -       New  Mexico 


:  ? 


+ 


+ 

+ 

+ 


NAVAJO 

BLANKETS 


THE  GENUINE  ARTICLE 

Made  within  a  mile  of  my  trading  post. 

Don't  buy  imitations.  Write  me  for  prices, 
I  sell  lower  than  the  curio  stores  and  guaran- 
tee every  one  genuine. 


W.  F.  HUNTER 

'The  Indian  Trader'* 

Farmington,    New   Mexico 


+>  t  »*++++++***  +  i'>+**++-l"M^+**++**4-»+-H-       <^"t"M"**+++***+++*'M'+*»++*+++++****<"M>++ 

«.+++++++++**+++*!  i  +  <1'+ I  *++*+*++»++  +++++ 


•pv 

J.  M.  Holley 

Navajo  Blankets  and  Curios 

• 

i 
( 

i 

* 

McElmo.  Colo. 

• 
1 

i 

« 
i 

i 
1 

i 

I    have    Cliff    Dwellers    Pottery.    Indian 
Curios  and  Blankets  at  reasonable  prices. 

i 
I 
| 

i 

i 
i 
i 
1 
1 

i 

t 

1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

I  am  located  at  Aneth.  Utah,  a  trading 
post  for  the  past  thirty  years.     Write  me  for 
anything  you  wish  in  the  line. 

i 
1 
1 

i 

1 
I 
1 
1 
1 
1 

Post  Office  Address.  McElmo.  Colo. 

4 
1 

1 
4.4 

.**********************4.**4.4.4.4»4.4.4.4.« 

1.4.-I 

NAVAJO  BLANKETS 
BY   PARCELS    POST 


Direct  from  the  Indian  Reservation  to  you. 
Prices  from  $1  .00  as  high  as  you  want  to  go. 
Blankets  are  made  at  my  trading  post  and 
are  guaranteed  genuine,  quality  the  best. 

References: 

Superintendent   of   the   Reservation 
Any    C.ullup.     New     Mexico.    Bank 

G.  R.  BLOOMFIELD 

To-aJ-a-lena  Post 

Post  Office  Address.  Crozier.  New  Mexico 
Indian  Blankets.  Rugs.  Silver  Novelties,  etc. 

Write    for   prices 


Uncle  Sam  Joes  my  delivering 


«4«**»*«»***- 


•++++-M-  +++++++++• 


I  DEL  NORTE ! 

EL  PASO,  TEXAS 


EL  PASO 


++^^ 


I  1AM 


Rates  |1.50  to  JtS.OO  !i 

PER  DAY— 

"Up-to-date  in  Service  and  Appointments"       '.', 

S.    G.    HUMPHREYS    ! 

GENERAL  MANAGER 


*     •  | 

ON  THE  NAVAJO    ::   :: 

INDIAN  RESERVATION 


I  trade  with  Navajo  Indians  daily,  have  thou-  ",      '.'. 

sands  of  dollars  worth  of  Blankets,  Rugs,  Silver  ! !      <• 

Bracelets,  Jewelry,  etc.  +      + 

*      t 

I    ship  direct    from   the   Reservation   to   you. 

Everything  Guaranteed — Bonded  Trader. 

SEND  ONE  DOLLAR  AND. GET  A  t 

NICE  SILVER  BRACELET,  SENT  PRE-  | 
PAID. 


Write  me   about  real   Navajo   Indian   Rugs.        ||      '.', 


J.  B.  TANNER 

INDIAN  TRADER 

|         Shiprock, — Indian    Reservation — New    Mexico       "      ',', 


GENUINE  NAVAJO 
10!  BLANKETS  « 

From  the  loom  direct  to  you.  Look  for  the 
lead  seal  O.  C.  W.  Take  no  other,  and  you 
will  always  get  the  genuine  hand-spun  and  hand- 
wove  Navajo  Blanket.  A  $  1 ,000  reward  for 
anything  not  as  represented.  I  want  your  busi- 
ness and  hope  by  courteous  treatment,  honest 
dealing  and  low  prices  to  receive  a  liberal  share 
of  your  trade.  Remember  my  prices  are  always 
the  lowest  and  quality  the  best.  You  CAN'T 
go  wrong  by  buying  of  me. 

$1.00  will  buy  a  nice  Navajo  Bracelet  or 
Ring. 

Send  me  $10.00  and  I  will  send  you  a  nice 
Navajo  Rug  prepaid — money  back  if  not  satis- 
fied. Write  me  what  you  want  to  know  about 
Indian  crafts. 

OLIN  C.  WALKER 

BONDED  TRADER 

The  Navajo  Rug  and  Blanket  Man 
Farmington,  New  Mexico 


\l.l!l  V"  I   K«;l   I    -    M  \\     UK. II    S<  HOOI.   Ill  II  DIM..    1,YO\    &   AXTFI.I. 

CO.,  BUILDKHS 


The  Firm  of 


Lyon  &  Axtell  Co. 

Contractors 


Have  in  the  Slate  of  New  Mexico  many  of  the  largest  and  finest  buildings  in  the  Southwest, 
which  are  monuments  to  their  energy  and  ability. 

Among  the  larger  buildings  built  by  this  progressive  firm  are  Nordhaus  Residence,  and 
High  School  Building  at  Albuquerque:  Court  House,  First  National  Bank  Building,  Elks' 
Theatre.  Sanitarium,  at  Santa  Fe;  Court  House.  High  School,  Electric  Light  Plant.  Military 
School  Buildings,  Masonic  Temple.  Armory  at  Roswell;  Blind  Institute  at  Alamogordo: 
Strrn*  Building  at  La»  Vegas. 


C.  N.  COTTON  COMPANY 

GALLUP,  NEW  MEXICO 

Largest  Dealers  in  Navajo  Blankets  in  the  Country 


>NY  traveler  passing  through  Gallup  will  find 
it  well  worth  his  time  and  effort  to  stop  over 
there  and  visit  the  great  "Indian  Rug  Room" 
of  the  C.  N.  Cotton  Company.  This  con- 
cern is  the  largest  single  dealer  in  Navajo 
blankets  and  rugs  in  the  country.  Its  presi- 
dent, C.  N.  Cotton,  is  the  pioneer  Indian  trader  of  this 
section  of  the  country.  There  are  no  better  judges  of 
Indian  blankets  than  Mr.  Cotton  and  the  assistants  trained 
by  him  and  nothing  but  the  best  finds  itself  on  his  shelves 
or  piled  on  the  floor  of  his  warerooms. 

The  Cotton  Company  demands  that  the  Indians  weave 
only  the  best  of  blankets  for  trade  with  them,  all  native 
wool  warps,  as  the  cotton  warp  has  been  found  to  be  a 
failure.  The  blankets  are  obtained  at  reasonable  prices 


ment  of  the  central  supply  house  in  Gallup,  where  the 
company  now  has  its  home.  This  establishment  has  large 
and  commodious  offices,  ample  sales  rooms,  handsome  sam- 
ple rooms  and  seven  warehouses  with  a  total  floor  space  of 
over  50,000  square  feet.  There  are  blankets  of  all  sizes 
and  weaves  to  be  seen  there,  valued  at  from  comparatively 
little  to  anything  you  choose  to  name,  for  the  price  varies 
not  only  with  size  and  weight  but  each  blanket  has  an  in- 
dividual value  because  of  weave  and  design. 

Genuine  Navajo  blankets  are  never  made  in  duplicate 
patterns  and  as  there  are  no  such  things  as  standard  sizes 
among  the  Indians  it  is  rather  difficult  to  classify  or  catalog 
them.  The  Cotton  Company,  however,  has  prepared  a 
handsome  brochure  telling  of  the  making  of  the  blankets, 
work  of  the  concern  in  putting  them  before  the  world  as 


ONE   OF  THE   NAVAJO   BLANKET  WAKEKOOMS    OF   THE    C.    N.    COTTON    COM- 
PANY AT  GALLUP,   NEW  MEXICO 


since  goods  are  given  for  them  in  trade  and  no  actual  cash 
is  used  in  acquiring  them. 

Mr.  Cotton  has  been  intimately  connected  with  the  busi- 
ness of  making  and  selling  Navajo  blankets  for  the  past 
quarter  of  a  century,  in  fact,  the  manufacture  of  the  blan- 
kets on  a  commercial  scale,  and,  to  a  large  degree,  the 
present  prosperity  of  the  Navajo  Indians  are  due  to  him. 
Mr.  Cotton,  while  a  trader  on  the  Indian  reservation,  saw 
that  the  Indians  must  have  more  to  trade  than  pelts  and 
wool  if  either  he  or  they  were  to  make  any  money.  He 
encouraged  them  in  making  blankets  for  sale  and  succeeded 
in  putting  the  business  on  a  substantial  basis. 

It  was  the  development  of  this  business  which  led  to  the 
abandonment  of  the  little  trading  post  and  the  establish- 


a  commercial  article  and  illustrating  some  of  the  handsom- 
est and  most  typical  designs.  This  booklet  is  sent  to  all 
interested  people.  The  blankets  are  coming  into  use  a 
great  deal  as  carriage  and  automobile  robes,  since  they  are 
heavy  and  shed  water  well  and  it  is  next  to  impossible  to 
wear  them  out.  They  are  also  being  used  for  rugs  and 
slumber  robes,  in  fact,  wherever  bright  color  and  quaint 
design  are  attractive. 

Genuine  blankets  may  be  obtained  from  the  Cotton 
Company  by  express  upon  bank  reference  or  suitable  com- 
mercial rating.  Delivery  is  free  when  cash  accompanies 
the  order.  The  Cotton  Company  guarantees  that  all  its 
blankets  are  genuine  Navajo  woven,  as  it  has  not  a  single 
blanket  of  other  make  in  its  establishment. 


SWASTIKA 
COAL    AND    COKE 


Naval,  Commercial 
and  Household  Use 

Capacity 
Coal  10,000  tons  Daily 
Coke  eoo  tons  Daily 


Swastika  Fuel  Co.,  Raton, Now  Mexico. 


